Old Uyghur alphabet: Difference between revisions
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The '''Old Uyghur alphabet''' was used for writing the [[Old Uyghur language]], a variety of Old Turkic spoken in [[Turpan|Turfan]] (also referred to as Turpan) and Gansu that is an ancestor of the modern [[Western Yugur language|Yugur language]]. The term "Old Uyghur" used for this alphabet is misleading because the [[Kingdom of Qocho]], the [[Tocharians|Tocharian]]-[[History of the Uyghur people|Uyghur]] kingdom created in 843, originally used the [[Old Turkic alphabet]]. The Uyghur adopted this script from local inhabitants when they migrated into Turfan after 840.<ref>{{citation|last = Sinor |first = D. |year = 1998|title = History of Civilisations of Central Asia|editor1-last = Asimov|editor1-first = M.S.|editor2-last = Bosworth|editor2-first = C.E.|volume = 4 part II |chapter=Chapter 13 - Language situation and scripts |pages = 333 |publisher = UNESCO Publishing|isbn = 81-208-1596-3 }}</ref> It was an adaptation of the [[Aramaic alphabet]] used for texts with [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] content for 700–800 years in [[Turpan]]. The last known manuscripts are dated to the 18th century. This was the prototype for the [[Mongolian script|Mongolian]] and [[Manchu alphabet]]s. The Old Uyghur alphabet was brought to Mongolia by [[Tata-tonga]]. |
The '''Old Uyghur alphabet''' was used for writing the [[Old Uyghur language]], a variety of Old Turkic spoken in [[Turpan|Turfan]] (also referred to as Turpan) and Gansu that is an ancestor of the modern [[Western Yugur language|Yugur language]].<ref>Osman, Omarjan. (2013). L2/13-071 [https://unicode.org/L2/L2013/13071-uyghur.pdf ''Proposal to Encode the Uyghur Script''].</ref> The term "Old Uyghur" used for this alphabet is misleading because the [[Kingdom of Qocho]], the [[Tocharians|Tocharian]]-[[History of the Uyghur people|Uyghur]] kingdom created in 843, originally used the [[Old Turkic alphabet]]. The Uyghur adopted this script from local inhabitants when they migrated into Turfan after 840.<ref>{{citation|last = Sinor |first = D. |year = 1998|title = History of Civilisations of Central Asia|editor1-last = Asimov|editor1-first = M.S.|editor2-last = Bosworth|editor2-first = C.E.|volume = 4 part II |chapter=Chapter 13 - Language situation and scripts |pages = 333 |publisher = UNESCO Publishing|isbn = 81-208-1596-3 }}</ref> It was an adaptation of the [[Aramaic alphabet]] used for texts with [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] content for 700–800 years in [[Turpan]]. The last known manuscripts are dated to the 18th century. This was the prototype for the [[Mongolian script|Mongolian]] and [[Manchu alphabet]]s. The Old Uyghur alphabet was brought to Mongolia by [[Tata-tonga]]. |
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The Old Uyghur script was used between the 8th and 17th centuries primarily in the [[Tarim Basin]] of [[Central Asia]], located in present-day [[Xinjiang]] Uygur Autonomous Region, China. It is a cursive-joining alphabet with features of an [[abjad]] and |
The Old Uyghur script was used between the 8th and 17th centuries primarily in the [[Tarim Basin]] of [[Central Asia]], located in present-day [[Xinjiang]] Uygur Autonomous Region, China. It is a cursive-joining alphabet with features of an [[abjad]] and |
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is written vertically. The script flourished through the 15th century in Central Asia and parts of [[Iran]], but it was eventually replaced by the Arabic script in the 16th century. Its usage was continued in [[Gansu]] through the 17th century.<ref>Pandey, Anshuman. (2019). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19016-old-uyghur.pdf ''Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode''.]</ref> |
is written vertically. The script flourished through the 15th century in Central Asia and parts of [[Iran]], but it was eventually replaced by the Arabic script in the 16th century. Its usage was continued in [[Gansu]] through the 17th century.<ref>Pandey, Anshuman. (2019). L2/19-016 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19016-old-uyghur.pdf ''Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode''.]</ref> |
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Like the [[Sogdian alphabet]] (technically, an [[abjad]]), the Old Uyghur tended to use [[Mater lectionis|''matres lectionis'']] for the long vowels as well as for the short ones. (This practice is also used to some extent in [[Modern Hebrew|Modern Israeli Hebrew]]; where it is known as [[ktiv hasar niqqud]], meaning, full spelling.) The practice of leaving short vowels unrepresented was almost completely abandoned.<ref name=clauson>Clauson, Gerard. 2002. Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. P.110-111.</ref> Thus, while ultimately deriving from a Semitic [[abjad]], the Old Uyghur alphabet can be said to have been largely "alphabetized".<ref>Houston, Stephen D. 2004. ''The first writing: script invention as history and process'' (p.59).</ref> |
