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In 2015, Alibaba launched a non-profit organization, Alibaba Hong Kong Young Entrepreneurs Foundation, which support Hong Kong entrepreneurs to help them grow their businesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alizila.com/alibaba-group-backs-young-hong-kong-entrepreneurs-2/|title=Alibaba Group Backs Young Hong Kong Entrepreneurs|date=2015-02-01|website=Alizila.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2015/02/02/alibaba-to-establish-129m-hong-kong-young-entrepreneurs-foundation|title=Alibaba To Establish $129M Hong Kong Young Entrepreneurs Foundation|last=Su|first=Wiki|date=2015-02-02|website=China Money Network|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> During the same year, the company funded the rebuilding of 1,000 houses damaged by the earthquake-hit in Nepal, and raised money for another 9,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2015/05/08/alibabas-jack-ma-joins-nepali-billionaire-binod-chaudharys-rebuilding-efforts-in-quake-hit-nepal/|title=Alibaba's Jack Ma Joins Nepali Billionaire Binod Chaudhary's Rebuilding Efforts In Quake-Hit Nepal|last=Karmali|first=Naazneen|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref>
In 2015, Alibaba launched a non-profit organization, Alibaba Hong Kong Young Entrepreneurs Foundation, which support Hong Kong entrepreneurs to help them grow their businesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alizila.com/alibaba-group-backs-young-hong-kong-entrepreneurs-2/|title=Alibaba Group Backs Young Hong Kong Entrepreneurs|date=2015-02-01|website=Alizila.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2015/02/02/alibaba-to-establish-129m-hong-kong-young-entrepreneurs-foundation|title=Alibaba To Establish $129M Hong Kong Young Entrepreneurs Foundation|last=Su|first=Wiki|date=2015-02-02|website=China Money Network|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> During the same year, the company funded the rebuilding of 1,000 houses damaged by the earthquake-hit in Nepal, and raised money for another 9,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2015/05/08/alibabas-jack-ma-joins-nepali-billionaire-binod-chaudharys-rebuilding-efforts-in-quake-hit-nepal/|title=Alibaba's Jack Ma Joins Nepali Billionaire Binod Chaudhary's Rebuilding Efforts In Quake-Hit Nepal|last=Karmali|first=Naazneen|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref>


In 2019 Jack Ma's foundation started the Netpreneur initiative that grants ten prices of one million dollars each to ten African entrepreneurs per year<ref name="interview"/> and launched a fund with 14.6 million dollars to develop education in [[Tibet]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jack Ma Foundation to support education in Tibet - Chinadaily.com.cn |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/26/WS5d137afaa3103dbf1432a732.html |work=[[China Daily]] |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
In 2019 Jack Ma's foundation started the Netpreneur initiative that grants ten prizes of one million dollars each to ten African entrepreneurs per year<ref name="interview"/> and launched a fund with 14.6 million dollars to develop education in [[Tibet]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jack Ma Foundation to support education in Tibet - Chinadaily.com.cn |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/26/WS5d137afaa3103dbf1432a732.html |work=[[China Daily]] |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 02:57, 30 August 2019

Template:Chinese name

Jack Ma
Ma Yun
Born (1964-09-10) 10 September 1964 (age 60)
Hangzhou, China
EducationHangzhou Normal University (BA)
Occupations
  • Business magnate
  • investor
  • politician
  • philanthropist
Known forCo-founding and leading Alibaba Group
Political partyCommunist Party of China[1]
SpouseZhang Ying
Children3
Chinese name
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinMǎ Yún
IPA[mà y̌n]
Wu
SuzhouneseMô Yúin
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationMáh Wàhn
Jyutpingmaa5 wan4

Jack Ma, or Ma Yun (Chinese: 马云; [mà y̌n]; born 10 September 1964), is a Chinese business magnate, investor, politician and philanthropist. He is the co-founder and executive chair of Alibaba Group, a multinational technology conglomerate. Ma is a strong proponent of an open and market-driven economy.[3]

A prominent business figure, Ma is seen as a global ambassador for Chinese business and as such is frequently listed as one of the world's most powerful people by Forbes.[4][5] He also serves as a role model for startup businesses.[6] In 2017, he was ranked second in the annual "World's 50 Greatest Leaders" list by Fortune.[7] On 10 September 2018, he announced that he will retire from Alibaba and pursue educational work,[8][9][10] effective in one year, with Daniel Zhang succeeding him as executive chairman.[11]

