Sudanese Armed Forces: Difference between revisions

Sudanese Armed Forces
القوات المسلحة السودانية
Sudanese Armed Forces; القوات المسلحة السودانية
	Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces
Founded	1925 (as the Sudan Defence Force)
Service branches	Land Forces; Navy (including Marines); Air Force; Popular Defence Forces; Republican Guard
Headquarters	Khartoum
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief	Vacant
Minister of Defence	Vacant
Chief of General Staff	Colonel General Hashem Abdel Muttalib Ahmed Babakr
Personnel
Military age	18
Active personnel	109,300, with paramilitary forces of an estimated 17,500
Reserve personnel	85,000.
Expenditure
Budget	$4 Billion (2001 est.)
Percent of GDP	3.0% (2005 est.)
Industry
Domestic suppliers	Military Industry Corporation
Foreign suppliers	Russia; China; North Korea; Bangladesh; Saudi Arabia; Serbia; Morocco; Belarus; United Arab Emirates; Pakistan; United Kingdom; Jordan; Turkey; Ukraine
Related articles
History	Military history of Sudan First Sudanese Civil War; Arab Deterrent Force; Iran–Iraq War; Second Sudanese Civil War; War in Darfur; Battle of Malakal; Invasion of Anjouan; Sudan–SPLM-N War; Heglig Crisis; Intervention to Yemen;
Ranks	Rank insignia

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The Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF; Template:Lang-ar Al-Quwwat al-Musallaha as-Sudaniyah) are the Armed Forces of the Republic of the Sudan. According to 2011 IISS estimates, it numbers 109,300 personnel. They comprise the Land Forces, the Sudanese Navy, the Sudanese Air Force, and the Popular Defence Forces. They also previously had Joint Integrated Units formed together with its rebel enemies the Sudan People's Liberation Army. The Armed Forces operate under the authority of the People's Armed Forces Act 1986.^[3] In 1991, the Library of Congress used the term "Sudan People's Armed Forces" to refer to the entire armed forces, but by the late 2000s (decade), the "Sudanese Armed Forces" term was most widespread. In 2004, the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress estimated that the Popular Defence Forces, the military wing of the National Islamic Front, consists of 10,000 active members, with 85,000 reserves.^[4] It has been deployed alongside regular army units against various rebel groups.

Sudan now receives most of its military equipment from the People's Republic of China and Russia. Sudan has a weapons production company called the Military Industry Corporation.

Chief of General Staff Army

The origins of the Sudanese Army date to

Tenure	Incumbent	Notes
Egyptian Sudan Chief of General Staff
November 1820 to 1821	Isma`il Kamel Pasha, Commander	Chief of General Staff
April 1821 to September 1824	Muhammad Bey Defterdar, Commander

