John Thelwall

John Thelwall, depicted by John Hazlitt

John Thelwall (27 July 1764 – 17 February 1834) was a radical British orator, writer, political reformer, journalist, poet, elocutionist and speech therapist.

Life

Thelwall was born in Covent Garden, London, but was descended from a Welsh family which had its seat at Plas y Ward, Denbighshire. He was the son of a silk merchant, Joseph Thelwall, who died in 1772 leaving the family in economic distress. It was not until 1777, though, that John had to leave school to help his mother, who had decided to keep the silk business running.

Thelwall's fondness for books showed up at an early age, earning him the scorn of his mother. It also made it impossible for him to fulfill an apprenticeship as a tailor. Young Thelwall also tried to make a living in an attorney office, but his morals and eccentricity made him quit the job and try to depend on his writing as a journalist and editor.

Thelwall's career as an editor and journalist was quite successful, but the highlight of this period was his political activism. In the wake of the French Revolution, he became "intoxicated in the French doctrines of the day". He started to hold talks in London's radical societies and, having made acquaintance with fellow radical John Horne Tooke, contributed to ground the London Corresponding Society in 1792. In 1794 he, Horne Tooke and Thomas Hardy were tried for treason following lectures protesting the arrest of other political activists. After spending some time at the Tower and at Newgate, the three were acquitted. Government officials who considered him to be the most dangerous man in Britain continued to hound him even after his acquittal. In 1795, after prime minister William Pitt the Younger's Gagging Acts (the Treason Act and Seditious Meetings Act) received Royal Assent, Thelwall's lectures had a shift in theme, from contemporary political comment to the history of Rome to dodge censorship.

Still, loyalists stormed Thelwall's public outings, forcing him to leave London and tour England. During many of the lectures in eastern England angry mobs impeded the hearings and in 1798 Thelwall decided to retire from politics.

Thelwall also wrote poetry and in the second half of the 1790s associated with Romantic poets such as Coleridge and Wordsworth. Coleridge praised Thelwell as "intrepid, eloquent, and honest; perhaps the only acting democrat that is honest". Through his correspondence and meetings with these poets Thelwall would forge a link between the Romantic movement in poetry and radical politics.

In 1800 Thelwall reappeared as an elocution teacher, which in practice was a combination of speech therapist and rhetoric teacher. His career was very successful, and by 1818 he had earned enough money to buy a journal, The Champion, through which he called for parliamentary reform. His volcanic style and political views, though, were not fitting for the middle class public of the journal, which ended up in considerable losses. Thelwall resumed thus his lecture touring and died in Bath during one of those tours.

Legacy

In the field of politics Thelwall promoted "democratic reform, universal suffrage and freedom of speech". Steve Poole has argued: "Thelwall's was perhaps the most important individual voice in the history of British radicalism... Nobody was better than Thelwall at communicating the Rights of Man to a wide audience."

In the field of speech therapy, he was the "first to make speech correction a profession" and the first to write a book on the subject and to establish a school.

Works

John Thelwall aged 32 from John Baxter's Impartial History of England, 1796.