He applied ten times to Harvard Business School (HBS) and got rejected.[12] As of June 2019, he is one of China's richest men, with a net worth of $35.6 billion, as well as one of the wealthiest people in the world and also was ranked 21st in Forbes' World's Most Powerful People.[13]

Early life and education

Ma was born on 10 September 1964 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. He began studying English at a young age by conversing with English-speakers at Hangzhou international hotel. He would ride 70 miles on his bicycle to give tourists tours of the area to practice his English for nine years. He became pen pals with one of those foreigners, who nicknamed him "Jack" because he found it hard to pronounce his Chinese name.[14]

Later in his youth, Ma struggled attending college. The Chinese entrance exams are held only once a year and Ma took four years to pass. Ma attended Hangzhou Teacher's Institute (currently known as Hangzhou Normal University) and graduated in 1988 with a B.A. in English.[15][16] While at school, Ma was head of the student council.[17] After graduation, he became a lecturer in English and International Trade at Hangzhou Dianzi University.

Business career

Jack Ma on the future of online trade and globalization at the World Economic Forum 2017

Ma applied for 30 different jobs and got rejected by all. "I went for a job with the police; they said, 'you're no good'", Ma told interviewer Charlie Rose. "I even went to KFC when it came to my city. Twenty-four people went for the job. Twenty-three were accepted. I was the only guy ...".[18]

In 1994, Ma heard about the Internet and also started his first company [19]Hangzhou Haibo Translation Agency. In early 1995, he went to the US with his friends, who helped introduce him to the Internet. Although he found information related to beer from many countries, he was surprised to find none from China. He also tried to search for general information about China and again was surprised to find none. So he and his friend created an "ugly" website related to China.[20] He launched the website at 9:40 AM, and by 12:30 PM he had received emails from some Chinese investors wishing to know about him. This was when Ma realized that the Internet had something great to offer. In April 1995, Jack and He Yibing (a computer teacher) opened the first office for China Pages and Ma started their second company. On May 10, 1995, they registered the domain chinapages.com in the United States. Within three years, the company had made 5,000,000 Chinese Yuan which at the time was equivalent to US$800,000.

Ma began building websites for Chinese companies with the help of friends in the US. He said that "The day we got connected to the Web, I invited friends and TV people over to my house", and on a very slow dial-up connection, "we waited three and a half hours and got half a page", he recalled. "We drank, watched TV and played cards, waiting. But I was so proud. I proved the Internet existed".[21] At a conference in 2010, Ma revealed that he has never actually written a line of code nor made one sale to a customer. He acquired a computer for the first time at the age of 33.[22]

From 1998 to 1999, Ma headed an information technology company established by the China International Electronic Commerce Center, a department of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. In 1999, he quit and returned to Hangzhou with his team to found Alibaba, a China-based business-to-business marketplace site in his apartment with a group of 18 friends.[23] He started a new round of venture development with 500,000 yuan.

Jack Ma at 2007 China Trust Global Leaders Forum

In October 1999 and January 2000, Alibaba twice won a total of a $25 million foreign venture capital investment. The program was expected to improve the domestic e-commerce market and perfect an e-commerce platform for Chinese enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to address World Trade Organization (WTO) challenges. Ma wanted to improve the global e-commerce system and from 2003 he founded Taobao Marketplace, Alipay, Ali Mama and Lynx. After the rapid rise of Taobao, eBay offered to purchase the company. However, Ma rejected their offer, instead garnering support from Yahoo co-founder Jerry Yang with a $1 billion investment.

In September 2014 it was reported Alibaba was raising over $25 billion in an initial public offering (IPO) on the New York Stock Exchange.[24] Alibaba became one of the most valuable technology companies in the world after raising the full $25 billion, the largest initial public offering in US financial history. Ma served as executive chairman of Alibaba Group, which is a holding company with nine major subsidiaries: Alibaba.com, Taobao Marketplace, Tmall, eTao, Alibaba Cloud Computing, Juhuasuan, 1688.com, AliExpress.com, and Alipay. In November 2012, Alibaba's online transaction volume exceeded one trillion yuan. As of 2016, Ma is the owner of Château de Sours in Bordeaux, Chateau Guerry in Côtes de Bourg and Château Perenne in Blaye, Côtes de Bordeaux.[25]

