Jump to content

Charles J. Pedersen: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Liaog2022 (talk | contribs)
30 edits
No edit summary
m v2.01 - WP:WCW project (Square brackets without correct end - Unicode control characters - Reference before punctuation - Internal link written as an external link - Spelling and typography) / Help needed to fix 3 links to disambiguation pages - Complementary, Complex, Selectivity
Line 23: Line 23:
== Early Life and Education ==
== Early Life and Education ==


Born on October 3, 1904 in [[Busan]], [[South Korea]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-J-Pedersen|title=Charles J. Pedersen {{!}} American chemist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>, Charles J. Pedersen was the youngest of three children. According to his autobiographical account of his life found on the official website for the [[Nobel Prize]], his father, Brede Pedersen, was a [[Norway|Norwegian]]<nowiki/>marine engineer who immigrated to [[Korea]] in order to join the Korean customs service after leaving home due to family issues to become an engineer in the [[Far East]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelrpize.org/prizes/chemistry/1987/pedersen/biographical/|title=Charles J. Pedersen Biographical|last=Pedersen|first=Charles|date=1987|website=The Nobel Prize|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Later, he worked as a mechanical engineer at the [[Unsan County]] mines in present-day [[North Korea]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/northkorea-china-border-gold/|title=Gold divers on the North Korean border|last=TKTK|website=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>. His mother, Takino Yasui, immigrated from [[Japan]] to [[Korea]] with her family and established a successful line of work by trading [[Soybean|soybeans]] and [[Silkworm|silkworms]] located close to the [[Unsan County]] mines, where the couple ultimately met<ref name=":0" />. Although not much is mentioned about his elder brother, who died of a childhood disease before Pedersen was born, he had an older sister named Astrid, who was five years older than him<ref name=":0" />. In [[Japan]], he used the Japanese given name '''Yoshio''' (良男), which he spelled using the [[kanji]] for "good" and "man."<ref name="nobel">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/pedersen-bio.html|title=Charles J. Pedersen – Biographical|publisher=The Nobel Foundation}}</ref>. According to Pedersen in a separate autobiographical account of his childhood, he had been born prior to the [[Russo-Japanese War]], and because his mother had still been grieving over the then-recent death of his older brother, he did not feel welcomed as a child<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chemistry, 1981–1990|last=Malmstrom|first=Bo|publisher=World Scientific|year=1992|isbn=|location=|pages=496}}</ref>.
Born on October 3, 1904 in [[Busan]], [[South Korea]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-J-Pedersen|title=Charles J. Pedersen {{!}} American chemist|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref> Charles J. Pedersen was the youngest of three children. According to his autobiographical account of his life found on the official website for the [[Nobel Prize]], his father, Brede Pedersen, was a [[Norway|Norwegian]]<nowiki/>marine engineer who immigrated to [[Korea]] in order to join the Korean customs service after leaving home due to family issues to become an engineer in the [[Far East]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelrpize.org/prizes/chemistry/1987/pedersen/biographical/|title=Charles J. Pedersen Biographical|last=Pedersen|first=Charles|date=1987|website=The Nobel Prize|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Later, he worked as a mechanical engineer at the [[Unsan County]] mines in present-day [[North Korea]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/northkorea-china-border-gold/|title=Gold divers on the North Korean border|last=TKTK|website=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref> His mother, Takino Yasui, immigrated from [[Japan]] to [[Korea]] with her family and established a successful line of work by trading [[Soybean|soybeans]] and [[Silkworm|silkworms]] located close to the [[Unsan County]] mines, where the couple ultimately met.<ref name=":0" /> Although not much is mentioned about his elder brother, who died of a childhood disease before Pedersen was born, he had an older sister named Astrid, who was five years older than him.<ref name=":0" /> In [[Japan]], he used the Japanese given name '''Yoshio''' (良男), which he spelled using the [[kanji]] for "good" and "man.".<ref name="nobel">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/pedersen-bio.html|title=Charles J. Pedersen – Biographical|publisher=The Nobel Foundation}}</ref> According to Pedersen in a separate autobiographical account of his childhood, he had been born prior to the [[Russo-Japanese War]], and because his mother had still been grieving over the then-recent death of his older brother, he did not feel welcomed as a child.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chemistry, 1981–1990|last=Malmstrom|first=Bo|publisher=World Scientific|year=1992|isbn=|location=|pages=496}}</ref>


Despite living in modern day [[South Korea]], because Pedersen lived in the vicinity of the American-owned [[Unsan County]] mines, which spanned approximately 500 square miles in area<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palmer|first=Spencer J.|date=1962|title=American Gold Mining in Korea's Unsan District|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636264|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=31|issue=4|pages=379–391|doi=10.2307/3636264|issn=0030-8684}}</ref>, he grew up speaking primarily [[English language|English]]<ref name=":0" />.
Despite living in modern-day [[South Korea]], because Pedersen lived in the vicinity of the American-owned [[Unsan County]] mines, which spanned approximately 500 square miles in area,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palmer|first=Spencer J.|date=1962|title=American Gold Mining in Korea's Unsan District|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636264|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=31|issue=4|pages=379–391|doi=10.2307/3636264|issn=0030-8684}}</ref> he grew up speaking primarily [[English language|English]].<ref name=":0" />


