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{{See also|Adult contemporary}}
{{See also|Adult contemporary}}
[[Image:Celine Dion Concert Singing 'Taking Chances' 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Celine Dion]]'s albums were generally constructed on the basis of melodramatic [[soft rock]] ballads, with sprinklings of [[uptempo]] pop and rare forays into other genres.<ref>Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r328599|pure_url=yes}} Let's Talk About Love: Album review]. Allmusic. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</ref> ]]
[[Image:Celine Dion Concert Singing 'Taking Chances' 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Celine Dion]]'s albums were generally constructed on the basis of melodramatic [[soft rock]] ballads, with sprinklings of [[uptempo]] pop and rare forays into other genres.<ref>Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r328599|pure_url=yes}} Let's Talk About Love: Album review]. Allmusic. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</ref> ]]
Prominent artists who made sentimental ballads in the 1980s were [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Richard Marx]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Bonnie Tyler]], [[George Michael]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Sheena Easton]], [[Amy Grant]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Ruhlmann|first=William|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/amy-grant-mn0000024944|title=Amy Grant - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Lionel Richie]], [[Christopher Cross]], [[Dan Hill]], [[Leo Sayer]], [[Billy Ocean]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Prato|first=Greg|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/billy-ocean-mn0000089058|title=Billy Ocean - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=AllMusic|date=January 21, 1950|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Julio Iglesias]], [[Bertie Higgins]], [[Tommy Page]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Fawthrop|first=Peter|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/tommy-page-mn0000624184|title=Tommy Page - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=AllMusic|date=May 24, 1970|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> and [[Laura Branigan]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/phil-collins-mn0000337119/biography| title= Phil Collins Biography | work=AllMusic | first=William | last=Ruhlmann | accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref>
Prominent artists who made sentimental ballads in the 1980s were [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Taylor Dayne]], [[Richard Marx]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Bonnie Tyler]], [[George Michael]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Sheena Easton]], [[Amy Grant]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Ruhlmann|first=William|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/amy-grant-mn0000024944|title=Amy Grant - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Lionel Richie]], [[Christopher Cross]], [[Dan Hill]], [[Leo Sayer]], [[Billy Ocean]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Prato|first=Greg|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/billy-ocean-mn0000089058|title=Billy Ocean - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=AllMusic|date=January 21, 1950|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Julio Iglesias]], [[Bertie Higgins]], [[Tommy Page]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Fawthrop|first=Peter|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/tommy-page-mn0000624184|title=Tommy Page - Music Biography, Credits and Discography|publisher=AllMusic|date=May 24, 1970|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> and [[Laura Branigan]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/phil-collins-mn0000337119/biography| title= Phil Collins Biography | work=AllMusic | first=William | last=Ruhlmann | accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref>


The 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such as [[All-4-One]],<ref>{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=all-4-one|chart=all}}|title=All-4-One Album & Song Chart History|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Boyz II Men]], [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]], [[Christina Aguilera]], had made a number of successful, chart-topping ballads. In addition to [[Celine Dion]], other artists with multiple number ones ballads on the AC chart in the 1990s included [[Phil Collins]], [[Marc Anthony]], [[Michael Bolton]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Shania Twain]], [[Mariah Carey]],<ref name="billboard.com">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=mariah carey|chart=all}}|title=Mariah Carey Music News & Info|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Backstreet Boys]] and [[Savage Garden]].<ref name="billboard.com"/>
The 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such as [[All-4-One]],<ref>{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=all-4-one|chart=all}}|title=All-4-One Album & Song Chart History|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Boyz II Men]], [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]], [[Christina Aguilera]], had made a number of successful, chart-topping ballads. In addition to [[Celine Dion]], other artists with multiple number ones ballads on the AC chart in the 1990s included [[Phil Collins]], [[Marc Anthony]], [[Michael Bolton]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Shania Twain]], [[Mariah Carey]],<ref name="billboard.com">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=mariah carey|chart=all}}|title=Mariah Carey Music News & Info|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Backstreet Boys]] and [[Savage Garden]].<ref name="billboard.com"/>

Revision as of 18:35, 1 July 2019

For the painting by Grant Wood, see Sentimental Ballad (painting).