On 9 January 2017, Ma met with United States President-elect Donald Trump at Trump Tower, to discuss a potential 1 million job openings in the following five years through Alibaba's interest in the country.[26] On 8 September 2017, to celebrate Alibaba's 18th year of establishment, Ma appeared on stage and gave a Michael-Jackson-inspired performance. He performed part of "Can You Feel The Love Tonight" at the 2009 Alibaba birthday event while dressed as a heavy metal lead singer.[27] In the same month, Ma also partnered with Sir Li Ka-shing in a joint venture to offer a digital wallet service in Hong Kong.[28]

Ma announced on 10 September 2018 that he will step down as executive chairman of Alibaba Group Holding in the coming year.[29] Ma denied reports that he was forced to step aside by the Chinese government.[30] and stated that he wants to focus on philanthropy through his foundation.[31]

Entertainment career

In 2017, Ma made his acting debut with his first kung fu short film Gong Shou Dao. It was filmed in collaboration with the Double 11 Shopping Carnival Singles' Day. In the same year, he also participated in a singing festival and performed dances during Alibaba's 18th anniversary party.[32][33][34]

Awards and honours

  • In 2004, Ma was honoured as one of the "Top 10 Economic Personalities of the Year" by China Central Television (CCTV).[35]
  • In Sep 2005, the World Economic Forum selected Ma as a "Young Global Leader".[35]
  • Fortune also selected him as one of the "25 Most Powerful Businessperson in Asia" in 2005.[35]
  • Businessweek also selected him as a "Businessperson of the Year" in 2007.[36]
  • In 2008, Barron's featured him as one of the 30 "World's Best CEOs"[37]
  • In May 2009, Time magazine listed Ma as one of the world's 100 most powerful people. In reporting Ma's accomplishments, Adi Ignatius, former Time senior editor and editor-in-chief of the Harvard Business Review, noted that "the Chinese Internet entrepreneur is soft-spoken and elf-like — and he speaks really good English" and remarked that "Taobao.com, Mr. Ma's consumer-auction website, conquered eBay in China."[38] He was also included in this list in 2014.[39]
  • BusinessWeek chose him as one of China's Most Powerful People.[40]
  • Forbes China also selected him as one of the Top 10 Most Respected Entrepreneurs in China by in 2009. Ma received the 2009 CCTV Economic Person of the Year: Business Leaders of the Decade Award.
  • In 2010, Ma was selected by Forbes Asia as one of Asia's Heroes of Philanthropy for his contribution to disaster relief and poverty.[41]
  • In 2011 it was announced that one of his companies had gained control of Alipay, formerly a subsidiary of Alibaba Group, so as to "comply with Chinese law governing payment companies in order to secure a license to continue operating Alipay.[42]
  • Numerous analysts reported that Ma sold Alipay to himself below market value without notifying the board of Alibaba Group or the other major owners Yahoo and Softbank, while Ma stated that Alibaba Group's board of directors were aware of the transaction. The ownership dispute was resolved by Alibaba Group, Yahoo! and Softbank in July 2011.[43]
  • Ma was awarded an honorary doctoral degree by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in November 2013.[44]
  • Ma is a board member of Japan's SoftBank and China's Huayi Brothers Media Corporation. He became a trustee of The Nature Conservancy's China program in 2009 and joined its global board of directors in April 2010.
  • In 2013, he became chairman of the board for The Nature Conservancy's China Program; this was one day after he stepped down from Alibaba as company CEO.[45][46]
  • In 2014, he was ranked as the 30th most powerful person in the world in an annual ranking published by Forbes.[47]
  • In 2015, Asian Award honoured him with the Entrepreneur of the Year award.[48]
  • In 2017, Fortune ranked Ma second on its World's 50 Greatest Leaders list.[49]
  • In 2017, a KPMG survey ranked Ma third in global tech innovation visionary survey.[50]
  • In October 2017, Ma was given an honorary degree of Doctor of Science in Technopreneurship from De La Salle University Manila, Philippines.[51]
  • In May 2018, Ma was given an honorary degree of Doctor of Social Sciences honoris causa in recognition of his contributions to technology, society and the world by University of Hong Kong.[52]
  • In May 2018, Ma received an honorable doctoral degree from professors Yaakov Frenkel and Yaron Oz at the Tel Aviv University in Tel Aviv, Israel.[53]
  • In May 2019, Ma and other 16 influential global figures were appointed by UN Secretary-General Guterres as the new advocates for sustainable development goals. [54]