Tenure	Portrait	Incumbent	Notes
Egyptian Sudan
November 1820 to 1821		Isma`il Kamel Pasha, Commander	Chief of General Staff
April 1821 to September 1824		Muhammad Bey Defterdar, Commander	Chief of General Staff
September 1824 to May 1825		Osman Bey Jarkas, Commander	Chief of General Staff
May 1825 to March 1826		Mahu Bey Urfali, Commander	Chief of General Staff
March 1826 to 1835		Ali Khurshid Agha	Chief of General Staff
1835 to June 1838		Ali Khurshid Pasha,	Chief of General Staff
June 1838 to 6 October 1843		Ahmad Pasha abu Widan,	Chief of General Staff
1843 to 1845		Ahmad Pasha Manikli	Chief of General Staff
1845 to 1850		Khalid Khusraw Pasha,	Chief of General Staff
1850 to January 1851		'Abd al-Latif Pasha,	Chief of General Staff
January 1851 to May 1852		Rustum Pasha Jarkas,	Chief of General Staff
May 1852 to 1853		Isma'il Haqqi Pasha abu Jabal,	Chief of General Staff
1853 to 1854		Salim Pasha Sa'ib al-Jaza'irli,	Chief of General Staff
July 1854 to November 1854		Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arna'ut,	Chief of General Staff
1854 to 1855		Ali Pasha Jarkas, Governor	Chief of General Staff
1856 to 1858		Arakil Bey al-Armani, Governor	Chief of General Staff
1859 to 1861		Hasan Bey Salama Jarkas, Governor	Chief of General Staff
1861 to 1862		Muhammad Rasikh Bey,	Chief of General Staff
1862 to 1865		Mūsā Pasha Ḥamdī,	Chief of General Staff
1865 to November 1865		'Umar Bey Fakhri,	acting Chief of General Staff
November 1865 to 1866		Ja'afar Pasha Sadiq,	Chief of General Staff
1866 to 5 February 1871		Ja'afar Pasha Mazhar,	Chief of General Staff
5 February 1871 to October 1872		Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha,	Chief of General Staff
October 1872 to 1872		Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi	Chief of General Staff
1872 to 18 May 1877		Isma'il Pasha al- Aiyub,	Chief of General Staff
May 1877 to December 1879		Charles George Gordon	Governor-General, 1st time Chief of General Staff
December 1879 to February 1882		Muhammad Ra'uf Pasha,	Chief of General Staff
February 1882 to May 1882		Giegler Pasha,	Chief of General Staff
May 1882 to March 1883		'Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hilmi,	Chief of General Staff
March 1883 to 5 November 1883		'Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq	Chief of General Staff
February 1884 to 18 February 1884		Henry Watts Russell de Coetlogon,	Chief of General Staff
18 February 1884 to 26 January 1885		Charles George Gordon	Governor-General, 2nd time; Killed at the end of the Siege of Khartoum
26 January 1885 to 2 October 1898	Territory of Egyptian Sudan under complete control of Mahdiyah(Mahdist State)Egyptian Sudan
Mahdist Sudan
29 June 1881 to 22 June 1885		Muhammad Ahmad, Mahdi	Self-proclaimed Mahdi, Islamic Messiah
22 June 1885 to 2 September 1898		Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, Khalifa	Self-proclaimed Caliph, successor to Muhammad Ahmad; Defeated in the Battle of Omdurman
British Military Administration
2 September 1898 to 19 January 1899		Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, Military	Chief of General Staff
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium)
19 January 1899 to 22 December 1899		Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener,	Chief of General Staff
22 December 1899 to 31 December 1916		Sir Francis Reginald Wingate,	Chief of General Staff
1 January 1917 to 20 November 1924		Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack,	Chief of General Staff
21 November 1924 to 5 January 1925		Wasey Sterry,	Chief of General Staff
5 January 1925 to 6 July 1926		Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer,	Chief of General Staff
31 October 1926 to 10 January 1934		Sir John Loader Maffey	Chief of General Staff
10 January 1934 to 19 October 1940		Sir George Stewart Symes,	Chief of General Staff
19 October 1940 to 8 April 1947		Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston,	Chief of General Staff
8 April 1947 to 29 March 1954		Sir Robert George Howe,	Chief of General Staff
29 March 1954 to 12 December 1955		Sir Alexander Knox Helm,	Chief of General Staff
12 December 1955 to 1 January 1956		Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat, Chief of General Staff

Sudanese soldiers recruited by the British during the reconquest of Sudan in 1898.^[5] Sudan officially became the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1899. The highest-ranking British officer in Egypt, known as the Sirdar, also served as Governor General of the Sudan. In 1922, after nationalist riots stimulated by Egyptian leader Saad Zaghloul, Egypt was granted independence by the United Kingdom. The Egyptians wanted more oversight in the Sudan and created specialized units of Sudanese auxiliaries within the Egyptian Army called Al-Awtirah. This became the nucleus of the modern Sudanese Army.