At around 8 years old, Pedersen was sent by his family to study abroad in [[Nagasaki, Japan]], and then later transferred to [[Saint Joseph College, Yokohama|St. Joseph College]] in [[Yokohama, Japan]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2000/05/27/national/oldest-international-schools-closure-leaves-many-questions/|title=Oldest international school's closure leaves many questions|last=Gilhooly|first=Rob|date=2000-05-27|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2019-05-28|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref>.
At around 8 years old, Pedersen was sent by his family to study abroad in [[Nagasaki, Japan]], and then later transferred to [[Saint Joseph College, Yokohama|St. Joseph College]] in [[Yokohama, Japan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2000/05/27/national/oldest-international-schools-closure-leaves-many-questions/|title=Oldest international school's closure leaves many questions|last=Gilhooly|first=Rob|date=2000-05-27|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2019-05-28|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref>


After successfully completing his education at St. Joseph College<ref name=":1" />, due to the close ties his family had with the [[Society of Mary (Marianists)]]<ref name=":0" />, Pedersen decided to attend college in [[America]] at the [[University of Dayton]] in [[Ohio]].
After successfully completing his education at St. Joseph College,<ref name=":1" /> due to the close ties his family had with the [[Society of Mary (Marianists)]],<ref name=":0" /> Pedersen decided to attend college in [[America]] at the [[University of Dayton]] in [[Ohio]].


While spending his undergraduate life in 1922 studing [[chemical engineering]] at the [[University of Dayton]] in [[Ohio]], Pedersen had been a well balanced student who immersed himself in the sports, academic, and social aspects of his college. With a passion for the sport of [[tennis]], Pedersen played on his school’s varsity tennis team under Coach Frank Kronauge, a former [[University of Dayton]] tennis captain<ref name=":6" />. Playing for all four years of his undergraduate years, Pedersen became captain for both of his junior and senior seasons on the team<ref name=":6" />. Furthermore, Pedersen spent his time as both the Vice-President of the Engineers’ Club as well as in charge of Literary in the Daytonian Editorial Department<ref name=":6" /><sup>.</sup> Graduating from the [[University of Dayton]] in 1926 with a degree in [[chemical engineering]]<ref name=":6" />,he was dedicated for his time at the university as well as the various accomplishments he made while studying as an undergraduate.
While spending his undergraduate life in 1922 studying [[chemical engineering]] at the [[University of Dayton]] in [[Ohio]], Pedersen had been a well balanced student who immersed himself in the sports, academic, and social aspects of his college. With a passion for the sport of [[tennis]], Pedersen played on his school's varsity tennis team under Coach Frank Kronauge, a former [[University of Dayton]] tennis captain.<ref name=":6" /> Playing for all four years of his undergraduate years, Pedersen became captain for both of his junior and senior seasons on the team.<ref name=":6" /> Furthermore, Pedersen spent his time as both the Vice-President of the Engineers’ Club as well as in charge of Literary in the Daytonian Editorial Department<ref name=":6" /><sup>.</sup> Graduating from the [[University of Dayton]] in 1926 with a degree in [[chemical engineering]]<ref name=":6" />,he was dedicated for his time at the university as well as the various accomplishments he made while studying as an undergraduate.


Earning a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[chemical engineering]], Pedersen decided to attend the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in order to obtain a [[master's degree]] in organic chemistry. Although his professors at the time encouraged him to stay and pursue a PhD in organic chemistry, Pedersen decided to start his career instead, partially because he no longer wanted to be supported by his father. He is one of the few people to win a [[Nobel Prize]] in the sciences without having a [[PhD]]<ref name="nobel" />.
Earning a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[chemical engineering]], Pedersen decided to attend the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in order to obtain a [[master's degree]] in organic chemistry. Although his professors at the time encouraged him to stay and pursue a PhD in organic chemistry, Pedersen decided to start his career instead, partially because he no longer wanted to be supported by his father. He is one of the few people to win a [[Nobel Prize]] in the sciences without having a [[PhD]].<ref name="nobel" />