Views

At the annual general meeting of shareholders for Alibaba.com in May 2010, Ma announced Alibaba Group would begin in 2010 to earmark 0.3% of annual revenue to environmental protection, particularly on water and air-quality improvement projects. Of the future of Alibaba, he has said, "our challenge is to help more people to make healthy money, 'sustainable money', money that is not only good for themselves but also good for the society. That's the transformation we are aiming to make."[55]

In November 2018, the People's Daily identified Ma as a member of the Communist Party of China, something which surprised observers.[56][57][58]

Ma received international criticism after he publicly endorsed the Chinese work practice known as the 996 working hour system.[59]

Philanthropy

Jack Ma is the founder of the Jack Ma Foundation, a philanthropic organization focused on improving education, the environment and public health.[60]

In 2008, Alibaba donated $808,000 to victims of the Sichuan earthquake.[61] In 2009 Jack Ma became a trustee of the Nature Conservancy’s China program, and in 2010 he joined the global Board of Directors of the organization.[62]

In 2015, Alibaba launched a non-profit organization, Alibaba Hong Kong Young Entrepreneurs Foundation, which support Hong Kong entrepreneurs to help them grow their businesses.[63][64] During the same year, the company funded the rebuilding of 1,000 houses damaged by the earthquake-hit in Nepal, and raised money for another 9,000.[65]

In 2019 Jack Ma's foundation started the Netpreneur initiative that grants ten prizes of one million dollars each to ten African entrepreneurs per year[31] and launched a fund with 14.6 million dollars to develop education in Tibet.[66]

