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=== Attempted legal career ===
=== Attempted legal career ===
At the age of 37, Popelin enrolled at the [[Free University of Brussels]], studying law. Completing her studies as a [[Doctor of Laws]] in 1888, Popelin was the first woman to do so in Belgium. She applied for admission to the [[bar association]] (''barreau'') which would allow her to plead cases in the Belgian courts. Her application was refused, although no law or regulation explicitly prevented the admission of women to the bar.{{sfn|Biographie nationale|1976|p=734}} Her appeals to the [[Court of Appeal (Belgium)|Court of Appeal]] in December 1888 and, in November 1889, to the [[Court of Cassation (Belgium)|Court of Cassation]] were unsuccessful, but widely reported in the Belgian and foreign press.{{sfn|Carlier|2010|pp=503-22}}{{sfn|Albisetti|2000|pp=825-57}} The "Popelin affair" (''Affaire Popelin'') demonstrated to the supporters of [[female education]] that simply providing young women with access to higher education was insufficient unless further, legal, changes were also made.<ref name="Smith 2008">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9}}{{page needed|date=May 2014}}</ref> The affair contributed to the transition from an educational feminism to a political women's movement in Belgium.{{sfn|de Bueger-Van Lierde|1972|pp=1128-37}} [[Jeanne Chauvin]], who obtained a law degree in Paris in 1890, was at first discouraged by the case, but was persuaded by the Belgian lawyer [[Louis Franck (politician)|Louis Frank]], a long-time supporter of Popelin, to apply for admission to the bar, and was sworn in after the French law was changed in 1900.{{sfn|Mossman|2008|pp=199-200}} In Belgium, women were only permitted to practice as lawyers from 1922.{{sfn|Biographie nationale|1976|p=735}}
At the age of 37, Popelin enrolled at the [[Free University of Brussels]], studying law. Completing her studies as a [[Doctor of Laws]] in 1888, Popelin was the first woman to do so in Belgium. She applied for admission to the [[bar association]] (''barreau'') which would allow her to plead cases in the Belgian courts. Her application was refused, although no law or regulation explicitly prevented the admission of women to the bar.{{sfn|Biographie nationale|1976|p=734}} Her appeals to the [[Court of appeal (Belgium)|court of appeal]] in December 1888 and, in November 1889, to the [[Court of Cassation (Belgium)|Court of Cassation]] were unsuccessful, but widely reported in the Belgian and foreign press.{{sfn|Carlier|2010|pp=503-22}}{{sfn|Albisetti|2000|pp=825-57}} The "Popelin affair" (''Affaire Popelin'') demonstrated to the supporters of [[female education]] that simply providing young women with access to higher education was insufficient unless further, legal, changes were also made.<ref name="Smith 2008">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9}}{{page needed|date=May 2014}}</ref> The affair contributed to the transition from an educational feminism to a political women's movement in Belgium.{{sfn|de Bueger-Van Lierde|1972|pp=1128-37}} [[Jeanne Chauvin]], who obtained a law degree in Paris in 1890, was at first discouraged by the case, but was persuaded by the Belgian lawyer [[Louis Franck (politician)|Louis Frank]], a long-time supporter of Popelin, to apply for admission to the bar, and was sworn in after the French law was changed in 1900.{{sfn|Mossman|2008|pp=199-200}} In Belgium, women were only permitted to practice as lawyers from 1922.{{sfn|Biographie nationale|1976|p=735}}


=== Political activities ===
=== Political activities ===

Revision as of 22:06, 14 May 2019

Marie Popelin
Black and white photograph of an elderly woman
Photograph portrait of Marie Popelin
Born(1846-09-16)16 September 1846
Schaerbeek, Brussels, Belgium
Died5 June 1913(1913-06-05) (aged 66)
Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium
Occupation(s)lawyer, teacher, political campaigner
Known forFirst woman to receive a law doctorate in Belgium

Marie Popelin (16 September 1846 – 5 June 1913) was a Belgian lawyer and early feminist political campaigner. Popelin worked with Isabelle Gatti de Gamond in the development of women's education and, in 1888, became the first Belgian woman to receive a doctorate in law. After her accession to the bar was refused, Popelin went on to have an active career as the leader of Belgian League for Women's Rights. She died in 1913 without ever gaining admission to the bar.