=== Du Pont ===
=== Du Pont ===
After leaving the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], Pedersen became employed at the [[DuPont|DuPont Company]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]] in 1927 through connections from his research advisor, Professor [[James F. Norris]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=archives_yrbk|title=Daytonian 1929|last=|first=|date=|website=University Yearbooks|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. While at [[DuPont]], Pedersen was able to begin research at the [[Jackson Laboratory]] under William S. Calcott, where he remained for his entire 42-year career as a chemist<ref name=":0" />. As a young chemist at [[DuPont]], Pedersen witnessed and gained inspiration many flourishing chemists such as Julian Hill and [[Roy J. Plunkett]], and also breakthroughs in polymers and work in the field of organic chemistry<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Pedersen|first=Charles|date=|title=The Discovery of Crown Ethers|url=|journal=Nobel Lecture|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>. Pedersen had a particular interest in [[industry]] as he started his focus on his chemical career, which influenced the direction of problems he set out to solve as a chemist. As Pedersen began working on problems as a new chemist, he was free to work on whatever problems fascinated him and he quickly became interested in [[Oxidative|oxidative degradation]] and stabilization of [[Substrate (chemistry)|substrate]]<ref name=":2" />. Pedersen's papers and work expanded beyond this, however it was a major influence to his eventual [[Nobel Prize]] awarded research.
After leaving the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], Pedersen became employed at the [[DuPont|DuPont Company]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]] in 1927 through connections from his research advisor, Professor [[James F. Norris]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=archives_yrbk|title=Daytonian 1929|last=|first=|date=|website=University Yearbooks|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> While at [[DuPont]], Pedersen was able to begin research at the [[Jackson Laboratory]] under William S. Calcott, where he remained for his entire 42-year career as a chemist.<ref name=":0" /> As a young chemist at [[DuPont]], Pedersen witnessed and gained inspiration many flourishing chemists such as Julian Hill and [[Roy J. Plunkett]], and also breakthroughs in polymers and work in the field of organic chemistry.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Pedersen|first=Charles|date=|title=The Discovery of Crown Ethers|url=|journal=Nobel Lecture|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Pedersen had a particular interest in [[industry]] as he started his focus on his chemical career, which influenced the direction of problems he set out to solve as a chemist. As Pedersen began working on problems as a new chemist, he was free to work on whatever problems fascinated him and he quickly became interested in [[Oxidative|oxidative degradation]] and stabilization of [[Substrate (chemistry)|substrate]].<ref name=":2" /> Pedersen's papers and work expanded beyond this, however it was a major influence to his eventual [[Nobel Prize]] awarded research.


Retiring at the age of 65, his work resulted in 25 papers and 65 patents, and in 1967, he published two works describing the methods of synthesizing [[Crown ether|crown ethers]] (cyclic polyethers).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pedersen|first=Charles|date=1988|title=Macrocyclic Polyethers:Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 Polyether and Dicyclohexyl-18-Crown-6 Polyether|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Syntheses|journal=|volume=6|pages=395|via=}}</ref> The donut-shaped molecules were the first in a series of extraordinary compounds that form stable structures with [[alkali metal]] [[Ion|ions]]. In 1987, he shared the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his work in this area with [[Donald Cram]] and [[Jean-Marie Lehn]], whom expanded upon his original discoveries<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-G3vi5av28C&pg=PA93&dq=charles+pedersen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirqOn0lb_iAhVKop4KHVMxAukQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=charles%20pedersen&f=false|title=A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine|last=Leroy|first=Francis|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
Retiring at the age of 65, his work resulted in 25 papers and 65 patents, and in 1967, he published two works describing the methods of synthesizing [[Crown ether|crown ethers]] (cyclic polyethers).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pedersen|first=Charles|date=1988|title=Macrocyclic Polyethers:Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 Polyether and Dicyclohexyl-18-Crown-6 Polyether|journal=Organic Syntheses|volume=6|pages=395|via=}}</ref> The donut-shaped molecules were the first in a series of extraordinary compounds that form stable structures with [[alkali metal]] [[Ion|ions]]. In 1987, he shared the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his work in this area with [[Donald Cram]] and [[Jean-Marie Lehn]], whom expanded upon his original discoveries.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-G3vi5av28C&pg=PA93&dq=charles+pedersen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirqOn0lb_iAhVKop4KHVMxAukQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=charles%20pedersen&f=false|title=A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine|last=Leroy|first=Francis|date=2005|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