Sentimental ballads, are an emotional style of music that often deal with romantic and intimate relationships, and to a lesser extent, war (protest songs), loneliness, death, drug abuse, politics and religion, usually in a poignant but solemn manner.[1] Ballads are generally melodic enough to get the listener's attention.[2]

Sentimental ballads are found in most music genres, such as pop, R&B, soul, country, folk, rock and electronic music.[3] Usually slow in tempo, ballads tend to have a lush musical arrangement which emphasize the song's melody and harmonies. Characteristically, ballads use acoustic instruments such as guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. Many modern mainstream ballads tend to feature synthesizers, drum machines and even, to some extent, a dance rhythm.[4]

Sentimental ballads had their origins in the early Tin Pan Alley music industry of the later 19th century.[5] Initially known as "tear-jerkers" or "drawing-room ballads", they were generally sentimental, narrative, strophic songs published separately or as part of an opera, descendants perhaps of broadside ballads. As new genres of music began to emerge in the early 20th century, their popularity faded, but the association with sentimentality led to the term ballad being used for a slow love song from the 1950s onwards.[6]

History

Early history

Main article: Ballad

Sentimental ballads have their roots from medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally "danced songs". Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia and North Africa.[7][8][9] As a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling.[10] Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger.[11] The earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is "Judas" in a 13th-century manuscript.[12] A reference in William Langland's Piers Plowman indicates that ballads about Robin Hood were being sung from at least the late 14th century and the oldest detailed material is Wynkyn de Worde's collection of Robin Hood ballads printed about 1495.[13]

18th century – early 20th century

After the Ball, a ballad by Charles K. Harris, was the most successful song of its era, selling over two million copies of sheet music.[14][15]

Ballads at this time were originally composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines. These refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance.[16] In the 18th century, ballad operas developed as a form of English stage entertainment, partly in opposition to the Italian domination of the London operatic scene.[17] In America a distinction is drawn between ballads that are versions of European, particularly British and Irish songs, and 'Native American ballads', developed without reference to earlier songs. A further development was the evolution of the blues ballad, which mixed the genre with Afro-American music.[18]

In the late 19th century, Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig and Harvard professor Francis James Child attempted to record and classify all the known ballads and variants in their chosen regions.[12] Since Child died before writing a commentary on his work it is uncertain exactly how and why he differentiated the 305 ballads printed that would be published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads.[19] There have been many different and contradictory attempts to classify traditional ballads by theme, but commonly identified types are the religious, supernatural, tragic, love ballads, historic, legendary and humorous.[10]

By the Victorian era, ballad had come to mean any sentimental popular song, especially so-called "royalty ballads".[20] Some of Stephen Foster's songs exemplify this genre. By the 1920s, composers of Tin Pan Alley and Broadway used ballad to signify a slow, sentimental tune or love song, often written in a fairly standardized form. Jazz musicians sometimes broaden the term still further to embrace all slow-tempo pieces.[21] Notable sentimental ballads of this period include, "Little Rosewood Casket" (1870), "After the Ball" (1892), and "Danny Boy" (1913).[22]

1950s–1960s

See also: Traditional pop
In 1962, Frank Sinatra released Sinatra and Strings, a set of standard ballads, which became one of the most critically acclaimed works of Sinatra's entire Reprise period.[23]

Popular sentimental ballad vocalists in this era were Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Andy Williams, Dusty Springfield, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Liza Minnelli and Perry Como. Their custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs. The most popular and enduring songs from this style of music are known as "pop standards" or (where relevant) "American standards". Many vocalists became involved in 1960s' vocal jazz and the rebirth of swing music, which was sometimes referred to as "easy listening" and was, in essence, a revival of popularity of the "sweet bands" that had been popular during the swing era, but with more emphasis on the vocalist and the sentimentality.[24]

1970s

See also: Soft rock and Easy listening

Soft rock, a subgenre that mainly consist of ballads, was derived from folk rock in the early 1970s, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. Major sentimental ballad artists of this decade included Barbra Streisand, Nana Mouskouri, Elton John, Engelbert Humperdinck, Carole King, Cat Stevens, James Taylor. By the early 1970s, softer ballad songs by the Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow, and even Streisand, began to be played more often on "Top 40" radio.[25]

Furthermore, rock-oriented acts as Queen, Chicago, Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America, the Eagles and Bread, also had made ballad music.[1][26][27]

When the word ballad appears in the title of a song, as for example in The Beatles' "The Ballad of John and Yoko" (1969) or Billy Joel's "The Ballad of Billy the Kid" (1974), the folk music sense is generally implied. The term ballad is also sometimes applied to strophic story-songs more generally, such as Don McLean's "American Pie" (1971).[28][29][30]

1980s–1990s

See also: Adult contemporary
Celine Dion's albums were generally constructed on the basis of melodramatic soft rock ballads, with sprinklings of uptempo pop and rare forays into other genres.[31]

