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The '''Kol uprising''', '''Kol rebellion''', also known in British Indian records as the '''Kol mutiny''' was a revolt of the indigenous [[Kol people]] of Chhota Nagpur during 1832-33 as a reaction to unfair treatment brought on by the systems of land tenure and administration that had been introduced by British powers in the area. The Kol people were joined by other communities including the Mundas, [[Oraon people|Oraons]], [[Ho people|Hos]] leading to some authors also calling it the '''Munda uprising'''. |
The '''Kol uprising''', '''Kol rebellion''', also known in British Indian records as the '''Kol mutiny''' was a revolt of the indigenous [[Kol people]] of Chhota Nagpur during 1832-33 as a reaction to unfair treatment brought on by the systems of land tenure and administration that had been introduced by British powers in the area. The Kol people were joined by other communities including the [[Munda people|Mundas]], [[Oraon people|Oraons]], [[Ho people|Hos]] leading to some authors also calling it the '''Munda uprising'''. |
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The uprising was a reaction to the appointment of a Political Agent to the Government in South Bihar and recently ceded districts nearby around 1819. This has resulted in many people moving into these areas which were the lands of numerous indigenous tribes. These tribes did not have kings and their lands were divided according to families that were bound by "parhas" or conferences. With the application of new land laws, the indigenous Kols were exploited by outsiders moving into the area and taking up agriculture and engaged in commercial activity which was not part of tribal culture. Many of the lands of the locals were taken away as securities for un-returned loans. The locals whose languages were unknown to the settlers were physically tortured and mistreated in a number of incidents. Another irritation was the movement of products such as salt that could formerly be freely moved was now taxed. Corrupt official practices and lawlessness followed. The masses of common people, of whom the Kols were the largest in number, burnt the houses of these newly settled people in revenge.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Kol rising of Chotanagpur (1831-33)-its causes|author=Jha, Jagdish Chandra |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=21| year=1958| pages=440–446|jstor=44145239}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Tribal rebellions in north Orissa: a study on Kol uprising of Mayurbhanj State (1821-1836}| author=Priyadarshi, Ashok| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=71| year =2011| pages=696-705 | jstor=44147538 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Jharkhand Movement in Bihar| author=Sharma, K.L.| journal=Economic and Political Weekly| volume=11| year=1976| pages=37–43|jstor=436431}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3033/page/n3|title=The Kol Tribe of Central India| author=Griffiths, Walter G.|year=1946|place=Calcutta| publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal}}</ref> |
The uprising was a reaction to the appointment of a Political Agent to the Government in South Bihar and recently ceded districts nearby around 1819. This has resulted in many people moving into these areas which were the lands of numerous indigenous tribes. These tribes did not have kings and their lands were divided according to families that were bound by "parhas" or conferences. With the application of new land laws, the indigenous Kols were exploited by outsiders moving into the area and taking up agriculture and engaged in commercial activity which was not part of tribal culture. Many of the lands of the locals were taken away as securities for un-returned loans. The locals whose languages were unknown to the settlers were physically tortured and mistreated in a number of incidents. Another irritation was the movement of products such as salt that could formerly be freely moved was now taxed. Corrupt official practices and lawlessness followed. The masses of common people, of whom the Kols were the largest in number, burnt the houses of these newly settled people in revenge.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Kol rising of Chotanagpur (1831-33)-its causes|author=Jha, Jagdish Chandra |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=21| year=1958| pages=440–446|jstor=44145239}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Tribal rebellions in north Orissa: a study on Kol uprising of Mayurbhanj State (1821-1836}| author=Priyadarshi, Ashok| journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=71| year =2011| pages=696-705 | jstor=44147538 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Jharkhand Movement in Bihar| author=Sharma, K.L.| journal=Economic and Political Weekly| volume=11| year=1976| pages=37–43|jstor=436431}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3033/page/n3|title=The Kol Tribe of Central India| author=Griffiths, Walter G.|year=1946|place=Calcutta| publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 18:08, 27 June 2019
The Kol uprising, Kol rebellion, also known in British Indian records as the Kol mutiny was a revolt of the indigenous Kol people of Chhota Nagpur during 1832-33 as a reaction to unfair treatment brought on by the systems of land tenure and administration that had been introduced by British powers in the area. The Kol people were joined by other communities including the Mundas, Oraons, Hos leading to some authors also calling it the Munda uprising.
The uprising was a reaction to the appointment of a Political Agent to the Government in South Bihar and recently ceded districts nearby around 1819. This has resulted in many people moving into these areas which were the lands of numerous indigenous tribes. These tribes did not have kings and their lands were divided according to families that were bound by "parhas" or conferences. With the application of new land laws, the indigenous Kols were exploited by outsiders moving into the area and taking up agriculture and engaged in commercial activity which was not part of tribal culture. Many of the lands of the locals were taken away as securities for un-returned loans. The locals whose languages were unknown to the settlers were physically tortured and mistreated in a number of incidents. Another irritation was the movement of products such as salt that could formerly be freely moved was now taxed. Corrupt official practices and lawlessness followed. The masses of common people, of whom the Kols were the largest in number, burnt the houses of these newly settled people in revenge.[1][2][3][4]
British historiography treated the rebellious tribals as bandits and treated it is a riot that was "successfully" suppressed by the British.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Jha, Jagdish Chandra (1958). "The Kol rising of Chotanagpur (1831-33)-its causes". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 21: 440–446. JSTOR 44145239.
- ^ Priyadarshi, Ashok (2011). "Tribal rebellions in north Orissa: a study on Kol uprising of Mayurbhanj State (1821-1836}". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 71: 696–705. JSTOR 44147538.
- ^ Sharma, K.L. (1976). "Jharkhand Movement in Bihar". Economic and Political Weekly. 11: 37–43. JSTOR 436431.
- ^ Griffiths, Walter G. (1946). The Kol Tribe of Central India. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.
- ^ Jha, J.C. (1964). The Kol Insurrection of Chota-Nagpur. Thacker, Spink & Co.