== Discovery of the Crown Ethers ==
== Discovery of the Crown Ethers ==
At around 1960, Pedersen went back to research in the field of [[Coordination Chemistry]], focusing on the [[Chemical synthesis|synthesis]] of [[Multidentate|multidentate ligands]]. It was recommended by his colleague [[Herman Schroeder]] to work on the [[Coordination Chemistry|coordination chemistry]] of [[vanadium]] before working on the [[polymerization]] and [[oxidative]] [[catalytic activity]] of [[vanadium]]<ref name=":7" />. It was while working on this research that Pedersen made his discovery of [[crown ether]]<ref name=":8" />.  Through studying the bio[2-(o-Hydroxyphenoxy)Ethyl] [[ether]], Pedersen accidentally discovered an unknown substances described as a “goo” while purifying the compound<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKDuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=charles+pedersen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi764qVkr_iAhXjMn0KHbvzCD4Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=charles%20pedersen&f=false|title=The Pedersen Memorial Issue|last=Izatt|first=R|date=|website=Google Books|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Using [[ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy]] to study its reactions with [[phenol]] groups, after treating the samples with [[alkali]], although the [[absorption curve]] initially showed no changes, it was observed to have shifted to higher [[absorption readings if one or more of the [[Hydroxy group|hydroxy groups]] were [[Unpaired electron|unpaired]]<ref name=":8" />. Basing further research on this observation, Pedersen then dipped the unknown product in [[methanol]]<nowiki/>and [[sodium hydroxide]]. Although the solution was not soluble in [[methanol]], it became [[Base (chemistry)|alkaline]] when in contact with the [[sodium hydroxide]]<ref name=":9" />.
At around 1960, Pedersen went back to research in the field of [[Coordination Chemistry]], focusing on the [[Chemical synthesis|synthesis]] of [[Multidentate|multidentate ligands]]. It was recommended by his colleague [[Herman Schroeder]] to work on the [[Coordination Chemistry|coordination chemistry]] of [[vanadium]] before working on the [[polymerization]] and [[oxidative]] [[catalytic activity]] of [[vanadium]].<ref name=":7" /> It was while working on this research that Pedersen made his discovery of [[crown ether]].<ref name=":8" /> Through studying the bio[2-(o-Hydroxyphenoxy)Ethyl] [[ether]], Pedersen accidentally discovered an unknown substances described as a “goo” while purifying the compound.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKDuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=charles+pedersen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi764qVkr_iAhXjMn0KHbvzCD4Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=charles%20pedersen&f=false|title=The Pedersen Memorial Issue|last=Izatt|first=R|date=|website=Google Books|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Using [[ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy]] to study its reactions with [[phenol]] groups, after treating the samples with [[alkali]], although the [[absorption curve]] initially showed no changes, it was observed to have shifted to higher [[absorption]] readings if one or more of the [[Hydroxy group|hydroxy groups]] were [[Unpaired electron|unpaired]].<ref name=":8" /> Basing further research on this observation, Pedersen then dipped the unknown product in [[methanol]]<nowiki/>and [[sodium hydroxide]]. Although the solution was not soluble in [[methanol]], it became [[Base (chemistry)|alkaline]] when in contact with the [[sodium hydroxide]].<ref name=":9" />
[[File:Reaction_1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reaction_1.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Reaction_1.jpg|thumb]]
Due to not being [[soluble]] in [[methanol]], Pedersen then proceeded to treat the [[methanol]] with [[soluble]] [[sodium salts]], to which the unknown substance became [[soluble]], allowing him to conclude that the [[solubility]] was due to [[Sodium ion|sodium ions]] instead of [[alkalinity]]<ref name=":7" />. Since the behavior of this substance mirrored that of 2,3-benzo-1,4,7-trioxacyclononane, with twice the [[molecular-weight]], the unknown molecule was then coined as [[dibenzo-18-crown-6]], the first of the aromatic crown compounds discovered<ref name=":8" />.
Due to not being [[soluble]] in [[methanol]], Pedersen then proceeded to treat the [[methanol]] with [[soluble]] [[sodium salts]], to which the unknown substance became [[soluble]], allowing him to conclude that the [[solubility]] was due to [[Sodium ion|sodium ions]] instead of [[alkalinity]].<ref name=":7" /> Since the behavior of this substance mirrored that of 2,3-benzo-1,4,7-trioxacyclononane, with twice the [[molecular-weight]], the unknown molecule was then coined as [[dibenzo-18-crown-6]], the first of the aromatic crown compounds discovered.<ref name=":8" />


== Associations with other Chemists ==
== Associations with other Chemists ==


=== Reed M. Izatt  ===
=== Reed M. Izatt ===
In 1968 [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] was on a train ride home when he stopped in [[Chicago]] to meet with the [[physiologist]] George Eisenman who informed [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] about Pedersen’s paper on [[Crown ether|crown ethers]] published only months earlier<ref name=":5" />. [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] was looking forward to the possibilities of studying these [[Crown ether|crown ethers]] with his [[Thermionic emission|thermionic]] [[titration]] technique. [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] called Pedersen and was the first scientist not at [[DuPont]] to meet with Pedersen about his discovery and Pedersen supplied him with a sample of his new [[Crown ether|crown ether compound]]. [[Reed Izatt|Izatt's]] work on [[molecular recognition]] was greatly influenced by his interaction with Pedersen. In [[Reed Izatt|Izatt's]] last visit with Pedersen prior to his death in 1988 he found a personal letter written by Pedersen that stated, “''Most men achieve ‘Immortality’ through their progeny. I have no child of my own. Possibly, the crown ethers will serve, in a small way, to mark my footprint on earth”'' and [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] believing this too shares Pedersen’s message<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Izatt|first=Reed M.|date=2017-05-09|title=Charles J. Pedersen's legacy to chemistry|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/cs/c7cs00128b|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|language=en|volume=46|issue=9|pages=2380–2384|doi=10.1039/C7CS00128B|issn=1460-4744}}</ref>.
In 1968 [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] was on a train ride home when he stopped in [[Chicago]] to meet with the [[physiologist]] George Eisenman who informed [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] about Pedersen's paper on [[Crown ether|crown ethers]] published only months earlier.<ref name=":5" /> [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] was looking forward to the possibilities of studying these [[Crown ether|crown ethers]] with his [[Thermionic emission|thermionic]] [[titration]] technique. [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] called Pedersen and was the first scientist not at [[DuPont]] to meet with Pedersen about his discovery and Pedersen supplied him with a sample of his new [[Crown ether|crown ether compound]]. [[Reed Izatt|Izatt's]] work on [[molecular recognition]] was greatly influenced by his interaction with Pedersen. In [[Reed Izatt|Izatt's]] last visit with Pedersen prior to his death in 1988 he found a personal letter written by Pedersen that stated, “''Most men achieve ‘Immortality’ through their progeny. I have no child of my own. Possibly, the crown ethers will serve, in a small way, to mark my footprint on earth”'' and [[Reed Izatt|Izatt]] believing this too shares Pedersen's message.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Izatt|first=Reed M.|date=2017-05-09|title=Charles J. Pedersen's legacy to chemistry|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/cs/c7cs00128b|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|language=en|volume=46|issue=9|pages=2380–2384|doi=10.1039/C7CS00128B|issn=1460-4744}}</ref>


