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* 1875 [[Victor Charles Hanot]] described cirrhotic jaundice and other diseases of the liver<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/598.html |title=Victor Charles Hanot (www.whonamedit.com) |accessdate=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* 1875 [[Victor Charles Hanot]] described cirrhotic jaundice and other diseases of the liver<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/598.html |title=Victor Charles Hanot (www.whonamedit.com) |accessdate=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* In 1958, Moore developed a standard technique for [[Canidae|canine]] [[orthotopic]] [[liver transplantation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2840.htm |title=eMedicine - History of Pediatric Liver Transplantation : Article by Beth A Carter, MD |accessdate=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* In 1958, Moore developed a standard technique for [[Canidae|canine]] [[orthotopic]] [[liver transplantation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2840.htm |title=eMedicine - History of Pediatric Liver Transplantation : Article by Beth A Carter, MD |accessdate=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* The first human liver transplant was performed in 1963 by Dr. [[Thomas Starzl|Thomas E. Starzl]] on a three-year-old male afflicted with biliary atresia after perfecting the technique on canine livers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emoryhealthcare.org/departments/Transplant/liver-transplant/History.html |title=History of Liver Transplantation |accessdate=8 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830002039/http://www.emoryhealthcare.org/departments/Transplant/liver-transplant/History.html |archivedate=August 30, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=4|author=STARZL TE|author2=MARCHIORO TL|author3=VONKAULLA KN|author4=HERMANN G|author5=BRITTAIN RS|author6=WADDELL WR |title=Homotransplantation Of The Liver In Humans |journal=Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics |volume=117 |pages=659–76 |date=1963 |pmid=14100514 |pmc=2634660}}</ref>
* The first human liver transplant was performed in 1963 by Dr. [[Thomas Starzl|Thomas E. Starzl]] on a three-year-old male afflicted with biliary atresia after perfecting the technique on canine livers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emoryhealthcare.org/departments/Transplant/liver-transplant/History.html |title=History of Liver Transplantation |accessdate=8 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830002039/http://www.emoryhealthcare.org/departments/Transplant/liver-transplant/History.html |archivedate=August 30, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=4|author=STARZL TE|author2=MARCHIORO TL|author3=VONKAULLA KN|author4=HERMANN G|author5=BRITTAIN RS|author6=WADDELL WR |title=Homotransplantation Of The Liver In Humans |journal=Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics |volume=117 |pages=659–76 |date=1963 |pmid=14100514 |pmc=2634660}}</ref>
* [[Baruch S. Blumberg]] discovered hepatitis B virus in 1966 and developed the first vaccine against it 1969. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/blumberg-autobio.html |title=Baruch S. Blumberg - Autobiography |accessdate=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Baruch S. Blumberg]] discovered hepatitis B virus in 1966 and developed the first vaccine against it 1969. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/blumberg-autobio.html |title=Baruch S. Blumberg - Autobiography |accessdate=18 May 2007 }}</ref>
* In 1989, investigators from the CDC ([[Daniel W. Bradley]]) and Chiron ([[Michael Houghton (virologist)|Michael Houghton]]) identified the hepatitis C virus, which had previously been known as non-A, non-B hepatitis and could not be detected in the blood supply.<ref name="hcvadvocate.org">[http://www.hcvadvocate.org/hepatitis/factsheets_pdf/Brief_History_HCV_10.pdf Brief_History_HCV_10.pdf]</ref>
* In 1989, investigators from the CDC ([[Daniel W. Bradley]]) and Chiron ([[Michael Houghton (virologist)|Michael Houghton]]) identified the hepatitis C virus, which had previously been known as non-A, non-B hepatitis and could not be detected in the blood supply.<ref name="hcvadvocate.org">[http://www.hcvadvocate.org/hepatitis/factsheets_pdf/Brief_History_HCV_10.pdf Brief_History_HCV_10.pdf]</ref>

Revision as of 05:57, 20 September 2019

This article is about the branch of internal medicine. For the compound literary or narrative work, see heptalogy. For the study of amphibians, see herpetology. For the journal, see Hepatology (journal).
Hepatologist
Occupation
NamesDoctor, Medical Specialist
Occupation type
Specialty
Activity sectors
Medicine
Description
Education required
Fields of
employment
Hospitals, clinics
Fluoroscopic image of common bile duct

Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as management of their disorders. Although traditionally considered a sub-specialty of gastroenterology, rapid expansion has led in some countries to doctors specializing solely on this area, who are called hepatologists.