Prominent artists who made sentimental ballads in the 1980s were Stevie Wonder, Taylor Dayne, Richard Marx, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, Sheena Easton, Amy Grant,[32] Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean,[33] Julio Iglesias, Bertie Higgins, Tommy Page[34] and Laura Branigan.[35]

The 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such as All-4-One,[36] Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera, had made a number of successful, chart-topping ballads. In addition to Celine Dion, other artists with multiple number ones ballads on the AC chart in the 1990s included Phil Collins, Marc Anthony, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston, Shania Twain, Mariah Carey,[37] Backstreet Boys and Savage Garden.[37]

Newer female singer-songwriters such as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow also broke through on the AC chart during this time owing to their ballad-sound.[38]

2000s

A popular trend in the early 2000s was remixing dance music hits into acoustic ballads (for example, the "Candlelight Mix" versions of "Heaven" by DJ Sammy, "Listen To Your Heart" by D.H.T., and "Everytime We Touch" by Cascada).[39] Throughout this era, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Amy Winehouse, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Susan Boyle, Powderfinger, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Rock artists such as Coldplay, Nickelback and Evanescence have also made ballads. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood had also gained popularity for their ballads.[40]

2010s

In the 2010s, indie musicians like Imagine Dragons, Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters and Men, the Lumineers and Ed Sheeran had indie songs that crossed over to the adult contemporary charts, due to their ballad-heavy sound.[41][42] In the 2010s, Adele, Bruno Mars, Sam Smith, Calum Scott, Lady Gaga, Andra, James Arthur, Christina Perri, John Legend, Hozier and Sia, among others, have made ballads and enjoyed successes in the adult contemporary charts.[citation needed]

Genres

Jazz and traditional pop

Most pop standard and jazz ballads are built from a single, introductory verse, usually around 16 bars in length, and they end on the dominant – the chorus or refrain, usually 16 or 32 bars long and in AABA form (though other forms, such as ABAC, are not uncommon). In AABA forms, the B section is usually referred to as the bridge; often a brief coda, sometimes based on material from the bridge, is added, as in "Over the Rainbow".[43][44]

Examples of notable traditional pop and jazz ballads include:

Pop and R&B ballads

The most common use of the term "ballad" in modern pop and R&B music is for an emotional song about romance, breakup and/or longing.[22] The singer would usually lament an unrequited or lost love, either where one party is oblivious to the existence of the other, where one party has moved on, or where a romantic affair has affected the relationship.[46][47]

Examples of pop ballads include: Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On", Elton John's "Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word", Delta Goodrem's "Lost Without You", George Michael's "Careless Whisper", Jessie J's "Who You Are", Kelly Clarkson's "Because of You" and Shakira's "Underneath Your Clothes".[48] Examples of R&B ballads or slow jams include Mariah Carey's "My All" and "Love Takes Time", Lionel Richie's "Hello", Ashanti's "Don't Let Them", Jazmine Sullivan's "Lions, Tigers & Bears", Labrinth's "Jealous", Rihanna's "Unfaithful", and Toni Braxton's "Un-Break My Heart".[49]

Power ballads

To emphasize the emotional aspect of a power ballad, crowds customarily hold up lighters adjusted to produce a large flame.[50][51]

Simon Frith, the British sociomusicologist and former rock critic, identifies the origins of the power ballad in the emotional singing of soul artists, particularly Ray Charles, and the adaptation of this style by performers such as Eric Burdon, Tom Jones, and Joe Cocker to produce slow-tempo songs often building to a loud and emotive chorus backed by drums, electric guitars, and sometimes choirs.[52] According to Charles Aaron, power ballads came into existence in the early 1970s, when rock stars attempted to convey profound messages to audiences.[53]

Aaron argues that the power ballad broke into the mainstream of American consciousness in 1976 as FM radio gave a new lease of life to earlier songs such as Paul McCartney "Maybe I'm Amazed" (1970), Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" (1971), Aerosmith's "Dream On" (1973), and Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird" (1974).[53] The Carpenters' "Goodbye to Love" (1972) has also been identified as a prototype of the power ballad.[54] Well-known later power ballads include Nazareth's version of "Love Hurts" (1975),[52] Heart's "What About Love" (1985),[55] Mötley Crüe's "Home Sweet Home" (1985), Poison's "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" (1988),[56] Skid Row's "I Remember You" (1989), Bon Jovi's "I'll Be There for You" (1989) and Guns N' Roses's "November Rain" (1991)