=== Donald J. Cram ===
=== Donald J. Cram ===
[[Donald J. Cram|Cram]] shared the 1987 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] with Pedersen but expanding on Pedersen’s monumental discovery in [[Macrocycle|macrocyclic chemistry]] of [[Crown ether|crown ethers]]<ref name=":3" />. Pedersen’s work was in [[Two-dimensional space|two-dimensional structures]] but [[Donald J. Cram|Cram]] was able to synthesize similar molecules in [[three-dimensional space]].  Cram’s synthesis of these [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] molecules provided large gains in the production of [[Enzyme|enzymes]] made in labs as these structures have [[selectivity]]{{dn|date=May 2019}} based on [[complementary|complementary structures]]{{dn|date=May 2019}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1987/cram/factshttps://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/donaldjamescram.html|title=Donald J. Cram – Facts|last=|first=|date=|website=The Nobel Prize|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>.
[[Donald J. Cram|Cram]] shared the 1987 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] with Pedersen but expanding on Pedersen's monumental discovery in [[Macrocycle|macrocyclic chemistry]] of [[Crown ether|crown ethers]].<ref name=":3" /> Pedersen's work was in [[Two-dimensional space|two-dimensional structures]] but [[Donald J. Cram|Cram]] was able to synthesize similar molecules in [[three-dimensional space]]. Cram's synthesis of these [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] molecules provided large gains in the production of [[Enzyme|enzymes]] made in labs as these structures have [[selectivity]]{{dn|date=May 2019}} based on [[complementary|complementary structures]]{{dn|date=May 2019}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1987/cram/factshttps://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/donaldjamescram.html|title=Donald J. Cram – Facts|last=|first=|date=|website=The Nobel Prize|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


=== Jean-Marie Lehn ===
=== Jean-Marie Lehn ===
[[Jean-Marie Lehn|Lehn]] was the other scientist who shared the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] with Pedersen and was fundamental in starting the field of [[Supramolecular chemistry]]. [[Jean-Marie Lehn|Lehn's]] work specifically identified in his recognition for the [[Nobel Prize]] was in his work on [[Cryptand|cryptands]]<ref name=":2" />.
[[Jean-Marie Lehn|Lehn]] was the other scientist who shared the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] with Pedersen and was fundamental in starting the field of [[Supramolecular chemistry]]. [[Jean-Marie Lehn|Lehn's]] work specifically identified in his recognition for the [[Nobel Prize]] was in his work on [[Cryptand|cryptands]].<ref name=":2" />


== Miscellaneous Research ==
== Miscellaneous Research ==
Although minimal research has been conducted on this [[Chemical compound|compound]], Pedersen observed that it had potential to work as a deactivator for [[copper]]. Nevertheless, it was the first of the many [[Metal deactivator|metal deactivators]], which function by converting an inactive [[complex]]{{dn|date=May 2019}} from an otherwise [[Catalysis|catalytic]] [[metal ion]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Pedersen|first=Charles|date=1967|title=Cyclic polyethers and their complexes with metal salts|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=|pages=7017–7036|via=doi:10.1021/ja01002a035}}</ref>.
Although minimal research has been conducted on this [[Chemical compound|compound]], Pedersen observed that it had potential to work as a deactivator for [[copper]]. Nevertheless, it was the first of the many [[Metal deactivator|metal deactivators]], which function by converting an inactive [[complex]]{{dn|date=May 2019}} from an otherwise [[Catalysis|catalytic]] [[metal ion]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Pedersen|first=Charles|date=1967|title=Cyclic polyethers and their complexes with metal salts|journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]|volume=|pages=7017–7036|via=doi:10.1021/ja01002a035}}</ref>


