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File:Winter in Peking University Winter in 2013.jpeg|Peking University during winter. The campus is situated on a former imperial garden.
File:Winter in Peking University Winter in 2013.jpeg|Peking University during winter. The campus is situated on a former imperial garden.
File:10 Peking University.jpg|The College of Architecture and Landscape
File:10 Peking University.jpg|The College of Architecture and Landscape
File:北京大学，未名湖畔，博雅塔.jpg|Boya Pagoda by Weming lake
File:北京大学，未名湖畔，博雅塔.jpg|Boya Pagoda by Weiming lake
File:The Lee Shau Kee Humanities Buildings 1.jpg|The Humanities Buildings
File:The Lee Shau Kee Humanities Buildings 1.jpg|The Humanities Buildings
File:PekingUniversitycampus1.jpg|A stone bridge inside the campus
File:PekingUniversitycampus1.jpg|A stone bridge inside the campus

Revision as of 08:44, 9 May 2019

"Beida" redirects here. For other uses, see Beida (disambiguation).
Peking University
北京大学
Former names
Imperial University of Peking[1]
TypePublic
Established1898
PresidentHao Ping
Party SecretaryQiu Shuiping
Academic staff
7,317[2]
Students42,655
Undergraduates15,628[2]
Postgraduates27,027[2]
Location
Haidian District, Beijing
,
China

39°59′23″N 116°18′19″E / 39.98972°N 116.30528°E / 39.98972; 116.30528
CampusUrban, 274 ha (680 acres)[3]
ColoursRed  
AffiliationsIARU, AALAU, AEARU, APRU, BESETOHA, C9
Websitewww.pku.edu.cn
Peking University
Simplified Chinese北京大学
Traditional Chinese北京大學
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBěijīng Dàxué
Gwoyeu RomatzyhBeeijing Dahshyue
IPA[pèɪtɕíŋ tâɕɥě]

Peking University[note 1](abbreviated PKU, colloquially known as Beida) is a major research university in Beijing, China, and a member of the elite C9 League of Chinese universities.[4] The first modern national university established in China, it was founded during the late Qing Dynasty in 1898 as the Imperial University of Peking and was the successor of the Guozijian, or Imperial College.[5] The university's English name retains the older transliteration of "Beijing" that has been superseded in most other contexts.[6]

Throughout its history, Peking University has played an important role "at the center of major intellectual movements" in China.[7] Starting from the early 1920s, the university became a center for China's emerging progressive movements. Faculty and students held important roles in originating the New Culture Movement, the May Fourth Movement protests, and other significant cultural and sociopolitical events, to the extent that the university's history has been closely tied to that of modern China. Peking University has educated and hosted many prominent modern Chinese figures, including Mao Zedong, Lu Xun, Gu Hongming, Hu Shi, Mao Dun, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, and the current Premier Li Keqiang.[8]

As of 2018, Peking University is consistently ranked as one of the two top academic institutions in China, along with nearby Tsinghua University.[9][10][11][12][13] It is among the most selective universities for undergraduate admissions in China[14] and hosts one of the only undergraduate liberal arts colleges in Asia. It is a Class A institution under the national Double First Class University program.[15]

Peking University's faculty includes 76 members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and 25 members of the World Academy of Sciences.[2] Peking University Library is one of the largest libraries in the world with over 8 million volumes.[16] The university also operates the PKU Hall, a professional performing arts centers, and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Arts and Archaeology. Peking University's affiliated Founder Corporation is the largest university-affiliated company in China, with total assets valued at 239.3 billion renminbi as of 2016.[17] Peking University is especially renowned for its campus grounds and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture.[18][19][20][21]

History

Establishment

From its establishment on July 3, 1898, the school was known as the Imperial University of Peking (simplified Chinese: 京师大学堂; traditional Chinese: 京師大學堂; pinyin: Jīngshī Dàxuétáng; lit. 'Capital Grand Study Hall'). The school was established to replace the Taixue, specifically the Guozijian, or Imperial College, as part of the Hundred Days' Reform initiated by the Guangxu Emperor. Liang Qichao drafted the University's organising regulations. The university was authorised to administrate and supervise all provincial schools. Sun Jianai, who then served as the minister of the Ministry of Personnel under the Qing court, was appointed to manage the university. Recommended by Li Hongzhang, Emperor Guangxu appointed American missionary William Alexander Parson Martin to serve as the dean of Department of Western Learning.