Journey's power ballad, "Faithfully", a late addition to the group's Frontiers (1983) album, inspired Prince, who obtained the blessing of Journey's singer/songwriter Jonathan Cain, before releasing what was to become Prince's signature song, "Purple Rain" (1984).[57] Other power ballads includes American nu metal band Slipknot's song "Snuff" (2009), heavy metal band Metallica's "Fade to Black" (1984) and "Nothing Else Matters" (1991), and supergroup Velvet Revolver's song "Fall to Pieces" (2004).[citation needed]

Post-grunge ballads

During the mid to late 1990s and early to mid 2000s a new form of rock ballad would appear, this time using post-grunge as the genre rather than hard rock, heavy metal and less often glam metal. A notable post-grunge ballad would be Bush's "Glycerine" from their debut album Sixteen Stone. What makes the ballad stand out of sorts from the other post-grunge ballads is that it features a cello.[citation needed] Another noted post-grunge ballad would be "With Arms Wide Open" by Creed from their album Human Clay in which the synthesizer is occasionally used.[citation needed]

It is also not unusual for a post-grunge ballad to chart on the Adult Contemporary chart in addition to the rock charts. A great example of an artist having multiple post-grunge songs played on AC stations would be Nickelback.[58]

Latin ballad

Main article: Latin ballad
Luis Miguel in Mexico City.

Latin ballad refers to the ballad derived from bolero that originated in the early-1960s in Latin America and Spain. Some of the best known artists of the Latin ballad are Julio Iglesias, Luis Miguel, Camilo Sesto, Emmanuel, Nino Bravo, Roberto Carlos, Ricardo Montaner, Raphael and José José among others. Because of its difficulty, the Latin balladeers are often recognized as skilled singers such as the case of Nino Bravo, José José, Luis Miguel or Raphael.[59]