Diseases and complications related to viral hepatitis and alcohol are the main reason for seeking specialist advice. More than two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus at some point in their life, and approximately 350 million have become persistent carriers.[1] Up to 80% of liver cancers can be attributed to either hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. In terms of mortality, the former is second only to smoking among known agents causing cancer. With more widespread implementation of vaccination and strict screening before blood transfusion, lower infection rates are expected in the future.[citation needed] In many countries however, overall alcohol consumption is increasing, and consequently the number of people with cirrhosis and other related complications is commensurately increasing.[citation needed]

Schematic diagram of hepato-biliary system

Scope of specialty

As for many medical specialties, patients are most likely to be referred by family physicians (i.e., GP) or by physicians from different disciplines. The reasons might be:

History

Dr. B Blumberg, awarded Nobel prize 1976 for discovery of hepatitis B virus

Evidence from autopsies on Egyptian mummies suggests that liver damage from the parasitic infection bilharziasis was widespread in the ancient society.[2] It is possible that the Greeks may have been aware of the liver's ability to exponentially duplicate as illustrated by the story of Prometheus. However, knowledge about liver disease in antiquity is questionable. Most of the important advances in the field have been made in the last 50 years.[when?]

The word hepatology is from Ancient Greek ἧπαρ (hepar) or ἡπατο- (hepato-), meaning "liver", and -λογία (-logia), meaning "study".

Disease classification

1. International Classification of Disease (ICD 2007) – WHO classification:

2. MeSH (medical subject heading):sam

  • G02.403.776.409.405 same as "Gastroenterology"[14]
  • C06.552 Liver Diseases[15]
  • C06.130 Biliary Tract Diseases[16]
  • C06.689 Pancreatic diseases[17]

3. National Library of Medicine Catalogue[18]

  • WI 700-740 Liver and biliary tree Diseases[19]
  • WI 800-830 Pancrease[20]

Also see Hepato-biliary diseases

Important procedures

References

  1. ^ "WHO | Hepatitis B". Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  2. ^ Rosalie David A, Contis G (1996). "Paleopathology on schistosomiasis in Egyptian mummies". Parasitol. Today (Regul. Ed.). 12 (4): 167. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(96)80811-8. PMID 15275234.
  3. ^ aphorisms.mb.txt Archived 2005-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "History of Liver, Gallbladder, and Spleen". Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  5. ^ a b H S.J. Lee, ed. (1999). Dates in Gastroenterology: A Chronological Record of Progress in Gastroenterology over the Last Millennium (Landmarks in Medicine). Informa Healthcare. ISBN 1-85070-502-X.
  6. ^ Moodley J; Singh B; Lalloo S; Pershad S; et al. (2001). "Non-operative management of haemobilia". The British Journal of Surgery. 88 (8): 1073–76. doi:10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01825.x. PMID 11488792.
  7. ^ "Victor Charles Hanot (www.whonamedit.com)". Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  8. ^ "eMedicine - History of Pediatric Liver Transplantation : Article by Beth A Carter, MD". Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  9. ^ "History of Liver Transplantation". Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  10. ^ STARZL TE; MARCHIORO TL; VONKAULLA KN; HERMANN G; et al. (1963). "Homotransplantation Of The Liver In Humans". Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics. 117: 659–76. PMC 2634660. PMID 14100514.
  11. ^ "Baruch S. Blumberg - Autobiography". Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  12. ^ a b Brief_History_HCV_10.pdf
  13. ^ [1]
  14. ^ G02.403.776.409.405 same as "Gastroenterology"
  15. ^ "Liver Diseases". nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  16. ^ "Biliary Tract Diseases". nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  17. ^ "Pancreatic Diseases". nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  18. ^ "NLM Classification Home Page". nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  19. ^ WI 700-740 Liver and biliary tree Diseases
  20. ^ WI 800-830 Pancrease
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