William Alexander Parson Martin, Dean of the Department of Western Learning with his students.
The plaque of the Imperial University of Peking.

The Guangxu Emperor's reform initiatives were intensely opposed by powerful conservatives of the Qing court. On Sep 21,1898, Empress Dowager Cixi, with support from conservatives, abruptly ended the Hundred Days' Reform and put Guangxu under house arrest at the Summer Palace. Cixi's coup d'état was followed by immediate rescinding of all policies and laws enacted by Guangxu and his reform-minded supporters, the Imperial University of Peking was the only part of the reform that survived.

In 1900, the university was paralyzed by the Boxer Rebellion, later in the year, the "Eight-Power Allied Forces" （八国联军）entered Beijing and the university's operating was continually suspended. In 1902, "Jingshitongwenguan", a school established by the Qing court in 1862 for foreign language learning was incorporated into the Imperial University of Peking. In 1904, the university sent 47 students to study abroad, which marked the first time for Chinese higher education institution to send students to foreign countries.

Following the Xinhai Revolution, the Imperial University of Peking was renamed "Government University of Peking" in 1912 and then "National University of Peking" in 1919[22] (simplified Chinese: 国立北京大学; traditional Chinese: 國立北京大學; pinyin: Guólì Běijīng Dàxué).

Early Republic of China period (1916-1927)

The noted scholar Cai Yuanpei was appointed president on January 4, 1917, and helped transform Peking University into the country's largest institution of higher learning, with 14 departments and an enrollment of more than 2,000 students. President Cai, inspired by the German model of academic freedom, introduced faculty governance and democratic management to the university. Cai recruited an intellectually diverse faculty that included some of the most prominent figures in the progressive New Culture Movement, including Hu Shih, Liu Banlong, Ma Yinchu, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Lu Xun and Liang Shuming. Meanwhile, leading conservatives Gu Hongming and Huang Kan also taught at the university.[23] A firm supporter for freedom of thought, Cai advocated for educational independence and resigned several times protesting the government's policy and interference.

The faculty of Peking University Institute for Chinese Classics in 1924
Statue of Cai Yuanpei on Peking University's campus
Peking University students protesting the Treaty of Versallies in the May Fourth Movement.

On May 1, 1919, some students of Peking University learned that the Treaty of Versailles would allow Japan to receive Germany's colonising rights in Shandong province. An assembly at Peking University that included these students and representatives from other universities in Beijing was quickly organised. On May 4, students from thirteen universities marched to Tiananmen to protest the terms of Treaty of Versailles, demanded the Beiyang government to refuse to sign the treaty. Demonstrators also demanded the immediate resignation of three officials: Cao Rulin, Minister of the Ministry of Transportation, Zhang Zongxiang, China's Ambassador to Japan and Lu Zongyu, Minister of Currency, who they believed were in cooperation with Japanese. The protest ended up with some protesters being beaten and arrested, and Cao Rulin's house burned by protesters. Following the protest on May 4, students, workers and merchants from nearly all China's major cities went on strike and boycotted Japanese goods in China. The Beiyang government eventually agreed to release the arrested students and fired the three officials under intense public pressure, China's representatives in Paris refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.[24]

These protests, now known as the May Fourth Movement, has been widely regarded as one of the most important turning points in modern China's history. In its broader sense, the May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical Chinese intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the Communist party and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the Communist Revolution.

Following the May Fourth Movement, Li Dazhao, who was then the director of Peking University Library and also a professor of economics, founded the first communist organisation in Beijing while Chen Duxiu founded another communist organisation in Shanghai.