References

  1. ^ "Alibaba's Jack Ma is a Communist Party member, China state paper reveals". CNBC. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  2. ^ "Jack Ma". Forbes. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  3. ^ "China will struggle to produce another Jack Ma". The Economist. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
  4. ^ "The World's Most Powerful People". Forbes.
  5. ^ "The World's Billionaires". Forbes.
  6. ^ "How Jack Ma became the role model for startup generation". www.bloomberg.com.
  7. ^ "Theo Epstein". Fortune. 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
  8. ^ "China's richest man Jack Ma to stand down from Alibaba". Margi Murphy. Telegraph. 8 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  9. ^ "Billionaire Jack Ma prepares for life after Alibaba. He'll retire Monday, report says". LULU YILUN CHEN and TOM MACKENZIE. Los Angeles Times. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  10. ^ "Alibaba's Jack Ma, China's richest man, to retire from company he co-founded". The Economic Times. 8 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  11. ^ Choudhury, Saheli. "Alibaba announces Jack Ma succession plan: CEO Daniel Zhang to take over as chairman in a year". CNBC. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  12. ^ "Alibaba founder Jack Ma: 'Harvard rejected me 10 times'". businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
  13. ^ "Jack Ma". Forbes. Retrieved 11 March 2019. [verification needed]
  14. ^ Kalyani Mookherji (2008). Brief biography of Jack Ma. Prabhat Prakashan. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Alibaba Group". News.alibaba.com. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  16. ^ Rose, Charlie (2015-01-29). "Alibaba's Jack Ma on Early Obstacles, His Ambitions". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
  17. ^ Fannin, Rebecca (2008-01-01). "How I Did It: Jack Ma, Alibaba.com". Inc. Magazine. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  18. ^ "Charlie Rose Talks to Alibaba's Jack Ma". Bloomberg.
  19. ^ Clark, Duncan (2016-04-12). Alibaba: The House That Jack Ma Built. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062413420.
  20. ^ "秒拍视频". Miaopai.com. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  21. ^ Barboza, David (August 15, 2005). "New Partner for Yahoo Is a Master at Selling". The New York Times.
  22. ^ Mellor, William (10 November 2014). "Ma 和Says Alibaba Shareholders Should Feel Love, Not No. 3". Bloomberg. Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  23. ^ Popovic, Stevan (May 4, 2014). "Jack Ma: The man leading the Chinese e-commerce market". Hot Topics.
  24. ^ "IPO launch of Alibaba pushed back by a week". ChinaNationalNews.com. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  25. ^ "Company news; Brown-Forman will become 100% owner of Finlandia". Decanter. U.S. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  26. ^ "Alibaba job boom: Jack Ma chats with Trump about how to create 1 million US jobs over 5 years". CNBC. 9 January 2017.
  27. ^ Castillo, Michelle (2017-09-12). "Watch Jack Ma pull off his best Michael Jackson dance moves at the Alibaba birthday celebration". CNBC. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
  28. ^ "Li Ka-shing, Jack Ma Join Forces to Bring Digital Wallet to Hong Kong". Bloomberg.com. 26 September 2017.
  29. ^ "Timing of Jack Ma's retirement minimizes risk for Alibaba".
  30. ^ Lin, Liza. "Alibaba's Jack Ma Denies Beijing Forced Him Out". wsj.com. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  31. ^ a b Cué, Elena (12 June 2019). "Interview with Jack Ma". Alejandra de Argos.
  32. ^ Horwitz, Josh. "Jack Ma is using Singles Day, a symbol of crass commercialism, to revitalize Tai Chi in China". Quartz.
  33. ^ "This could well be the oddest video you'll see this week". NewsComAu.
  34. ^ Ciolli, Joe (13 October 2017). "Billionaire Alibaba CEO Jack Ma sings at surprise music festival appearance". Business Insider Singapore.
  35. ^ a b c "Alibaba.com: A Smiling Community with a Dream" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-15.
  36. ^ "The Best Leaders of 2007 - BusinessWeek". Images.businessweek.com. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  37. ^ "World's Best CEOs 2008". Barrons.com. March 24, 2008.
  38. ^ Ignatius, Adi (30 April 2009). "The 2009 TIME 100: Jack Ma". TIME.com. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  39. ^ "Jack Ma: The World's 100 Most Influential People". TIME.com. Retrieved 2016-07-25.
  40. ^ "China's Most Powerful People 2009". Businessweek.com. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  41. ^ "In Pictures: 48 Heroes of Philanthropy". Forbes. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  42. ^ "Alibaba Group Clarification with Respect to Alipay Status and Related Statements by Yahoo!". Alibaba News. May 13, 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  43. ^ Rusli, Evelyn M. (29 July 2011). "Yahoo and Alibaba Resolve Alipay Dispute". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-07-29.
  44. ^ "Jack Ma Is the Loneliest Billionaire in China". Businessweek.com. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  45. ^ "Faces of Conservation". The Nature Consevancy. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ David Maxwell Braun. "China's Alibaba Group to "mobilize hundreds of millions" for environment". National Geographic (blogs). Archived from the original on 2010-05-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ Howard, Caroline (5 November 2014). "Putin Vs. Obama: The World's Most Powerful People 2014". Forbes. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  48. ^ Wareing, Charlotte (2015-04-17). "Asian Awards 2015: All the winners from the star-studded bash - 3am & Mirror Online". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
  49. ^ "Jack Ma". Fortune. 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
  50. ^ "Alibaba's Jack Ma ranked No 3 in global tech innovation visionary survey by KPMG". SCMP.com. 2017-03-06.
  51. ^ "Chinese billionaire Jack Ma 'extremely humbled' by honorary degree from DLSU".
  52. ^ "HKU to confer honorary degrees upon three outstanding individuals at the 199th Congregation - Press Releases". Hku.hk. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  53. ^ "Jack Ma, founder of Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba, receives honorable doctoral degree in 2013". Pictures.agency.thomsonreuters.com.
  54. ^ "Secretary-General Appoints New Sustainable Development Goals Advocates". UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  55. ^ "An Interview with Jack Ma". Alibaba News. December 6, 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  56. ^ Li, Shan (November 26, 2018). "It's Official: China's E-Commerce King is a Communist". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 26, 2018.[need quotation to verify]
  57. ^ Pandey, Erica (November 26, 2018). "Alibaba's Jack Ma identified as member of China's Communist Party". Axios. Retrieved November 26, 2018. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  58. ^ "Alibaba's Jack Ma is a Communist Party member, China state paper reveals". Reuters. November 26, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  59. ^ "Jack Ma endorses China's controversial 12 hours a day, 6 days a week work culture". CNN. April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  60. ^ "Bloomberg - Are you a robot?". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2018-12-12. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  61. ^ importer (2013-04-22). "Chinese Earthquake -- Corporate Aid Tracker". U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
  62. ^ "Jack Ma". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
  63. ^ "Alibaba Group Backs Young Hong Kong Entrepreneurs". Alizila.com. 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  64. ^ Su, Wiki (2015-02-02). "Alibaba To Establish $129M Hong Kong Young Entrepreneurs Foundation". China Money Network. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  65. ^ Karmali, Naazneen. "Alibaba's Jack Ma Joins Nepali Billionaire Binod Chaudhary's Rebuilding Efforts In Quake-Hit Nepal". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  66. ^ "Jack Ma Foundation to support education in Tibet - Chinadaily.com.cn". China Daily. 26 June 2019.
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