The British Army formed the Sudan Defence Force (SDF) as local auxiliaries in 1925. The SDF consisted of a number of separate regiments. Most were made up of Muslim soldiers and stationed in the north, but the Equatoria Corps in the south was composed of Christians.^[6] During World War II, the SDF augmented allied forces engaging Italians in Ethiopia. They also served during the Western Desert Campaign, supporting Free French and Long Range Desert Group operations at Kufra and Jalo oases in the Libyan Desert. "In 1947, the Sudanese military schools were closed, and the number of Sudanese troops was reduced to 7,570.^[7] In 1948, the first Arab-Israeli War broke out. Sudanese Colonel Harold Saleh Al-Malik selected 250 combat-seasoned soldiers who had seen action in World War II. They arrived in Cairo to participate in a parade and were then dispatched to various units of the Egyptian army. This was a grave mistake, for the Sudanese had fought together in World War II and this broke unit cohesion. The decision was indicative of Egyptian military planners of the period. Forty-three Sudanese were killed in action in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1953, the British and the new Egyptian government reached an agreement that Sudan was to be put on the path of independence. General Ahmed Mohammed became Sudan's first army chief in August 1954. This is significant for the Sudanese, for it was the first time it had an independent army that was not governed by Britain or Egypt."

In March 1954 British troops in the Sudan consisted of one battalion stationed in Khartoum, reporting ultimately to the Governor-General.^[8] The Governor-General's military commander was the Major-General Commanding British Troops in the Sudan, who was also Commandant of the Sudan Defence Force. In this post from 1950 onward was Major General Reginald 'Cully' Scoons.^[9] The last British troops, 1st Battalion Royal Leicestershire Regiment, left the country on 16 August 1955.^[10] All of the British troops were gone by the end of August 1955.^[11]

The Equatoria Corps mutinied at Torit on 18 August 1955, just before independence, prompting the formation of the Anyanya guerilla movement and the First Sudanese Civil War.^[12] A company of the Equatoria Corps had been ordered to make ready to move to the north, but instead of obeying, the troops mutinied, along with other Southern soldiers across the South in Juba, Yei, Yombo, and Maridi.^[13]

"At independence in 1956, Sudan's 5,000-man army was regarded as a highly trained, competent, and apolitical force, but its character changed in succeeding years. To deal with the southern insurgency, the army expanded steadily to 12,000 personnel in 1959 and it leveled off at about 50,000 in 1972. After independence, the military -particularly the educated officer corps- lost much of its former apolitical attitude; soldiers associated themselves with parties and movements across the political spectrum."^[5] On November 17, 1958, the army's two senior generals, Major General Ibrahim Abboud, the armed forces commander, and Ahmad Abd al Wahab, seized power in a military coup.^[14] First writes that '..the coup in the Sudan, far from being a take-over.. by the army, was a hand-over to the army. It was a coup by courtesy,.. in response to the demand for emergency measures by the head of government" (Abdallah Khalil).^[14] Abboud was forced to step down in 1964.

During 1969 the Sudanese Army consisted of about 26,500 men, four infantry brigades of four battalions each, three independent infantry battalions, one armoured regiment, a parachute regiment, an armoured regiment and three artillery regiments.^[15] There were 50 Alvis Saladins, 60 Ferret armoured cars, and 45 Commando armoured cars, about 50 25-pounders, 40 105-mm howitzers, 20 120-mm mortars, and 80 Bofors 40-mm guns.

On May 25, 1969, several young officers, led by Colonel Jaafar an Nimeiri, seized power, thus bringing the army into political control for the second time. From 1969 until 1971, a military government - the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), composed of nine young officers and one civilian - exercised authority over a largely civilian cabinet.^[16] The RCC represented only a faction within the military establishment. From 1971 Nimeiri led a more civilian-based government. The first civil war ended in a negotiated settlement in 1973. Sudan sent at least one infantry brigade to the Sinai peninsula as a reinforcement to the Egyptian forces during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. It arrived too late, on October 28, 1973 and saw no fighting.

The Second Sudanese Civil War broke out again in 1982 and continued until 2005.

By the time of the coup in 1989, over fifty percent of most Army units were staffed by soldiers and NCOs from the South. Most had little commitment or dedication to the government - they joined for the sugar and other rations given to soldiers, as well as the salary. Although they often acquitted themselves well in battle, generally surrendering only when their food and ammunition were depleted, they had little stomach for offensive operations.