Biography

Marie Popelin was born in Schaerbeek near Brussels into a middle-class family on 16 September 1846.[1] One of her brothers was a doctor, another an army officer—Marie Popelin was well educated by the standards of the time and place. Along with her sister Louise, she taught in Brussels at an institution run by the leading feminist teacher Isabelle Gatti de Gamond from 1864 to 1875. Disagreements with Gatti led to the sisters moving to Mons to run a new school for girls there, established with Liberal assistance. In 1882, Marie Popelin returned to Brussels to head the middle school in nearby Laeken, but was removed from her post the following year.[2]

At the age of 37, Popelin enrolled at the Free University of Brussels, studying law. Completing her studies as a Doctor of Laws in 1888, Popelin was the first woman to do so in Belgium. She applied for admission to the bar association (barreau) which would allow her to plead cases in the Belgian courts. Her application was refused, although no law or regulation explicitly prevented the admission of women to the bar.[3] Her appeals to the court of appeal in December 1888 and, in November 1889, to the Court of Cassation were unsuccessful, but widely reported in the Belgian and foreign press.[4][5] The "Popelin affair" (Affaire Popelin) demonstrated to the supporters of female education that simply providing young women with access to higher education was insufficient unless further, legal, changes were also made.[6] The affair contributed to the transition from an educational feminism to a political women's movement in Belgium.[7] Jeanne Chauvin, who obtained a law degree in Paris in 1890, was at first discouraged by the case, but was persuaded by the Belgian lawyer Louis Frank, a long-time supporter of Popelin, to apply for admission to the bar, and was sworn in after the French law was changed in 1900.[8] In Belgium, women were only permitted to practice as lawyers from 1922.[9]

Political activities

Marie Popelin participated in two feminist conferences in Paris in 1889, and established the Belgian League for Women's Rights (Ligue belge du droit des femmes) in 1892 with the assistance of Isala Van Diest and Léonie La Fontaine.[9] Popelin was a friend of American feminist May Wright Sewall, who she had met in Paris in 1889, and with Sewall's encouragement, the Belgian section of the International Council of Women was established from 1893. Popelin's efforts to create an independent feminist movement outside the political pillars, not linked to the Catholic, Liberal, or Socialist parties, were only a partial success. The National Council of Belgian Women (Conseil national des femmes belges), created in 1905, received only limited support from the women's sections of the political parties.

In spite of this tepid initial reception, many of Popelin objectives were met before her death in 1913.[citation needed] These legislative reforms did not, however, include two of Popelin's most important demands: universal adult suffrage, and equal access to the liberal professions for women. Modern studies acknowledge Marie Popelin's central role in the creation of a Belgian feminist movement.

Commemoration

Popelin has been commemorated in numerous ways within Belgium. She featured on a Belgian postage stamp during the International Women's Year of 1975, and a road in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode was named after her in 2008. In 2011 Popelin, together with the first Belgian female doctor, Van Diest, were depicted on the Belgian two euro commemorative coin for the 1st centenary of the International Woman's Day.[10] In De Grootste Belg, a 2005 Flemish television poll to find the greatest Belgian of all time, Marie Popelin was ranked 42nd.

See also

Citations

  1. ^ Biographie nationale 1976, p. 733.
  2. ^ Biographie nationale 1976, p. 733-4.
  3. ^ Biographie nationale 1976, p. 734.
  4. ^ Carlier 2010, pp. 503–22.
  5. ^ Albisetti 2000, pp. 825–57.
  6. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.[page needed]
  7. ^ de Bueger-Van Lierde 1972, pp. 1128–37.
  8. ^ Mossman 2008, pp. 199–200.
  9. ^ a b Biographie nationale 1976, p. 735.
  10. ^ National Bank of Belgium website.

References

Further reading

  • Gubin, Eliane; Piette, Valérie; Jacques, Catherine (January–March 1997). "Les féminismes belges et français de 1830 à 1914: Une approche comparée". Le Mouvement Social (in French) (178): 36–68. JSTOR 3779562.
  • Nandrin, Jean-Pierre (2006). "POPELIN, Marie (1846–1913)". In Gubin, Éliane; et al. (eds.). Dictionnaire des femmes belges XIXe et XXe siècles (in French). Bruxelles: Racine. ISBN 978-2-87386-434-7.
  • Aubenas, Jacqueline; Van Rokeghem, Suzanne; Vercheval-Vervoort, Jeanne (2006). Des femmes dans l'histoire en Belgique, depuis 1830 (in French). Brussels: Luc Piré. ISBN 978-2-87415-523-9.
  • Kimble, Sara L., and Marion Röwekamp. (2016). New Perspectives on European Women's Legal History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-80554-5. Retrieved 27 September 2016. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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