== Personal Life ==
== Personal Life ==
Pedersen was married to Susan J. Ault in 1947<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEy67gEvIuMC&pg=PA722&dq=charles+pedersen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi764qVkr_iAhXjMn0KHbvzCD4Q6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=charles%20pedersen&f=false|title=Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901–1992|last=Laylin|first=James|date=|website=Google books|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and the couple then moved to [[Salem, New Jersey]], where they resided until Ault passed away on February 8th, 1983 at 72 years old<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11492776/susan-pedersen|title=Susan Ault Pedersen|last=|first=|date=|website=Find a Grave|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Pedersen was diagnosed with [[myeloma]] in 1983, and though he was becoming increasingly frail, he traveled to [[Stockholm]] to accept the [[Nobel Prize]] in late 1987<ref name=":8" />. Shortly thereafter, he was awarded a medal for excellence by the [[DuPont|DuPont Research Fellows]]. He died on 26 October 1989 in [[Salem, New Jersey]].<ref>''"The Benner, Cleaveland and Related Families – Obituary of Charles Pedersen". rgcle.com. Archived from the original'' ''on February'' ''8, 2011.'' ''Retrieved November 7, 2010.''</ref>
Pedersen was married to Susan J. Ault in 1947<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEy67gEvIuMC&pg=PA722&dq=charles+pedersen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi764qVkr_iAhXjMn0KHbvzCD4Q6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=charles%20pedersen&f=false|title=Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901–1992|last=Laylin|first=James|date=|website=Google books|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and the couple then moved to [[Salem, New Jersey]], where they resided until Ault passed away on February 8th, 1983 at 72 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11492776/susan-pedersen|title=Susan Ault Pedersen|last=|first=|date=|website=Find a Grave|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Pedersen was diagnosed with [[myeloma]] in 1983, and though he was becoming increasingly frail, he traveled to [[Stockholm]] to accept the [[Nobel Prize]] in late 1987.<ref name=":8" /> Shortly thereafter, he was awarded a medal for excellence by the [[DuPont|DuPont Research Fellows]]. He died on 26 October 1989 in [[Salem, New Jersey]].<ref>''"The Benner, Cleaveland and Related Families – Obituary of Charles Pedersen". rgcle.com. Archived from the original'' ''on February'' ''8, 2011.'' ''Retrieved November 7, 2010.''</ref>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
Following Pedersen’s breakthrough in realizing his accidental product and structure of [[dibenzo-18-crown-6]], huge advancements have been made in the fields of [[Macrocycle|macrocyclic]] and [[supramolecular chemistry]].  Pedersen devoted the rest of his research career to studying these [[Molecule|molecules]] and started one of the largest growths recently seen in a specific field of chemistry. This growth in Pedersen's field of work following his momentous discovery for [[Macrocycle|macrocyclic compounds]] can be seen in the work of the 2016 [[Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry]] for [[Molecular motor|molecular motors]] where Pedersen’s work allowed for the insight in how to create the molecular specific structures. The molecular machines were recognized as the focus of the 2016 [[Nobel Prize Winners]], which were produced by connecting [[Molecule|molecules]] to various molecular rings<ref name=":5" />.
Following Pedersen's breakthrough in realizing his accidental product and structure of [[dibenzo-18-crown-6]], huge advancements have been made in the fields of [[Macrocycle|macrocyclic]] and [[supramolecular chemistry]]. Pedersen devoted the rest of his research career to studying these [[Molecule|molecules]] and started one of the largest growths recently seen in a specific field of chemistry. This growth in Pedersen's field of work following his momentous discovery for [[Macrocycle|macrocyclic compounds]] can be seen in the work of the 2016 [[Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry]] for [[Molecular motor|molecular motors]] where Pedersen's work allowed for the insight in how to create the molecular specific structures. The molecular machines were recognized as the focus of the 2016 [[Nobel Prize Winners]], which were produced by connecting [[Molecule|molecules]] to various molecular rings.<ref name=":5" />


== Publications ==
== Publications ==

Revision as of 02:38, 4 June 2019

Charles John Pedersen
Born(1904-10-03)October 3, 1904
Busan, Korean Empire
DiedOctober 26, 1989(1989-10-26) (aged 85)
Salem, New Jersey, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Dayton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
AwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry (1987)
Scientific career
FieldsOrganic chemistry
InstitutionsDuPont
Crown ether coordinating a potassium ion

Charles John Pedersen (October 3, 1904 – October 26, 1989) was an American organic chemist best known for describing methods of synthesizing crown ethers during his entire 42-year career as a chemist for the Jackson Laboratory at DuPont Company in Wilmington, Delaware. Often associated with Reed McNeil Izatt, Pedersen also shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 with Donald J. Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn. He is the only Nobel Prize laureate born in Korea other than Peace Prize laureate Kim Dae-jung.[1]

Early Life and Education

Born on October 3, 1904 in Busan, South Korea,[2] Charles J. Pedersen was the youngest of three children. According to his autobiographical account of his life found on the official website for the Nobel Prize, his father, Brede Pedersen, was a Norwegianmarine engineer who immigrated to Korea in order to join the Korean customs service after leaving home due to family issues to become an engineer in the Far East.[3] Later, he worked as a mechanical engineer at the Unsan County mines in present-day North Korea.[4] His mother, Takino Yasui, immigrated from Japan to Korea with her family and established a successful line of work by trading soybeans and silkworms located close to the Unsan County mines, where the couple ultimately met.[3] Although not much is mentioned about his elder brother, who died of a childhood disease before Pedersen was born, he had an older sister named Astrid, who was five years older than him.[3] In Japan, he used the Japanese given name Yoshio (良男), which he spelled using the kanji for "good" and "man.".[5] According to Pedersen in a separate autobiographical account of his childhood, he had been born prior to the Russo-Japanese War, and because his mother had still been grieving over the then-recent death of his older brother, he did not feel welcomed as a child.[6]

Despite living in modern-day South Korea, because Pedersen lived in the vicinity of the American-owned Unsan County mines, which spanned approximately 500 square miles in area,[7] he grew up speaking primarily English.[3]

At around 8 years old, Pedersen was sent by his family to study abroad in Nagasaki, Japan, and then later transferred to St. Joseph College in Yokohama, Japan.[8]

After successfully completing his education at St. Joseph College,[8] due to the close ties his family had with the Society of Mary (Marianists),[3] Pedersen decided to attend college in America at the University of Dayton in Ohio.