The Land Forces were "basically a light infantry force in 1991, supported by specialized elements. Operational control extended from the headquarters of the general staff in Khartoum to the six regional commands (central, eastern, western, northern, southern, and Khartoum). Each regional command was organized along divisional lines. Thus, the Fifth Division was at Al-Ubayyid in Kurdufan (Central Command), the Second Division was at Khashm El Girba (Eastern Command), the Sixth Division was assigned to Al-Fashir in Darfur (Western Command), the First Division was at Juba (Southern Command), and the Seventh Armoured Division was at As Shajarah just south of Khartoum (Khartoum Command). The Airborne Division was based at Khartoum International Airport. The Third Division was located in the north, although no major troop units were assigned to it. Each division had a liaison officer attached to general headquarters in Khartoum to facilitate the division's communication with various command elements. This organisational structure did not provide an accurate picture of actual troop deployments. All of the divisions were understrength. The Sixth Division in Darfur was a reorganised brigade with only 2,500 personnel. Unit strengths varied widely. Most brigades were composed of 1,000 to 1,500 troops."^[17] Keegan, writing in 1983, indicated that the northern command was located at Shendi.

To reduce the pressure on the regular armed forces, the Sudanese government made extensive use of militias, such as the South Sudan Defence Forces. This largely symbolic coalition of seven groups was formed with the signing of the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the NIF in 1997. The SSDF was led by former Garang lieutenant Riek Machar.^[18]

In 2007 the IISS estimated that the SAF had 104,800 personnel supported by 17,500 paramilitary personnel.^[2]

Jane's Information Group said in May 2009 that 'There are a number of infantry divisions, divided among [the six] regional commands. The commander of each military region traditionally commanded the divisional and brigade commanders within his territory. It is understood that there are six infantry divisions and seven independent infantry brigades; a mechanised division and an independent mechanised infantry brigade; and an armoured division. Other elements are understood to include a Special Forces battalion with five companies; an airborne division and a border guard brigade. Support elements include an engineer division.' Jane's reported the army's strength as 100,000 plus militias.^[19] Afdevinfo has reported that the 1st Division at Juba has been disbanded.

Jane's Sentinel reports that there are two engineer brigades supporting the 9th Airborne Division. Jane's Amphibious and Special Forces, 2010, lists the 9th Airborne Division headquartered in Khartoum which includes two airborne brigades and the 144th Special Forces Battalion, an anti-terrorist unit.^[20] It also mentions the two engineer brigades for special forces support.

It was reported that a Republican Guard exists as a presidential security unit, led by Major General Khalid Hamad.^[21]

The military and allied militias have fought in the Sudanese Civil War, the Darfur Conflict, the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict and the 2012 South Sudan-Sudan border conflict.

Yemen Civil War

As part of the Yemeni Civil War, dozens of Sudanese soldiers were reported killed in an ambush by Houthis in Hajjah Governorate in April 2018.^[22]

Education and training

The Military College at Wadi Sayyidna, near Omdurman, had been Sudan's primary source of officer training since it opened in 1948. A two-year program, emphasizing study in political and military science and physical training, led to a commission as a second lieutenant in the SPAF. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, an average of 120 to 150 officers were graduated from the academy each year. In the late 1950s, roughly 60 graduated each year, peaking to more than 500 in early 1972 as a result of mobilisation brought on by the first southern rebellion. Students from other Arab and African countries were also trained at the Military College, and in 1982 sixty Ugandans were graduated as part of a Sudanese contribution to rebuilding the Ugandan army after Amin's removal from power.

Equipment

The modern Sudanese Armed Forces is equipped mainly with Soviet, Russian, Chinese, Ukrainian, and Sudanese manufactured weaponry. Significant data has been made available by the UN Experts' Groups on the Sudan on arms supplies to Sudanese forces.

The standard issue battle rifle is now an H&K G3 variant that is domestically manufactured by Military Industry Corporation - the Dinar.

