1935 Greek monarchy referendum: Difference between revisions
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{{Politics of Greece}} |
{{Politics of Greece}} |
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A '''referendum on restoring the monarchy''' was held in [[Greece]] on 3 November 1935.<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Phillip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> The proposal was approved by 97.9% of voters.<ref>Nohlen & Stöver, p838</ref> |
A '''referendum on restoring the monarchy''' was held in [[Greece]] on 3 November 1935.<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Phillip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p830 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> The proposal was approved by 97.9% of voters.<ref>Nohlen & Stöver, p838</ref> |
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[[George II of Greece]] returned from exile and was restored to the throne on 30 November 1935.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=William |year=1936 |title=A New Era in Greece |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=654–661 |jstor=20030766 }}</ref> |
[[George II of Greece]] returned from exile and was restored to the throne on 30 November 1935.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=William |year=1936 |title=A New Era in Greece |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=654–661 |jstor=20030766 }}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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After the defeat of Greece by the [[Turkish National Movement]] (the "[[Asia Minor Disaster]]" of 1922), the defeated army [[11 September 1922 Revolution|revolted against the royal government]]. [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] was forced to abdicate in 1922, and died in exile in 1923. His eldest son and successor, King [[George II of Greece|George II]], was soon after asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In a [[Greek republic referendum |
After the defeat of Greece by the [[Turkish National Movement]] (the "[[Asia Minor Disaster]]" of 1922), the defeated army [[11 September 1922 Revolution|revolted against the royal government]]. [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]] was forced to abdicate in 1922, and died in exile in 1923. His eldest son and successor, King [[George II of Greece|George II]], was soon after asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In a [[1924 Greek republic referendum|1924 referendum]], Greeks voted to create [[Second Hellenic Republic|a republic]]. |
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In 1935, [[List of Prime Ministers of Greece|Prime Minister]] [[Georgios Kondylis]], a former pro-[[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]] military officer, became the most powerful political figure in Greece. On 10 October, he compelled [[Panagis Tsaldaris]] to resign as Prime Minister and took over the government, suspending many constitutional provisions in the process. Kondylis, who had now joined the Conservatives, decided to hold a referendum in order to re-establish the monarchy, despite the fact that he used to be a supporter of the anti-monarchist wing of Greek politics. |
In 1935, [[List of Prime Ministers of Greece|Prime Minister]] [[Georgios Kondylis]], a former pro-[[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]] military officer, became the most powerful political figure in Greece. On 10 October, he compelled [[Panagis Tsaldaris]] to resign as Prime Minister and took over the government, suspending many constitutional provisions in the process. Kondylis, who had now joined the Conservatives, decided to hold a referendum in order to re-establish the monarchy, despite the fact that he used to be a supporter of the anti-monarchist wing of Greek politics. |
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Revision as of 04:03, 3 July 2019
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A referendum on restoring the monarchy was held in Greece on 3 November 1935.[1] The proposal was approved by 97.9% of voters.[2]
George II of Greece returned from exile and was restored to the throne on 30 November 1935.[3]
Background
After the defeat of Greece by the Turkish National Movement (the "Asia Minor Disaster" of 1922), the defeated army revolted against the royal government. King Constantine I was forced to abdicate in 1922, and died in exile in 1923. His eldest son and successor, King George II, was soon after asked by the parliament to leave Greece so the nation could decide what form of government it should adopt. In a 1924 referendum, Greeks voted to create a republic.
In 1935, Prime Minister Georgios Kondylis, a former pro-Venizelos military officer, became the most powerful political figure in Greece. On 10 October, he compelled Panagis Tsaldaris to resign as Prime Minister and took over the government, suspending many constitutional provisions in the process. Kondylis, who had now joined the Conservatives, decided to hold a referendum in order to re-establish the monarchy, despite the fact that he used to be a supporter of the anti-monarchist wing of Greek politics.
The referendum was scheduled to take place on 3 November per resolution "on the abolition of the republic" of 10 October 1935 (ΦΕΚ Α΄ 456).[4]
Conduct
Observers of the time expressed serious doubts about the vote's legitimacy. Besides the implausibly high "yes" vote, the vote was held in far-from-secret circumstances. Voters dropped a blue piece of paper into the ballot box if they supported the king's return, or a red paper to retain the republic. Anyone who cast a red paper risked being beaten up.[5]
Results
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| For | 1,491,992 | 97.9 |
| Against | 32,454 | 2.1 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 3,268 | – |
| Total | 1,527,714 | 100 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | ||
References
- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Phillip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p830 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p838
- ^ Miller, William (1936). "A New Era in Greece". Foreign Affairs. 14 (4): 654–661. JSTOR 20030766.
- ^ see Gazette 456, dated 10.10.1935, p. 2295
- ^ By the Grace of God Time, 18 November 1935
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