Neotinea ustulata: Difference between revisions
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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There is some uncertainty in the scientific literature about which insects pollinate this species. The [[longhorn beetle]] ''Leptura livida'' has been observed to pollinate burnt orchid, and a [[tachinid]] fly ''Echinomya magnicornis'' has also been suggested.<ref>[https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/43163/1/2012RobbirtKMPhD.pdf PhD thesis for the University of East Anglia - Phenological responses of British orchids and their pollinators to climate change: an assessment using herbarium and museum collections]</ref> |
There is some uncertainty in the scientific literature about which insects pollinate this species. The [[longhorn beetle]] ''Leptura livida'' has been observed to pollinate burnt orchid, and a [[tachinid]] fly ''Echinomya magnicornis'' has also been suggested.<ref>[https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00858.x Journal of Ecology - Orchis ustulata L.]</ref><ref>[https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/43163/1/2012RobbirtKMPhD.pdf PhD thesis for the University of East Anglia - Phenological responses of British orchids and their pollinators to climate change: an assessment using herbarium and museum collections]</ref> |
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''Neotinea ustulata'' is highly restricted in which species of [[mycorrhizal fungi]] it can partner with, relying upon species in the [[Rhizoctonia]] group. One study has indicated that partnership with a species of [[Ceratobasidium]] also occurs.<ref>[https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00858.x Journal of Ecology - Orchis ustulata L.]</ref> |
''Neotinea ustulata'' is highly restricted in which species of [[mycorrhizal fungi]] it can partner with, relying upon species in the [[Rhizoctonia]] group. One study has indicated that partnership with a species of [[Ceratobasidium]] also occurs.<ref>[https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00858.x Journal of Ecology - Orchis ustulata L.]</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:47, 10 May 2019
| Neotinea ustulata | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Genus: | Neotinea |
| Species: | N. ustulata
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| Binomial name | |
| Neotinea ustulata | |
| Synonyms [2] | |
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Orchis ustulata L. | |
Neotinea ustulata (known as burnt orchid[3] or burnt-tip orchid) is a European terrestrial orchid native to mountains in central and southern Europe, growing at up to 2,400 m (7,900 ft) elevation. The plant is considered Endangered in Great Britain and Least Concern internationally based on IUCN Red List criteria.[4] The burnt-tip orchid was voted the county flower of Wiltshire in 2002 following a poll by the wild flora conservation charity Plantlife.[5]
Description
Neotinea ustulata grows from two spherical tubers with thick roots. It is believed that the plant can grow underground for 10–15 years before the first stem appears. Plants have 3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 3.5 in) leaves with prominent veins, along with a couple of leaves typically around the flower stem, which can reach 28 cm (11 in), though typically less than 13 cm (5.1 in) tall.[4]
Flowers are born in a dense cylindrical pattern, with individual plants capable of producing up to 70 flowers. The sepals and petals form a 3 mm (0.12 in) hood that is reddish-brown, over a white crimson-spotted lower lip that is 4 mm (0.16 in). Flowers have a strong fragrance that is described as similar to honey, though flowers do not produce nectar.[6] N. ustulata flowers from May through June, with the subspecies, Neotinea ustulata subsp. aestivalis blooming in July in England. The late flowering subspecies has a different, unpleasant aroma, indicating different pollinators.[7] The common name comes from the tips of the flower buds having a burnt appearance.[4]
Seed set for flowers is low, at around 20%, but each seed capsule may contain 2000-4000 seeds, which are dust-like and travel hundreds of kilometres on the wind.[8]
Distribution and habitat
Neotinea ustulata is distributed throughout central and south Europe, with its main populations in Spain and Greece in the south, reaching England and southern Sweden in the north, and reaching as far east as the Caucasus and Ural mountains. It grows as high as 2,400 m (7,900 ft) elevation in the Carpathian mountains and the Alps. It typically grows on chalky subsoil (occasionally acidic soils) in grassland; fens and open pine forest; mountain meadows, valleys, and ledges; wet grasslands.[4] The plant's largest population in northwest Europe is on Parsonage Down, in Wiltshire, England.[9][10]
Ecology
There is some uncertainty in the scientific literature about which insects pollinate this species. The longhorn beetle Leptura livida has been observed to pollinate burnt orchid, and a tachinid fly Echinomya magnicornis has also been suggested.[11][12]
Neotinea ustulata is highly restricted in which species of mycorrhizal fungi it can partner with, relying upon species in the Rhizoctonia group. One study has indicated that partnership with a species of Ceratobasidium also occurs.[13]
References
- ^ "IPNI Plant Name Details". ipni.org.
- ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". kew.org.
- ^ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "Neotinea ustulata". Kew Plants & Fungi. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Plantlife website County Flowers page Archived 2015-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ PhD thesis for the University of East Anglia - Phenological responses of British orchids and their pollinators to climate change: an assessment using herbarium and museum collections
- ^ Journal of Ecology - Orchis ustulata L.
- ^ Journal of Ecology - Orchis ustulata L.
- ^ Harrap, Anne and Simon Harrap (2005) Orchids of Britain and Ireland - a field and site guide
- ^ Foley, M. J. Y. (1992) The current distribution and abundance of Orchis ustulata L. (Orchidaceae) in the British Isles: an updated summary Watsonia 19: 121-26
- ^ Journal of Ecology - Orchis ustulata L.
- ^ PhD thesis for the University of East Anglia - Phenological responses of British orchids and their pollinators to climate change: an assessment using herbarium and museum collections
- ^ Journal of Ecology - Orchis ustulata L.
External links
Media related to burnt orchid (Neotinea ustulata) at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to burnt orchid (Neotinea ustulata) at Wikispecies
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