The IISS reported in 2007 that the SAF had 200 T-54/55 main battle tanks and 70 Type 62 light tanks. ^[2] By 2011 the total that the IISS listed was 360: 20 M-60, 60 Type 59, 270 T-54/55, and 10 'Al Bashier' (Type-85-IIM).^[23] The 'Al-Bashier' is a licensed version of the Type 85M-II tank.^[24] In addition, the 'Digna'a modernisation programme for the T-55 has been reported.^[25] Chinese Type 96 tanks have also been known to serve in the Sudanese Army. These are by far and away Sudan's most modern and powerful tanks.^[26]^[27]

The IISS reported 218 armoured cars (6 French Panhard AML-90, 60 BRDM-2, 80 British Ferret, and 30 British Alvis Saladin) in 2007, alongside 15 Soviet BMP-2.^[28] Also reported were 42 US M-113, 19 US LAV-150/V-100 Commando, Soviet BTR-152/BTR-50, 20 Czech or Polish OT-62/OT-64. 104 Egyptian Walid were ordered in 1981-1986.^[28]

The IISS estimated in 2011 that Sudan had 778+ artillery pieces, including 20 US M-101, 16 D-30, Soviet D-74, Soviet M-30, and 75 Soviet 130mm M-46/Type-59-I.^[23] The IISS estimated in 2011 that the Army had 20 pieces of self-propelled artillery, including 10 Soviet 2S1 Gvozdika and 10 French (AMX) Mk F3.^[23] Multiple rocket launchers include Soviet 122mm BM-21 Grad and Type-81.

Also reported were Soviet M43 mortars (120mm). Anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons reported included a number of British-made Swingfire. 54 Soviet 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) were reported, and many anti-aircraft guns. According to a UN official document.^[29]

T-72 main battle tanks, FB-6A mobile air defense systems, 9K33 Osa mobile air defence systems, and ws1 and ws2 mrls have also been spotted with the Sudanese armed forces.

Armored vehicles are repaired and produced at the Elshaheed Ibrahim Shams el Deen Complex in Khartoum.^[30]

Tanks

Model	Origin	Type	Quantity	Note
AL- ZUBAIR - 1	Sudan	DAA02 Main Battle Tank	-10	A Locally produced version of the Russian made T-72AV at MIC. Should replace the old T-72 bought from Russia
AL- ZUBAIR - 2	Sudan	DAA03 Main Battle Tank	-10	Al Zubair 2 tank with 105mm gun, copy of the Type 59D updates version of DAA. The production started on 2013
AL-BASHIR	Sudan	DAA01 Main Battle Tank	-10	One of the first tanks on production at MIC
DIGNA	Sudan	DAA04 Main Battle Tank	-10	Light weight tank for close combat
Type 96 tank	China	VT-2 export variant	-10
T-72	Russia Ukraine	T-72B T-72AV	200 160
Type 80	China	Type 80	-10
Patton	United States	M60	-10
T-54/T-55	Soviet Union		-10
Type 59	China	Type 59]	-10

Infantry fighting vehicles

Model	Origin	Type	Quantity	Note
SHAREEF-1	Sudan	DBA02 Armoured Infantry	+54	Locally Produced Version Of the Russian BTR-80 half of the number was sent to Yemen during (عاصفة الحزم)
SHAREEF-2	Sudan	DCA02 Armoured Infantry	+12	Updated Version of Shareef
KHATIM - 2	Sudan	DCA03 Armoured Infantry	0
Amir - 1	Sudan	Reconnaissance Vehicle	0	Export version of Amir
Amir - 2	Sudan	Reconnaissance Vehicle	0	Export version of Amir
SarSar-1	Sudan	Reconnaissance Vehicle	0	4x4 Vehicle built on Toyota Land Cruiser chassis
BMP-2	Belarus Ukraine		15
BMP-1	Soviet Union Belarus		24

Self propelled artillery

Model	Origin	Type	Quantity	Note
ABU FATMA^[31]	Sudan	122mm Self-Propelled Howitzer	?	Locally produced 15.4 ton SPA based on 2S1 Gvozdika, 4 crewman.

