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A protome (Greek προτομή) is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal.^[1]^[2] Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery.^[1]^[3] Protomes were also used in Persian monuments. At Persepolis (ca. 521-465 BCE), an array of stone fluted columns topped by protomes is the distinctive feature of the great hall where the king received guests numbering over 10,000. ^[4]. Bull protomes that combine several different animals are also found at the palace of Adrius I, Susa, Iran. At Susa, pairs of protomes combine several different creatures, known to be fierce or intimidating. These function symbolically and structurally: they symbolize power and cosmic balance, but they also support the ceiling structure. The protome capitals form a socket that holds the roof beams in place.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b "protome | Definition of protome in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
^ Bell, Malcolm (2014). Morgantina Studies, Volume 1: The Terracottas. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
^ Hidden Treasures from the National Museum. Kabul, Tillya Tepe Tomb III page 262 item 178
^ Kleiner, Fred S. (2018). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (16th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 51. ISBN 9781337696739.
^ Kleiner, Fred S. (2018). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (16th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 52. ISBN 9781337696739.

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[:0-1] "protome | Definition of protome in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2018-10-04.

[2] Bell, Malcolm (2014). Morgantina Studies, Volume 1: The Terracottas. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

[3] Hidden Treasures from the National Museum. Kabul, Tillya Tepe Tomb III page 262 item 178

[4] Kleiner, Fred S. (2018). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (16th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 51. ISBN 9781337696739.

[5] Kleiner, Fred S. (2018). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (16th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 52. ISBN 9781337696739.

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 [[File:Cathedral of St. Jacob (33).JPG|thumb|Carved head on the Cathedral of St. Jacob in Šibenik, Croatia; carved in the 15th century by Juraj Dalmatinac]]
-A '''protome''' (Greek προτομή) is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/protome|title=protome {{!}} Definition of protome in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Morgantina Studies, Volume 1: The Terracottas|last=Bell|first=Malcolm|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=|location=New Jersey|pages=}}</ref> Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hidden Treasures from the National Museum. Kabul, Tillya Tepe Tomb III page 262 item 178</ref> Protomes were also used in Persian monuments. At Persepolis (ca. 521-465 BCE), an array of stone fluted columns topped by protomes is the distinctive feature of the great hall where the king received guests numbering over 10,000. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=9781337696739 |page=51 |edition=16th}}</ref>. Bull protomes that combine several different animals are also found at the palace of Adrius I, Susa, Iran. At Susa, the protomes not only serve to symbolize power and cosmic balance, they also have a structural function. The protome capitals form a socket that holds the roof beams in place.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=9781337696739 |page=52 |edition=16th}}</ref>
+A '''protome''' (Greek προτομή) is a type of adornment that takes the form of the head and upper torso of either a human or an animal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/protome|title=protome {{!}} Definition of protome in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Morgantina Studies, Volume 1: The Terracottas|last=Bell|first=Malcolm|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=|location=New Jersey|pages=}}</ref> Protomes were often used to decorate ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and pottery.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hidden Treasures from the National Museum. Kabul, Tillya Tepe Tomb III page 262 item 178</ref> Protomes were also used in Persian monuments. At Persepolis (ca. 521-465 BCE), an array of stone fluted columns topped by protomes is the distinctive feature of the great hall where the king received guests numbering over 10,000. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=9781337696739 |page=51 |edition=16th}}</ref>. Bull protomes that combine several different animals are also found at the palace of Adrius I, Susa, Iran. At Susa, pairs of protomes combine several different creatures, known to be fierce or intimidating. These function symbolically and structurally: they symbolize power and cosmic balance, but they also support the ceiling structure. The protome capitals form a socket that holds the roof beams in place.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History |date=2018 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=9781337696739 |page=52 |edition=16th}}</ref>
 == References ==