In 1920, Peking University became the first Chinese university to accept female students.

World War II (1927-1949)

After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and the resulting expansion of Japanese territorial control in east China, Peking University was relocated to the southwestern city of Changsha and formed the Changsha Temporary University along with nearby schools Tsinghua University and Nankai University. In 1938, the three schools moved again, this time further southwest to Kunming, and formed the National Southwestern Associated University.

In 1946, after the Japanese surrender in World War II, Peking University moved back to Beijing. At that time, the university comprised six schools (Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Engineering, and Agriculture), and a research institute for humanities. The total student enrollment grew up to 3,000.

People's Republic of China (1949–present)

In 1949, after the People's Republic of China was established, Peking University lost its "national" appellation to reflect the fact that all universities under the new socialist state would be public. In 1952, Mao Zedong's government re-grouped the country's higher education institutions with individual institutions tending to specialize in a certain field of study after the Soviet model. As a result, some arts and science faculties of Tsinghua University and former Yenching University were merged into Peking University. At the same time, however, the university lost its Law, Medicine, Engineering and Agriculture schools. These schools and faculties were either merged into other universities or to found new colleges. During the re-grouping, Yenching University was closed up. Peking University moved from downtown Beijing to the former Yenching campus.

Peking University's West Gate, one of the symbols of the university campus

The first disturbances of the Cultural Revolution began at Peking University in 1966; education there ceased between 1966 and 1970.

On May 4, 1998, at the 100th anniversary of Peking University, Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin announced that the government would initiate a national project to promote China's higher education by funding selected universities to achieve world-class level. The project was later named “985” based the date of its announcement.

In 2000, Beijing Medical University was merged back into Peking University and became the Peking University Health Science Campus. Beijing Medical University used to be Medical School of Peking University and was separated from Peking University at 1952. Peking University now has eight affiliated hospitals and 12 teaching hospitals.

In 2001, Peking University established the Yuanpei Program. It was formalized in 2007 as the Yuanpei College, named in honor of the highly respected former university president Cai Yuanpei. The college hosts an elite undergraduate liberal arts program that allows students to freely choose specialisations. In same year, Peking University set up a satellite campus for graduate students in Shenzhen. The university's second business school, Peking University HSBC Business School was launched on the Shenzhen campus in 2004.

In 2014, Peking University established the Yenching Academy, a fully funded global fellowship program designed "to cultivate leaders who will advocate for global progress and cultural understanding."

In 2018, Peking University was subject to criticism over its handling of sexual assault allegations against a member of the faculty, Professor Shang Yang. The accuser, Gao Yan, a Chinese literature undergraduate, accused the teacher of rape; she committed suicide in 1998.[25] On April 9, 2018, student activist Yue Xin filed a freedom of information request to the university for documents related to the accusations, specifically Professor Yang's official self-criticism documents. According to Yue, the university faculty attempted on numerous occasions to coerce her into rescinding the request.[26] The incident has been referred to as being part of the international Me Too movement.[25] Following The Jasic Incident of 2018, Peking University began exerting pressure on its student-led Marxist group, The Peking University Marxist Society. During the autumn semester of 2018, The Marxist Society was informed that it would not be able to re-register as an academic club.[27][28] The group released a statement in September announcing that it would likely be shut down by the university in the near future.[29] Peking University undergraduate student and head of the Marxist Society Qiu Zhanxuan was arrested by Chinese police on December 28, while traveling off campus to a celebration of Mao Zedong's 125th birthday.[30][31]

Campus

View of the central campus

The campus of Peking University was originally located northeast of the Forbidden City in the center of Beijing, and was later moved to the former campus of Yenching University in 1952. The main campus is in northwest Beijing, in Haidian district, near the Summer Palace and the Old Summer Palace; the area is traditionally where many of Beijing's most renowned gardens and palaces were built.