Joint Integrated Units

The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement which ended the second civil war, stated that '..there shall be formed Joint/Integrated Units during the Pre-Interim and Interim Period from the SAF and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA).' 'These shall form the nucleus of the future Sudanese National Armed Forces, should the result of the referendum.. confirm unity of the country, [otherwise] the JIUs shall dissolve with each component reverting to its mother Armed Forces.'^[32]

The JIUs were to consist of: (Chapter VI, Security Arrangements, Paragraphs 20.13.2.1 and 20.13.2.2)

1st Infantry Division which shall have a total strength of 9000 officers, NCOs, and men and shall be deployed in Equatoria area
2nd Infantry Division which shall have a total strength of 8000 officers, NCOs, and men and shall be deployed in Upper Nile area
3rd Infantry Division which shall have a total strength of 7000 officers, NCOs, and men and shall be deployed in Bahr El Ghazal area
4th Infantry Division (unlike the other divisions, both 4th and 5th Divisions are under-strength divisions) which shall have a total strength of 6000 officers, NCOs, and men and shall be deployed in southern Blue Nile area
5th Infantry Division which shall have a total strength of 6000 officers, NCOs, and men and shall be deployed in Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains
Independent Brigade which shall be deployed in Khartoum with the total strength of 3000 officers, NCOs, and men
There shall be formed a JIU Infantry Battalion for Abyei Area

According to the Catholic "Voice of Hope" radio station in Wau, the Salam Forces military of Major-General Eltom Elnur Daldoum, who has a Misseriya background^[33] and operated in the Deim Zubeir area,^[34] joined the Sudan Armed Forces and became part of the Joint Integrated Units in Wau during the interim period.^[35] The number of his fighters was estimated at 400.^[36]

After its formation, the Joint Defence Board (JDB) met for the first time in January 2006. The Board was jointly chaired by SAF and SPLA lieutenant generals.^[37] The National Assembly passed the Joint Integrated Units Act on 17 January 2006. The JIUs were commanded by SPLA Major General Thomas Cirillo Swaka. But in the face of high hopes, the three most serious breaches of the CPA’s permanent ceasefire resulted directly from the actions of JIU battalions and brigades.^[38] North/South distrust resulted in the JDB struggling to providing oversight and management of the JIUs.

With the dissolution of the JIUs following the Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011, the SPLA components were either integrated back into the SPLA or demobilised. The SPLA components however were seen as less of a concern than the SAF components. Many of the SAF JIU personnel were former militia ('Other Armed Groups' or OAGs) who were 'aligned' rather than being formally 'incorporated' within the Sudanese Army.^[39] 'Aside from regular SAF units in locations such as Malakal and Bor, many of the SAF elements of the JIUs hail from the areas where they are serving and have strong family ties in these locations. As with the SPLA components, integration into the SPLA or increased incentives to demobilize are the only options the SAF components are likely to consider—movement north being out of the question.'

Air Force

The Sudanese Air Force operates a number of aircraft, including Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters, Karakuram K-8 trainer jets, MiG-29 fighters, Su-25, Su-24, F-5, and Q-5 'Fantan' .

A long-established training centre and airbase is at Wadi Sayyidna, where No. 2 Fighter-Attack Squadron SuAF operated J-7s for a period.^[40]

The Armed Forces have suffered significant numbers of senior personnel killed in several aircraft crashes, in 2001, and in August 2012.

Navy

Jane's Fighting Ships for 1999-2000 stated that the Sudanese navy was established in 1962 to operate on the Red Sea coast and the River Nile.^[41] In 1999, estimated naval strength was 1,300 officers and men. Reported bases were at Port Sudan and Flamingo Bay on the Red Sea and at Khartoum. The navy had two 70-ton, 75-foot, Kadir-class coastal patrol craft (Kadir [129] and Karari [130]), both transferred from Iran to Sudan in 1975, as well as sixteen inshore patrol craft and two supply ships:

4 Kurmuk class patrol boats
1 Swiftship type patrol boat
4 ex-Yugoslav patrol boats (Gihad class)
3 Sewart type patrol craft
2 Sobat class amphibious/Transport/Supply boats

The navy, according to 2004 estimates from the International Institute for Strategic Studies, now has 1,800 personnel, and a base at Marsa Gwayawi on the Red Sea.^[42]