Like the [[Sogdian alphabet]] (technically, an [[abjad]]), the Old Uyghur tended to use [[Mater lectionis|''matres lectionis'']] for the long vowels as well as for the short ones. (This practice is also used to some extent in [[Modern Hebrew|Modern Israeli Hebrew]]; where it is known as [[ktiv hasar niqqud]], meaning, full spelling.) The practice of leaving short vowels unrepresented was almost completely abandoned.<ref name=clauson>Clauson, Gerard. 2002. Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. P.110-111.</ref> Thus, while ultimately deriving from a Semitic [[abjad]], the Old Uyghur alphabet can be said to have been largely "alphabetized".<ref>Houston, Stephen D. 2004. ''The first writing: script invention as history and process'' (p.59).</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Uyghur alphabets]] |
*[[Uyghur alphabets]] |
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*[[Uyghur Arabic alphabet]] |
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*[[Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet]] |
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*[[Uyghur Latin alphabet]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 13:32, 2 July 2019
| Old Uyghur alphabet | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Time period | ca.700s–1800s |
| Direction | Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, top-to-bottom  |
| Languages | Old Uyghur, Western Yugur |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Traditional Mongolian alphabet |
The Old Uyghur alphabet was used for writing the Old Uyghur language, a variety of Old Turkic spoken in Turfan (also referred to as Turpan) and Gansu that is an ancestor of the modern Yugur language.[1] The term "Old Uyghur" used for this alphabet is misleading because the Kingdom of Qocho, the Tocharian-Uyghur kingdom created in 843, originally used the Old Turkic alphabet. The Uyghur adopted this script from local inhabitants when they migrated into Turfan after 840.[2] It was an adaptation of the Aramaic alphabet used for texts with Buddhist, Manichaean and Christian content for 700–800 years in Turpan. The last known manuscripts are dated to the 18th century. This was the prototype for the Mongolian and Manchu alphabets. The Old Uyghur alphabet was brought to Mongolia by Tata-tonga.
The Old Uyghur script was used between the 8th and 17th centuries primarily in the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, located in present-day Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. It is a cursive-joining alphabet with features of an abjad and is written vertically. The script flourished through the 15th century in Central Asia and parts of Iran, but it was eventually replaced by the Arabic script in the 16th century. Its usage was continued in Gansu through the 17th century.[3]
Like the Sogdian alphabet (technically, an abjad), the Old Uyghur tended to use matres lectionis for the long vowels as well as for the short ones. (This practice is also used to some extent in Modern Israeli Hebrew; where it is known as ktiv hasar niqqud, meaning, full spelling.) The practice of leaving short vowels unrepresented was almost completely abandoned.[4] Thus, while ultimately deriving from a Semitic abjad, the Old Uyghur alphabet can be said to have been largely "alphabetized".[5]
Gallery
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Yuan dynasty Buddhist inscription written in Old Uyghur on the west wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass -
Yuan dynasty Buddhist inscription written in Old Uyghur on the east wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass -
Slave contract -
Contract on taxation
See also
References
- ^ Osman, Omarjan. (2013). L2/13-071 Proposal to Encode the Uyghur Script.
- ^ Sinor, D. (1998), "Chapter 13 - Language situation and scripts", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.), History of Civilisations of Central Asia, vol. 4 part II, UNESCO Publishing, p. 333, ISBN 81-208-1596-3
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman. (2019). L2/19-016 Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode.
- ^ Clauson, Gerard. 2002. Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. P.110-111.
- ^ Houston, Stephen D. 2004. The first writing: script invention as history and process (p.59).
Bibliography
- Gorelova, Liliya M. (2002). Manchu Grammar. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12307-6.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Uyghur alphabet.