The university campus is in the former site of the Qing Dynasty imperial gardens and it retains much traditional Chinese-style landscaping, including traditional houses, gardens, pagodas, as well as many notable historical buildings and structures.The landscape in campus gives a presentation of combined western styles with traditional Chinese aesthetic standards. American architect and art historian Talbot Hamlin designed some of the university's buildings constructed during the 1919 to 1922 period.[32] There are several gates that lead into campus — East, West and South gates, with the West Gate being the most well known for the painted murals on its ceiling. Weiming lake is in the north of the campus and is surrounded by walking paths and small gardens. The university hosts many museums, such as the Museum of University History and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology.[33][34] Notable items in these museums include funerary objects that were excavated in Beijing and date back thousands of years from the graves of royalties of the Warring States period. There are ritual pottery vessels as well as elaborate pieces of jewelry on display. There are also human bones set up in the traditional burial style of that period.[34]

Beyond its main campus, Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC) is on Xueyuan Road where the country's most distinguished colleges are. The PKUHSC's campus is less aesthetically appealing than the main Peking University campus but is nonetheless a fitting site for academics and research.

In 2001, Peking University's Shenzhen campus, the Shenzhen Graduate School, opened its doors. The campus is located in the northwest part of Shenzhen City.

  • Peking University during winter. The campus is situated on a former imperial garden.
    Peking University during winter. The campus is situated on a former imperial garden.
  • The College of Architecture and Landscape
    The College of Architecture and Landscape
  • Boya Pagoda by Weiming lake
    Boya Pagoda by Weiming lake
  • The Humanities Buildings
    The Humanities Buildings
  • A stone bridge inside the campus
    A stone bridge inside the campus
  • Peking University West Gate
    Peking University West Gate
  • Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Arts and Archaeology
    Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Arts and Archaeology
  • Peking University's Main Library
    Peking University's Main Library
  • Weiming Lake occupies the central part of the campus of Peking University
    Weiming Lake occupies the central part of the campus of Peking University
  • Office buildings
    Office buildings
  • The Life Sciences Building
    The Life Sciences Building
  • School of International Studies
    School of International Studies
  • Peking University's Science Teaching Building
    Peking University's Science Teaching Building

Academics

Template:Infobox world university ranking

One of the administrative buildings with the huabiao

Peking University consists of 30 colleges and 12 departments, with 93 specialties for undergraduates, 2 specialties for the second Bachelor's degree, 199 specialties for Master's degree candidates and 173 specialties for doctoral candidates. A leader in basic sciences research and teaching, the university has successfully developed applied sciences research and teaching as well.

At present, Peking university has 216 research institutions and research centres, including 2 national engineering research centers, 81 key national disciplines, 12 national key laboratories. With 11 million holdings, the university library is the largest of its kind in Asia.[35]

The university has made an effort to combine the research on fundamental scientific issues with the training of personnel with high level specialized knowledge and professional skill as demanded by the country's modernization. Peking University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University jointly administer the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, which is ranked the 2nd in the United States.[36][37] Peking University has been becoming a center for teaching and research, consisting of diverse branches of learning such as pure & applied sciences, social sciences & humanities, and sciences of management & education.

Over the past century, more than 400 Peking University alumni had become presidents of other major Chinese universities, including former Tsinghua President Luo Jialun, Renmin University President Yuan Baohua, Zhejiang University President Qian Sanqiang, Fudan University President Zhang Zhirang, Nankai University President Teng Weizao, Chinese University of Science and Technology President Guan Weiyan and many others.[38]

Many domestic rankings have placed Peking University among the top universities in mainland China.[39] In 2015, the Chinese University Alumni Association[40] in partnership with China Education Center considered it 1st among all Chinese universities.[39]

U.S. News & World Report ranked Peking University 41st in the world, 1st in Greater China, and 2nd in Asia.[41] It also topped the newly launched Times Higher Education BRICS & Emerging Economies.[42]