While spending his undergraduate life in 1922 studying chemical engineering at the University of Dayton in Ohio, Pedersen had been a well balanced student who immersed himself in the sports, academic, and social aspects of his college. With a passion for the sport of tennis, Pedersen played on his school's varsity tennis team under Coach Frank Kronauge, a former University of Dayton tennis captain.[9] Playing for all four years of his undergraduate years, Pedersen became captain for both of his junior and senior seasons on the team.[9] Furthermore, Pedersen spent his time as both the Vice-President of the Engineers’ Club as well as in charge of Literary in the Daytonian Editorial Department[9]. Graduating from the University of Dayton in 1926 with a degree in chemical engineering[9],he was dedicated for his time at the university as well as the various accomplishments he made while studying as an undergraduate.

Earning a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering, Pedersen decided to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to obtain a master's degree in organic chemistry. Although his professors at the time encouraged him to stay and pursue a PhD in organic chemistry, Pedersen decided to start his career instead, partially because he no longer wanted to be supported by his father. He is one of the few people to win a Nobel Prize in the sciences without having a PhD.[5]

Du Pont

After leaving the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Pedersen became employed at the DuPont Company in Wilmington, Delaware in 1927 through connections from his research advisor, Professor James F. Norris.[9] While at DuPont, Pedersen was able to begin research at the Jackson Laboratory under William S. Calcott, where he remained for his entire 42-year career as a chemist.[3] As a young chemist at DuPont, Pedersen witnessed and gained inspiration many flourishing chemists such as Julian Hill and Roy J. Plunkett, and also breakthroughs in polymers and work in the field of organic chemistry.[10] Pedersen had a particular interest in industry as he started his focus on his chemical career, which influenced the direction of problems he set out to solve as a chemist. As Pedersen began working on problems as a new chemist, he was free to work on whatever problems fascinated him and he quickly became interested in oxidative degradation and stabilization of substrate.[10] Pedersen's papers and work expanded beyond this, however it was a major influence to his eventual Nobel Prize awarded research.

Retiring at the age of 65, his work resulted in 25 papers and 65 patents, and in 1967, he published two works describing the methods of synthesizing crown ethers (cyclic polyethers).[11] The donut-shaped molecules were the first in a series of extraordinary compounds that form stable structures with alkali metal ions. In 1987, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in this area with Donald Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn, whom expanded upon his original discoveries.[12]

Discovery of the Crown Ethers

At around 1960, Pedersen went back to research in the field of Coordination Chemistry, focusing on the synthesis of multidentate ligands. It was recommended by his colleague Herman Schroeder to work on the coordination chemistry of vanadium before working on the polymerization and oxidative catalytic activity of vanadium.[13] It was while working on this research that Pedersen made his discovery of crown ether.[14] Through studying the bio[2-(o-Hydroxyphenoxy)Ethyl] ether, Pedersen accidentally discovered an unknown substances described as a “goo” while purifying the compound.[13] Using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy to study its reactions with phenol groups, after treating the samples with alkali, although the absorption curve initially showed no changes, it was observed to have shifted to higher absorption readings if one or more of the hydroxy groups were unpaired.[14] Basing further research on this observation, Pedersen then dipped the unknown product in methanoland sodium hydroxide. Although the solution was not soluble in methanol, it became alkaline when in contact with the sodium hydroxide.[12]

Due to not being soluble in methanol, Pedersen then proceeded to treat the methanol with soluble sodium salts, to which the unknown substance became soluble, allowing him to conclude that the solubility was due to sodium ions instead of alkalinity.[13] Since the behavior of this substance mirrored that of 2,3-benzo-1,4,7-trioxacyclononane, with twice the molecular-weight, the unknown molecule was then coined as dibenzo-18-crown-6, the first of the aromatic crown compounds discovered.[14]

Associations with other Chemists

Reed M. Izatt

In 1968 Izatt was on a train ride home when he stopped in Chicago to meet with the physiologist George Eisenman who informed Izatt about Pedersen's paper on crown ethers published only months earlier.[15] Izatt was looking forward to the possibilities of studying these crown ethers with his thermionic titration technique. Izatt called Pedersen and was the first scientist not at DuPont to meet with Pedersen about his discovery and Pedersen supplied him with a sample of his new crown ether compound. Izatt's work on molecular recognition was greatly influenced by his interaction with Pedersen. In Izatt's last visit with Pedersen prior to his death in 1988 he found a personal letter written by Pedersen that stated, “Most men achieve ‘Immortality’ through their progeny. I have no child of my own. Possibly, the crown ethers will serve, in a small way, to mark my footprint on earth” and Izatt believing this too shares Pedersen's message.[15]

