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== History ==
== History ==
In the U.S., entrectinib has [[orphan drug designation]] and rare pediatric disease designation for the treatment of [[neuroblastoma]] and orphan drug designation for treatment of TrkA-, TrkB-, TrkC-, ROS1- and ALK-positive [[non-small cell lung cancer]] (NSCLC) and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).<ref>[http://www.thestreet.com/story/13035800/1/ignyta-receives-orphan-drug-designation-from-fda-for-entrectinib-for-the-treatment-of-molecularly-defined-subsets-of-non-small-cell-lung-cancer.html Ignyta Receives Orphan Drug Designation From FDA For Entrectinib For The Treatment Of Molecularly Defined Subsets Of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer]</ref> It has an EU orphan designation for neuroblastoma.<ref>[http://seekingalpha.com/news/2971436-ignytas-entrectinib-orphan-drug-europe-neuroblastoma Ignyta's entrectinib an Orphan Drug in Europe for neuroblastoma]</ref> FDA approves Roche’s Rozlytrek (entrectinib) for people with ROS1-positive, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumours.<ref>https://www.roche.com/media/releases/med-cor-2019-08-16.htm</ref> First FDA-approved treatment designed to target both ROS1 and NTRK that also shows response in cancer that has spread to the brain.<ref>https://www.targetedonc.com/news/fda-approves-entrectinib-for-ros1-nsclc-and-ntrk-solid-tumors</ref>
In the U.S., entrectinib has [[orphan drug designation]] and rare pediatric disease designation for the treatment of [[neuroblastoma]] and orphan drug designation for treatment of TrkA-, TrkB-, TrkC-, ROS1- and ALK-positive [[non-small cell lung cancer]] (NSCLC) and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).<ref>[http://www.thestreet.com/story/13035800/1/ignyta-receives-orphan-drug-designation-from-fda-for-entrectinib-for-the-treatment-of-molecularly-defined-subsets-of-non-small-cell-lung-cancer.html Ignyta Receives Orphan Drug Designation From FDA For Entrectinib For The Treatment Of Molecularly Defined Subsets Of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer]</ref> It has an EU orphan designation for neuroblastoma.<ref>[http://seekingalpha.com/news/2971436-ignytas-entrectinib-orphan-drug-europe-neuroblastoma Ignyta's entrectinib an Orphan Drug in Europe for neuroblastoma]</ref> FDA approves Roche’s Rozlytrek (entrectinib) for people with ROS1-positive, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumours.<ref>https://www.roche.com/media/releases/med-cor-2019-08-16.htm</ref> It is first FDA-approved treatment designed to target both ROS1 and NTRK that also shows response in cancer that has spread to the brain.<ref>https://www.targetedonc.com/news/fda-approves-entrectinib-for-ros1-nsclc-and-ntrk-solid-tumors</ref>


== Mechanism of action ==
== Mechanism of action ==

Revision as of 15:18, 16 August 2019

Entrectinib
Clinical data
Trade namesRozlytrek
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • Investigational
Identifiers
  • N-[5-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC31H34F2N6O2
Molar mass560.64 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CN1CCN(CC1)C2=CC(=C(C=C2)C(=O)NC3=NNC4=C3C=C(C=C4)CC5=CC(=CC(=C5)F)F)NC6CCOCC6
  • InChI=1S/C31H34F2N6O2/c1-38-8-10-39(11-9-38)25-3-4-26(29(19-25)34-24-6-12-41-13-7-24)31(40)35-30-27-17-20(2-5-28(27)36-37-30)14-21-15-22(32)18-23(33)16-21/h2-5,15-19,24,34H,6-14H2,1H3,(H2,35,36,37,40)
  • Key:HAYYBYPASCDWEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Entrectinib (INN,[1] trade name Rozlytrek previously known as RXDX-101 and NMS-E628) is an anti-cancer drug used to treat ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer and and NTRK fusion-positive solid tumors. Iť was approved by FDA on 15 August 2019.[2] It is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), of the tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trk) A, B and C, C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK).[3]


History

In the U.S., entrectinib has orphan drug designation and rare pediatric disease designation for the treatment of neuroblastoma and orphan drug designation for treatment of TrkA-, TrkB-, TrkC-, ROS1- and ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).[4] It has an EU orphan designation for neuroblastoma.[5] FDA approves Roche’s Rozlytrek (entrectinib) for people with ROS1-positive, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumours.[6] It is first FDA-approved treatment designed to target both ROS1 and NTRK that also shows response in cancer that has spread to the brain.[7]

Mechanism of action

The process of tumorigenesis frequently involves protein kinase activation events, which can result from either mutations, or chromosomal rearrangements.[8][9] Gene rearrangements, leading to the expression of constitutively activated fusion tyrosine kinase receptors, have been increasingly identified as a common feature of malignancies over the last three decades, and success has been demonstrated using these rearrangements as targets for drug development.[9][10]

The expression of such gene fusions in a tumor can create a phenomenon termed ‘oncogene addiction’ in which the tumor becomes dependent on signaling by the aberrant kinase pathway, thus rendering its survival and continued proliferation exquisitely sensitive to targeted inhibition with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs.[9] Expression of the proteins encoded by these tyrosine kinase fusion genes can, in most cases, be shown to function independently as oncogenic drivers, capable of activating critical downstream pathways involved in the malignant phenotype, resulting in transformation of cells in vitro.[9] Some of the most important kinases that have been shown to undergo rearrangement in human cancers include the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), ROS1 kinase, and the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinases (NTRKs).[9][10][11][12]

Entrectinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor with specificity, at low nanomolar concentrations, for all of three Trk proteins (encoded by the NTRK1, 2, and 3 genes, respectively) as well as the ROS1, and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases.[13] The drug is orally administered, once daily, and is being studied in patients whose tumors have been shown to have fusions in NTRK1/2/3, ALK, or ROS1.[14] As a ROS1 inhibitor, entrectinib has demonstrated in cellular anti-proliferative studies to have a 36-fold greater potency against ROS1 as compared with another commercially available ROS1 inhibitor, crizotinib.[15]

Target TrkA TrkB TrkC ROS1 ALK
IC50 (nM) 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.6[16]

Entrectinib has also demonstrated in-vitro efficacy against potential Trk inhibitor resistance mutations such as NTRK1 F589L, NTRK1 V573M, NTRK1 G667S.[15]

Clinical development

Entrectinib is currently being tested in a global phase II basket clinical trial called STARTRK-2[17]. Interim results from two ongoing phase 1 trials have been reported at the 2016 AACR American Association for Cancer Research Conference in April 2016:[15] among the patients treated with entrectinib, four patients had tumors harboring NTRK fusions, including patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mCRC, salivary gland cancer, and astrocytoma.[citation needed]

The preliminary results seen with entrectinib in the phase I studies of patients with NTRK/ROS1/ALK fusions have led to the initiation of an open-label, multicenter, global, phase II basket study[17] to examine the use of entrectinib in patients having tumors with these gene rearrangements. The study will enroll any patient with a solid tumor having evidence of an NTRK/ROS1/ALK fusion, assuming the patient meets all other entry criteria. Examples of such tumor types include NSCLC, mCRC, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma, melanoma, thyroid cancer, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, cholangiocarcinoma, lymphoma and others.[citation needed]

Commercialization

Investigations of entrectinib have been conducted by Ignyta Pharmaceuticals, a San Diego-based drug maker. Ignyta, Inc., (Nasdaq: RXDX) which is an oncology biotechnology company focusing on the discovery, development, and commercialization of new anti-tumor drugs.([1]) On 21 December 2017, Roche announced plans to buy Ignyta for $1.7 billion.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names: List 75" (PDF). World Health Organization. p. 114. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  2. ^ "Genentech: Press Releases | Thursday, Aug 15, 2019". www.gene.com. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  3. ^ Entrectinib definition
  4. ^ Ignyta Receives Orphan Drug Designation From FDA For Entrectinib For The Treatment Of Molecularly Defined Subsets Of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
  5. ^ Ignyta's entrectinib an Orphan Drug in Europe for neuroblastoma
  6. ^ https://www.roche.com/media/releases/med-cor-2019-08-16.htm
  7. ^ https://www.targetedonc.com/news/fda-approves-entrectinib-for-ros1-nsclc-and-ntrk-solid-tumors
  8. ^ Puig de la Bellacasa, R (2 April 2013). "ALK and ROS1 as a joint target for the treatment of lung cancer: a review". Translational Lung Cancer Research. 2 (2): 72–86. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.03.1. PMC 4369855. PMID 25806218.
  9. ^ a b c d e Shaw, Alice (17 October 2013). "Tyrosine kinase gene rearrangements in epithelial malignancies". Nature Reviews Cancer. 13: 772–787. doi:10.1038/nrc3612. PMC 3902129.
  10. ^ a b Stransky, Nicolas (10 September 2014). "The landscape of kinase fusions in cancer". Nature Communications. 5: 4846. doi:10.1038/ncomms5846. PMC 4175590. PMID 25204415. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  11. ^ Wiesner, T (20 Jan 2014). "Kinase fusions are frequent in Spitz tumours and spitzoid melanomas". Nature Communications. 5. doi:10.1038/ncomms4116. PMC 4084638. PMID 24445538.
  12. ^ Berge, E (February 2014). "Targeted Therapies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Emerging Oncogene Targets Following the Success of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor". Seminars in Oncology. 41 (1).
  13. ^ Iyer, R (28 March 2016). "Entrectinib is a potent inhibitor of Trk-driven neuroblastomas in a xenograft mouse model". Cancer Letters. 372 (2): 179–186. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.018. PMC 4792275.
  14. ^ Adrini, E (April 2016). "Entrectinib, a Pan-TRK, ROS1, and ALK Inhibitor with Activity in Multiple Molecularly Defined Cancer Indications". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 15 (4).
  15. ^ a b c Drilon, Alexander (16 April 2016). "Entrectinib, an oral pan-Trk, ROS1, and ALK inhibitor in TKI-naïve patients with advanced solid tumors harboring gene rearrangements - updated phase 1 results. (Abstract number CT007) Presented at 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cancer Research" (PDF). Retrieved 26 Jun 2016.
  16. ^ Salvatore, Siena; Drilon, Alexander (27 September 2015). "Entrectinib (RXDX-101), an oral pan-Trk, ROS1, and ALK inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors harboring gene rearrangements" (PDF). Entrectinib (RXDX-101) A First-in-Class Trk Inhibitor.
  17. ^ a b "Basket Study of Entrectinib (RXDX-101) for the Treatment of Patients With Solid Tumors Harboring NTRK 1/2/3 (Trk A/B/C), ROS1, or ALK Gene Rearrangements (Fusions) - Full Text View - Clinicaltrials.gov".
  18. ^ Mulier, Thomas (22 December 2017). "Roche to Buy U.S. Cancer-Drug Maker Ignyta for $1.7 Billion". Bloomberg. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
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