Notes

^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Military Balance 2007, 293.
^ UNMIS, Joint Integrated Units Act Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Library of Congress Country Profile Sudan, December 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-05-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b Development of the Armed Forces, Library of Congress Country Studies, 1991
^ Maj Gen L G Whistler, The Sudan Defence Force, British Army Review, Issue 6, July 1951 - state at that point four infantry/camel units, signals regiment, AA artillery regiment, other units.
^ Youssef Aboul-Enein, The Sudanese Army: a historical analysis and discussion on religious politicization, U.S. Army Infantry magazine, July–August 2004
^ British Parliament House of Lords Debate, 10 March 1954 Archived 12 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Major-General Sir Reginald "Cully" Scoones". Telegraph.co.uk. 11 October 1991. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ British Troops in the Sudan^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ O'Ballance, 1977, p.42
^ Robert O. Collins, Civil wars and revolution in the Sudan: essays on the Sudan, 2005, p.140
^ O'Ballance, 1977, p.41
^ ^a ^b Ruth First, The Barrel of a Gun Political Power in Africa and the Coup d'etat, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1970, 222-23.
^ IISS, Adelphi Paper No. 67, The Armed Forces of African States, May 1970, via O'Ballance, 1977, p.118
^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Sudan, 1991
^ Library of Congress Country Studies, 1991, [1] Archived 2019-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Claire Mc Evoy and Emile LeBrun, Uncertain Future: Armed Violence in Southern Sudan, HSBA Working Paper No. 20, April 2010, p.13
^ Jane's World Armies, May 2009
^ "Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS". Retrieved 23 February 2015.
^ Republican Palace celebrates the change of the Republican Guard Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine Sudanese Online. 01-01-2010
^ Agence France-Presse (April 7, 2017). "Rebels kill dozens of Sudanese troops in Yemen: military sources". The Daily Mail. A rebel ambush in Yemen killed dozens of Sudanese soldiers belonging to a Saudi-led coalition fighting on the side of the government, military sources and the insurgents said Saturday. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c IISS Military Balance 2011, 443.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2009-11-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2007-12-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "sudanese tanks دبابات القوات المسلحة السوداانية". YouTube. 12 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ 刘昆. "传中国96式坦克击毁南苏丹T72 获实战战果". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Arms Trade Register". SIPRI. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/68/138 Archived 2014-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (May 31, 2017). "Exotic Armour, an inside look at Sudan's armour repair facility". Oryx Blog. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. To help ease the Sudan established an armour repair workshop and the Elshaheed Ibrahim Shams el Deen Complex, the latter of which is also involved in the production of several types of armoured fighting vehicles. [...] This opposed to the Elshaheed Ibrahim Shams el Deen Complex, which is part of the Military Industry Corporation (MIC). The armour repair workshop is located in the heart of Khartoum, which is certainly an interesting location to set up such a facility.
^ "Product Details". Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Chapter VI, Security Arrangements, paragraphs 20.1 and 20.2, https://unmis.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/old_dnn/cpa-en.pdf, page 111 (129 of 260)
^ Young, John (2006). The South Sudan Defence Forces in the Wake of the Juba Declaration (PDF). Geneva: Small Arms Survey. p. 35. ISBN 978-2-8288-0077-2.
^ Cite error: The named reference :22 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "SALAM MILITIA FORCES JOIN SPLA IN WAU". Catholic Radio Network. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
^ "Allies and defectors - An update on armed group integration and proxy force activity" (PDF). Sudan Issue Brief. 11. May 2008.
^ https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/accord/sudan-comprehensive-peace-agreement
^ Verjee, Aly. "Sudan's Aspirational Army: A History of the Joint Integrated Units" (PDF). p. 4.
^ Richard Rands, In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond, HSBA-Small Arms Survey, Working Paper 23, November 2010, p.23
^ Tom Cooper, Sudan, Civil War since 1955^{[permanent dead link‍]} Air Combat Information Group, Feb 10, 2008
^ Captain Richard Sharpe RN (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships 1999-2000; Coulsdon, Surry: Jane's Information Group, pages 657-658.
^ Library of Congress Country Profile Sudan, December 2004 Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, p.14

This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2007 edition.)

References

Tom Cooper, Sudan, Civil War since 1955^{[permanent dead link‍]} Air Combat Information Group, Feb 10, 2008
Library of Congress Country Studies, Sudan, 1991
O'Ballance, Edgar. The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955-1972, Faber and Faber, 1977, ISBN 0-571-10768-0
Richard Rands, In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond, HSBA-Small Arms Survey, Working Paper 23, November 2010

v t e Militaries of Africa
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