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==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.priyamstudycentre.com/2018/07/radioactivity.html Radioactive disingration. Link retrive on July 2019]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130218012550/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/factsheets/Wigwam.pdf Operation Wigwam Test Report, DTRA (PDF). 404 dead link]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.doe.0800018|name=Nuclear Test Film - Operation Wigwam (1955)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.doe.0800018|name=Nuclear Test Film - Operation Wigwam (1955)}}
* [https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/14-may-1955-wigwam/ 14 May 1955 - Wigwam] A description of the WIGWAM test and its radiation aftereffects at the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]] Preparatory Commission website.
* [https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/14-may-1955-wigwam/ 14 May 1955 - Wigwam] A description of the WIGWAM test and its radiation aftereffects at the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]] Preparatory Commission website.

Revision as of 17:51, 18 June 2019

See also: Wigwam (disambiguation)
Operation Wigwam
Wigwam surface surge
Information
CountryUnited States
Test sitePacific Ocean off California
Period1955
Number of tests1
Test typeunderwater
Max. yield30 kilotonnes of TNT (130 TJ)
Test series chronology
Map all coordinates in "Operation Wigwam" using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Video of the test - 12 second intro

Operation Wigwam[1] involved a single test of the Mark 90 Betty nuclear bomb. It was conducted between Operation Teapot and Project 56 on May 14, 1955, about 500 miles (800 km) southwest of San Diego, California. 6,800 personnel aboard 30 ships were involved in Wigwam. The purpose of Wigwam was to determine the vulnerability of submarines to deeply detonated nuclear weapons, and to evaluate the feasibility of using such weapons in a combat situation.[2] The task force commander, Admiral John Sylvester, was embarked on the task force flagship USS Mount McKinley. WIGWAM was the first atomic test in the deep ocean, and it remains the only test that has been conducted in water deeper than 1000 ft.[3][4]


Detonation layout and test

The test device was suspended to a depth of 2,000 feet (610 m) by cable attached to a barge. A 6-mile (9.7 km) tow line connected the 205 ft. USS Tawasa (a Template:Sclass-) and the shot barge itself. Suspended from the tow lines of other tugs were three miniature unmanned submarines named "Squaws", each packed with cameras and telemetry instruments.

The time of detonation was 1300 hrs local Pacific Time (noon Pacific Standard Time).[2] The test was carried out without incident, and government said radiation effects were negligible. The device yielded 30 kilotons. Three personnel received doses of over 0.5 rem (5 mSv)[citation needed]. Other sailors on USS Cree (another Cherokee-class fleet tug) were tasked with measuring radiation and said that the ocean water boiled and churned, and radiation meters went off the charts when they held them over the side[citation needed]. The sailors wore minimal protection of their standard cotton clothes only [citation needed]. One sailor on the Cree had three cornea transplants without any official recognition by the U.S. government [citation needed]. The feeling on the feet of the sailors when it went off was like a sledge hammer hitting the deck of the ship[citation needed].

The equipment intended for direct measurement of the explosion-generated underwater bubble was not operational at the time of the shot, but based on other measurements, the bubble's maximum radius was calculated as 376 feet (115 m), and its pulsation period approximately 2.83 seconds. (See Scientific Director's Report)[5]

See also the United States' nuclear testing series table.

Underwater sound

The underwater sound from the Wigwam explosion was recorded on bottom‐mounted hydrophones at Point Sur and Point Arena off California, and at Kaneohe Bay off Oahu, Hawaii.[3] The sound emanating from the explosive test began as an intense water shockwave. As the sound travelled away from the test point, it reflected from topographic features, such as islands and seamounts, located throughout both the North and South Pacific Basins. The reflected sound was then recorded as hours-long coda at Kaneohe and Point Sur.[3][4] Some of the acoustic energy travelled round trip distances of over 20,000 km. The sound signals provided one of the early measurements of underwater sound attenuation at low frequencies.[3]

Detonations

The detonations in the United States' Wigwam series are listed below:

United States' Wigwam series tests and detonations
Name [note 1] Date time (UT) Local time zone [note 2][6] Location [note 3] Elevation + height [note 4] Delivery,[note 5]
Purpose [note 6] 		Device [note 7] Yield [note 8] Fallout [note 9] References Notes
Wigwam May 14, 1955 20:00:00.0 PST (−8 hrs)
 Pacific Ocean off California 28°44′00″N 126°16′00″W / 28.7333°N 126.2667°W / 28.7333; -126.2667 (Wigwam) 0–610 m (2,000 ft) underwater,
weapon effect 		Mk-90 B7 "Betty" depth bomb 30 kt [1][7][8] Deep water submarine hull test, including nuclear depth bomb, to gauge surface contamination. Used instrumented "squaws", subscale sub pressure hulls. Tested shielded warships with base surge.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  2. ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. All historical timezone data (excepting Johnston Atoll) are derived from here:
  3. ^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  4. ^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  5. ^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  6. ^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  7. ^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  8. ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  9. ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

Citations

  1. ^ a b Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
  2. ^ a b "Operation WIGWAM, Report of Commander, Task Group 7.3" (61 pg. PDF). July 22, 1955. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Sheehy, M. J.; Halley, R. (1957). "Measurement of the attenuation of low-frequency underwater sound". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29: 464–469. Bibcode:1957ASAJ...29..464S. doi:10.1121/1.1908930. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  4. ^ a b Dushaw, B. (2015). "WIGWAM reverberation revisited". Bulletin Seismological Soc. Am. 105: 2242–2249. doi:10.1785/0120150024. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  5. ^ "Operation WIGWAM, Scientific Director's Summary Report" (178 pg. PDF). October 10, 1958. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  6. ^ "Timezone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  7. ^ Sublette, Carey, Nuclear Weapons Archive, retrieved January 6, 2014
  8. ^ United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrieved December 18, 2013 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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