Schools and Institutes

Division of Sciences
School of Mathematical Sciences School of Physics College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering School of Life Sciences
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences School of Earth and Space Sciences School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
Division of Information & Engineering
School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science College of Engineering Institute of Computer Science & Technology School of Software & Microelectronics
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering*
Division of Humanities
Department of Chinese Language and Literature* Department of History School of Archaeology and Museology Department of Philosophy, and of Religious Studies
School of Foreign Languages School of Arts School of Chinese as a Second Language Academy of Opera
Division of Social Sciences
School of International Studies Law School Department of Information Management Department of Sociology
School of Government School of Marxism Graduate School of Education School of Journalism and Communication
Department of PE School of New Media*
Division of Economics & Management
School of Economics Guanghua School of Management Institute of Population Research National School of Development
Peking University Health Science Center
School of Basic Medical Sciences School of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Public Health School of Nursing
Institute of Medical Humanities/School of Fundational Education Health Science Center School of Continuing Medical Education* Peking University First Hospital Peking University People's Hospital
Peking University Third Hospital Peking University Hospital of Stomatology Peking University Sixth Hospital Peking University Cancer Hospital
Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Peking University Shougang Hospital
Interdisciplinary
Yuanpei College (undergraduate liberal arts) Yenching Academy Advanced Technology Institute Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
Institute of Social Science Survey Institute of Molecular Medicine The Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics Institute of Nuclear Sciences & Technology
Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research Institute of Ocean Research* School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences
Shenzhen Graduate School
School of Electronic and Computer Engineering School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology School of Environment and Energy* School of Urban Planning and Design
School of Advanced Materials HSBC Business School School of Transnational Law School of Humanities and Social Sciences

Culture

A performance of Kunqu at Peking University

Peking University is well known for its contribution to modern Chinese literature, poetry and art, and for the publications of groundbreaking modern Chinese books such as Hong Zicheng's A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature.[43]

Peking University has participated in many joint art-research projects, such as the Center for the Art of East Asia (CAEA) with the University of Chicago,[44] and Department of Digital Art and Design with UNESCO.[45][46]

Peking University partners with Stanford University for its Asian cultural studies programs such as the Stanford Program in Beijing and the Stanford-Peking University Summer Program, which encourages Stanford students interested in exploring Chinese language, history, culture, and society to study on campus at Peking University.[47]

National School of Development (NSD)

The National School of Development (formerly China Center for Economic Research) is ranked amongst the top five most influential think tanks in China.[48]

In 1998, Justin Yifu Lin et al. jointly founded the Beijing International MBA at Peking University (BiMBA),[49] which is ranked among the top six MBA programs by Quacquarelli Symonds in its TopMBA ranking of the best MBA programs in Asia Pacific for the year 2014-2015.[50] BiMBA has also been ranked as the second most valuable full-time MBA in China by Forbes (after CEIBS)[51] and among Asia's best business schools by Bloomberg Business.[52][53]

Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School

Main article: Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
Peking University HSBC Business School at its Shenzhen campus.

Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School is a satellite campus of Peking University located in Shenzhen, Guangdong. It was founded in September, 2001 in collaboration with the Shenzhen Municipal Government and is located in University Town of Shenzhen along with satellite campuses of Tsinghua University and Harbin Institute of Technology. Dr. Wen Hai, a renowned economist in China and the vice-president of Peking University is the present chancellor of PKU Shenzhen.[54] The school houses seven research departments as well as the Peking University HSBC Business School and Peking University School of Transnational Law.[55]

On August 29, 2016, Peking University signed a strategic agreement with the Shenzhen Municipal Government to further develop its Shenzhen Graduate School, the university plans build a brand new campus near the existed graduate school and open undergraduate programs.[56]

International students

The Langrun Garden, located in the north-eastern area of the university, is the home of the Beijing International MBA at Peking University

The dormitories for international students at the main campus are located at Shao Yuan (勺园) and Zhongguan Xinyuan (中关新园). Every year, Peking University has approximately 2,000 international students studying on the Beijing campus and about 50 at the Peking University HSBC Business School, located at the Shenzhen Campus. Its international students are made up of students from most countries in the world including most of Western Europe, North America, and South America; all parts of Asia; Australia; and many countries in Africa.