Donald J. Cram

Cram shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Pedersen but expanding on Pedersen's monumental discovery in macrocyclic chemistry of crown ethers.[4] Pedersen's work was in two-dimensional structures but Cram was able to synthesize similar molecules in three-dimensional space. Cram's synthesis of these three-dimensional molecules provided large gains in the production of enzymes made in labs as these structures have selectivity[disambiguation needed] based on complementary structures[disambiguation needed].[16]

Jean-Marie Lehn

Lehn was the other scientist who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Pedersen and was fundamental in starting the field of Supramolecular chemistry. Lehn's work specifically identified in his recognition for the Nobel Prize was in his work on cryptands.[10]

Miscellaneous Research

Although minimal research has been conducted on this compound, Pedersen observed that it had potential to work as a deactivator for copper. Nevertheless, it was the first of the many metal deactivators, which function by converting an inactive complex[disambiguation needed] from an otherwise catalytic metal ion.[17]

Personal Life

Pedersen was married to Susan J. Ault in 1947[14] and the couple then moved to Salem, New Jersey, where they resided until Ault passed away on February 8th, 1983 at 72 years old.[18] Pedersen was diagnosed with myeloma in 1983, and though he was becoming increasingly frail, he traveled to Stockholm to accept the Nobel Prize in late 1987.[14] Shortly thereafter, he was awarded a medal for excellence by the DuPont Research Fellows. He died on 26 October 1989 in Salem, New Jersey.[19]

Legacy

Following Pedersen's breakthrough in realizing his accidental product and structure of dibenzo-18-crown-6, huge advancements have been made in the fields of macrocyclic and supramolecular chemistry. Pedersen devoted the rest of his research career to studying these molecules and started one of the largest growths recently seen in a specific field of chemistry. This growth in Pedersen's field of work following his momentous discovery for macrocyclic compounds can be seen in the work of the 2016 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry for molecular motors where Pedersen's work allowed for the insight in how to create the molecular specific structures. The molecular machines were recognized as the focus of the 2016 Nobel Prize Winners, which were produced by connecting molecules to various molecular rings.[15]

Publications

Pedersen, Charles J. “The Discovery of Crown Ethers.” Science, vol. 241, no. 4865, 1988, pp. 536–540

Pedersen, Charles J. "Cyclic polyethers and their complexes with metal salts" 1967, 89 (10), 2495–2496 DOI: 10.1021/ja00986a052

See also

References

  1. ^ "DJ와 또 한 명 … 노벨위원회엔 '한국 출생 수상자' 2명 기록 [DJ and another ... Nobel committee's record of two Korean-born winners]". Joins.com. October 12, 2014.
  2. ^ "Charles J. Pedersen | American chemist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Pedersen, Charles (1987). "Charles J. Pedersen Biographical". The Nobel Prize. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  4. ^ a b TKTK. "Gold divers on the North Korean border". Reuters. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  5. ^ a b "Charles J. Pedersen – Biographical". The Nobel Foundation.
  6. ^ Malmstrom, Bo (1992). Chemistry, 1981–1990. World Scientific. p. 496.
  7. ^ Palmer, Spencer J. (1962). "American Gold Mining in Korea's Unsan District". Pacific Historical Review. 31 (4): 379–391. doi:10.2307/3636264. ISSN 0030-8684.
  8. ^ a b Gilhooly, Rob (2000-05-27). "Oldest international school's closure leaves many questions". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Daytonian 1929". University Yearbooks. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  10. ^ a b c Pedersen, Charles. "The Discovery of Crown Ethers". Nobel Lecture.
  11. ^ Pedersen, Charles (1988). "Macrocyclic Polyethers:Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 Polyether and Dicyclohexyl-18-Crown-6 Polyether". Organic Syntheses. 6: 395.
  12. ^ a b Leroy, Francis (2005). "A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  13. ^ a b c Izatt, R. "The Pedersen Memorial Issue". Google Books. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  14. ^ a b c d e Laylin, James. "Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901–1992". Google books. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  15. ^ a b c Izatt, Reed M. (2017-05-09). "Charles J. Pedersen's legacy to chemistry". Chemical Society Reviews. 46 (9): 2380–2384. doi:10.1039/C7CS00128B. ISSN 1460-4744.
  16. ^ "Donald J. Cram – Facts". The Nobel Prize. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  17. ^ Pedersen, Charles (1967). "Cyclic polyethers and their complexes with metal salts". Journal of the American Chemical Society: 7017–7036 – via doi:10.1021/ja01002a035.
  18. ^ "Susan Ault Pedersen". Find a Grave. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  19. ^ "The Benner, Cleaveland and Related Families – Obituary of Charles Pedersen". rgcle.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Charles J. Pedersen.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_J._Pedersen&oldid=900199099"