• Poems on Various Subjects (1787)
• Incle and Yarico (1787)
• The Incas (1792)
• An essay towards a definition of animal vitality (1793)
• The Peripatetic; or, Sketches of the Heart, of Nature and Society; in a Series of Politico-Sentimental Journals (1793)
• Poems written in close confinement in the Tower and Newgate (1795)
• The Natural and Constitutional Right of Britons to Annual Parliaments, Universal Suffrage, and the Freedom of Popular Association (1795)
• The Tribune (1795–96)
• The Rights of Nature Against the Usurpations of Establishments (1796)
• Sober Reflections on the Seditious and Inflammatory Letter of the Rt. Hon. Edmund Burke to a Noble Lord (1796)
• Poems chiefly written in retirement … with a prefatory memoir of the life of the author (1801)
• The Fairy of the Lake (1801)
• The Daughter of Adoption (1801)
• Selections, and original articles, read and recited, in illustration of Mr. Thelwall's lectures on the science and practice of elocution (1802)
• Poem and Oration on the Death of Lord Nelson (1805)
• Selections for the illustration of a course of instructions on the rhythmus and utterance of the English language: with an Introductory essay on the application of rhythmical science to the treatment of impediments, and the improvement of our national oratory; and an elementary analysis of the science and practice of elocution, composition, &c. (1812)
• Treatment of Cases of Defective Utterance (1814)
• The poetical recreations of the Champion and his literary correspondents; with a selection of essays, literary & critical, which have appeared in the Champion newspaper (1822)
• John Thelwall: Selected Poetry and Poetics (New York City, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) ISBN 978-1-137-34482-3. Judith Thompson, ed.

Thelwall in the 20th century

In October 2009, the Dalhousie University Theatre Department produced the first ever staging of Thelwall's 1801 melodrama The Fairy of the Lake, as a complement to the John Thelwall conference being hosted at the time by the University's English Department.

A restoration project on Thelwall's grave was launched in 2006 by the Regional History Centre at University of the West of England (UWE).

Personal life

Thelwall married twice. In 1837 his second wife, Cecil, wrote a biography on the early life of her husband.

Thelwall's eldest son was the clergyman and scholar Algernon Sidney Thelwall and his lesser-known younger son was called John Hampden Thelwall or Hampden Thelwall. Both sons were named after 17th century republicans.

See also

• 1794 Treason Trials

Further reading

• Boyle, C., The Life of John Thelwall, London, 1837.
• Claeys, Gregory (ed.), The Politics of English Jacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-271-01347-8.
• Cestre, Charles, John Thelwall, a Pioneer of Democracy and Social Reform in England During the French Revolution, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., and New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906 (Social Science Series).
• Felsenstein, F. and Scrivener, M. (eds.), Incle and Yarico and The Incas: Two Plays by John Thelwall, Farleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison 2006.
• Newton, John, The trial at large of Thomas Hardy for high treason..., London, H. D. Symonds, 1794. Includes: Trial at large of John Horne Tooke, Esq., for high treason / John Newton -- Trial at large of John Thelwall for high treason / John Newton -- Trial of Thomas Paine.
• Poole, S. (ed.), John Thelwall: Radical Romantic and Acquitted Felon, London, Pickering & Chatto, 2009.
• Rockey, Denyse, "John Thelwall and the Origins of British Speech Therapy", in: Medical History, 1979, 23:156-175.
• Rockey, Denyse,"The Logopaedic thought of John Thelwall, 1764-1834: First British Speech Therapist", in: British Journal of Disorders of Communication, Volume 12, 1977, Issue 2.
• Rockey, Denyse, Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering. London: Groom Helm, 1980.
• Scrivener, Michael, Seditious Allegories: John Thelwall and Jacobin Writing, Penn State Press, 2001. ISBN 0-271-01348-6.
• Smith, Edward, The Story of the English Jacobins : Being an Account of the Persons Implicated in the Charges of High Treason, 1794. London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin, 1881.
• Solomonescu, Y., John Thelwall and the Materialist Imagination. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 978-1-137-42614-7.
• Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class, especially Chapter 5.
• Thompson, Judith, John Thelwall in the Wordsworth Circle: The Silenced Partner, Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012 (Nineteenth-Century Major Lives and Letters). ISBN 978-0-230-10448-8.

External links

• "Thelwall, John" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
• John Thelwall Society
• Thelwall, John (1764-1834) - blue plaque location and biography
• John Thelwall - extracts from political speeches
• THELWALL, JOHN (1764 - 1834), reformer, lecturer and poet at Welsh Biography Online
• The Art and the Act: John Thelwall in Practice - conference, Dalhousie University, October 16-18, 2009
• Works by John Thelwall at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)