One of the most well-known Latin ballad singers of the 1970s and 1980s was José José. Known as "El Principe de La Cancion" (The Prince of the Song), he is recognizable for his gifted vocals. José José has sold over 40 million albums in his career and became a huge influence to very popular ballad singers like: Cristian Castro, Alejandro Fernández, Nelson Ned, Manuel Mijares and Lupita D'Alessio.[60] The most successful Latin ballad singer of the 1990s was Luis Miguel. Best known for his technically skilled and smooth crooning vocals, Luis Miguel's super-stardom began since the late 1980s. In 1991, his career went to even greater heights and earned him the respect of a wider audience with the release of Romance, an album of romantic boleros. Most of them were from the 1940s and 1950s. Despite singing boleros from years past, Luis Miguel was recognized for reinventing the bolero for modern audiences. The album Romance, which became his most successful album ever, eventually sold 15 million units worldwide.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b J. M. Curtis, Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954-1984 (Popular Press, 1987), p. 236.
  2. ^ Bronson, B., H. (1969). The Ballad as Song. Los Angeles: University of California Press
  3. ^ Ord, J. (1990). Bothy Songs and Ballads. Edinburgh: John Donald.
  4. ^ "Pop Music - What Is Pop Music - A Definition and Brief History". Top40.about.com. September 7, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  5. ^ P. Buckley, The Rough Guide to Rock (Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2003), p. 378.
  6. ^ Witmer. See also Middleton (I,4,i).
  7. ^ W. Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music (Harvard, 1944; 2nd edn., 1972), p. 70.
  8. ^ A. Jacobs, A Short History of Western Music (1972, Penguin, 1976), p. 21.
  9. ^ W. Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music (1944, Harvard, 1972), pp. 70-72.
  10. ^ a b J. E. Housman, British Popular Ballads (1952, London: Ayer Publishing, 1969), p. 15.
  11. ^ A. Jacobs, A Short History of Western Music (Penguin 1972, 1976), p. 20.
  12. ^ a b A. N. Bold, The Ballad (Routledge, 1979), p. 5.
  13. ^ B. Sweers, Electric Folk: The Changing Face of English Traditional Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 45.
  14. ^ "'After the Ball': Lyrics from the Biggest Hit of the 1890s", History Matters
  15. ^ Smith, Kathleen E. R. (2003). God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 91. ISBN 0813122562.
  16. ^ "Popular Ballads", The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century, p. 610.
  17. ^ M. Lubbock, The Complete Book of Light Opera (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962) pp. 467-68.
  18. ^ D. Head and I. Ousby, The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 66.
  19. ^ T. A. Green, Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art (ABC-CLIO, 1997), p. 352.
  20. ^ Child, F., J. (1898). The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co
  21. ^ Temperley (II,2).
  22. ^ a b N. Cohen, Folk Music: a Regional Exploration (Greenwood, 2005), p. 297.
  23. ^ Fusilli, Jim (May 13, 2008). "Sinatra as Idol – Not Artist". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 15, 2008.
  24. ^ "Project MUSE - Lounge Caravan: A Selective Discography". Muse.jhu.edu. February 23, 2005. doi:10.1353/not.2005.0059. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  25. ^ "10 Best Soft Rock Ballads". Made Man. Archived from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) "Journey fans can easily list a dozen soft rock ballads from the band..."
  26. ^ Soft Rock. "Soft Rock : Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed". AllMusic. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  27. ^ "Soft Rock - Profile of the Mellow, Romantic Soft Rock of the '70s and Early '80s". 80music.about.com. April 12, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  28. ^ D. R. Adams, Rock 'n' roll and the Cleveland Connection Music of the Great Lakes (Kent State University Press, 2002), ISBN 0-87338-691-4, p. 70.
  29. ^ C. H. Sterling, M. C. Keith, Sounds of Change: a History of FM broadcasting in America (UNC Press, 2008), pp. 136-7.
  30. ^ "Journey: The band who did not stop believing". BBC News. November 12, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  31. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Let's Talk About Love: Album review. Allmusic. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  32. ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Amy Grant - Music Biography, Credits and Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  33. ^ Prato, Greg (January 21, 1950). "Billy Ocean - Music Biography, Credits and Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  34. ^ Fawthrop, Peter (May 24, 1970). "Tommy Page - Music Biography, Credits and Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  35. ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Phil Collins Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  36. ^ "All-4-One Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  37. ^ a b "Mariah Carey Music News & Info". Billboard. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  38. ^ Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits. New York City: Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-823-07693-2.
  39. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2007). Billboard Top Adult Songs 1961-2006 (Record Research Inc.), page 373.
  40. ^ "AMERICA'S MUSIC CHARTS -- 1 2 . 2 7 . 1 6 -- powered by MEDIABASE".
  41. ^ Has 'Indie' Become 'Adult Contemporary'? : The Record. NPR. Retrieved on September 29, 2013.
  42. ^ Kelley, Frannie (October 26, 2011). "Has 'Indie' Become 'Adult Contemporary'? : The Record". NPR. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  43. ^ D. Randel, The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, (Cambridge MS: Harvard University Press, 1986) ISBN 0-674-61525-5, p. 68.
  44. ^ Buchan, D. (1972). The Ballad and the Folk. East Linton: Tuckwell Press
  45. ^ A. Forte, The American Popular Ballad of the Golden Era, 1924-1950 (Princeton University Press, 1995).
  46. ^ Smith, L.: Elvis Costello, Joni Mitchell, and the Torch Song Tradition, p. 9. Praeger Publishers, 2004.
  47. ^ Allan Forte, M. R.: Listening to Classic American Popular Songs, p. 203. Yale University Press, 2001.
  48. ^ Trust, Gary (September 13, 2011). "Is Adele's 'Someone Like You' The First No. 1 Piano-And-Vocal-Only Ballad?". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  49. ^ Midemblog, James (January 13, 2011). "Interview: Diane Warren, the "fiercely independent" hitmaker". Midem Blog. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  50. ^ "POP VIEW; The Male Rock Anthem: Going All to Pieces". The New York Times. Published February 1, 1998.
  51. ^ "Rock Concert Question: Are Lighter Salutes Bad for the Environment?" Live Science, July 15, 2006.
  52. ^ a b S. Frith, "Pop Music" in S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 100-1.
  53. ^ a b Aaron, Charles (2002). "Don't Fight the Power". Da Capo Best Music Writing 2002: The Year's Finest Writing on Rock, Pop, Jazz, Country, and More. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-306-81166-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ Perrone, Pierre (August 2, 2010). "Tony Peluso: Guitarist whose solos on The Carpenters' 'Goodbye to Love' ushered in the power-ballad era". The Independent. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  55. ^ P. Buckley, The Rough Guide to Rock: the definitive guide to more than 1200 artists and bands (Rough Guides, 2003)
  56. ^ H. George-Warren, P. Romanowski and J. Pareles, The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (Fireside, 3rd edn., 2001), p. 1060.
  57. ^ Graf, Gary Graff (April 26, 2016). "Why Prince asked for Journey's Blessing Before Releasing 'Purple Rain'". Billboard.
  58. ^ "Nickelback". billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  59. ^ Jose Jose - El Triste en vivo 1970 (in Spanish). YouTube. March 8, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  60. ^ "José José "Esta es mi Vida" LANZAMIENTO". Famaweb.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2014-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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