In 2005, Peking University and Cornell University signed an agreement formally establishing[57][58] the China and Asia-Pacific Studies major[59] at Cornell, which requires students to spend a semester studying at Peking University while working at internships. One year later, Peking University launched a joint undergraduate program with Yale University;[60][61] students will spend a semester overseas, living and studying together with the host institute's students.[61] Peking University's School of International Studies also launched joint degree programs with London School of Economics, Paris School of International Affairs,[62] Waseda University, Seoul National University, and the University of Tokyo. Peking also has a longstanding relationship with Stanford University which operates a joint research center and base for Stanford students and scholars at the Stanford Center at Peking University, located in the Lee Jung Sen Building.[63] The Peking University HSBC Business School has joint degree programs with University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong Kong.

The university maintains a partnership with the Freie Universität Berlin since 1981 and the Higher School of Economics since 2015.

Notable alumni

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Peking University people.

Politics

Mao Zedong, Chen Duxiu, and Li Dazhao, founding members of the Communist Party of China, either taught or held offices in the university. Mao Zedong worked as a librarian at Peking University's school library when Li Dazhao was director of the library, Chen was a professor and served as dean of the arts department from 1916 to 1919. According to CUAA's 2015 ranking of notable alumni in politics, Peking University has produced the most notable politicians among all universities in China.[64] As of 2017, 88 Peking University alumni currently serve in the government at vice-ministerial positions or higher,[65] two of the seven member Standing Committee of the CPC, Li Keqiang and Zhao Leji, are Peking University alumni. Bo Xilai, former member of the Politburo and Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, who was convicted on corruption charges in 2013 and sentenced to life in prison, also graduated from Peking University.

Philosophy and Literature

Science, Mathematics, and Medicine

  • Deng Jiaxian 邓稼先 – a nuclear physics expert; a leading organizer and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs.
  • Qian Sanqiang 钱三强 – a nuclear physicist and education administrator; a leading organizer and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs; former president of Zhejiang University
  • Zhu Guangya 朱光亚 – a renowned nuclear physicist of China, key contributor to China's "Two Bombs, One Satellite" projects.
  • Zhou Guangzhao 周光召 – expert on particle physics, discoverer of PCAC (partial conservation of axial current), an important step toward the understanding of symmetry breaking; former director of the Chinese Nuclear Weapons Research Institute and president of the Academica Sinica.
  • Yitang Zhang 张益唐 B.S. 1982, M.S. 1985, mathematician Discovered upper bond of prime numbers as close to 70, 000, 000, and won Ostrowski Prize (2013) Cole Prize (2014) Rolf Schock Prize (2014) MacArthur Fellowship (2014).
  • Li Bulou 李步楼 - a translator and philosopher. Holds the honor of "Experts with outstanding contributions" given by the State Council of the People's Republic of China.
  • Tu Youyou 屠呦呦 - a pharmaceutical chemist and educator. She is best known for discovering artemisinin (also known as qinghaosu) and dihydroartemisinin, used to treat malaria, which has saved millions of lives. For her work, Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in clinical medicine and the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura. Tu received The State Preeminent Science and Technology Award (2016)
  • Yu Min 于敏 - a prominent Chinese nuclear physicist, father of China's H-bomb. Yu received The State Preeminent Science and Technology Award (2014).
  • Wang Xuan 王选 - a computer scientist and innovator of the Chinese printing industry. Wang received The State Preeminent Science and Technology Award (2001).
  • Wang Zhongcheng 王忠诚 - a neurosurgery expert, pioneer and one of the founders of neurosurgery in China. Wang received The State Preeminent Science and Technology Award (2008).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also spelled as Beijing University.

References

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  15. ^ 教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委 关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设 学科名单的通知 (Notice from the Ministry of Education and other national governmental departments announcing the list of double first class universities and disciplines).
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Further reading

  • Lin, Xiaoqing Diana (2005). Peking University: Chinese Scholarship and Intellectuals, 1898-1937. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8391-6.
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