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m ETI 14trSF 40ft. trolley buses were officially retired as of 9/7/2019 due to battery issues!
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The 14TrSF displaced the prior Flyer E800 fleet, and the 15TrSF complemented the Flyer E60s. After the initial deployment of the ETI trolleybuses in 2002, the nuts securing the brakes to the axle were found to be loose.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/Wayward-nuts-put-Muni-in-a-bind-over-new-coaches-2640260.php |title=Wayward nuts put Muni in a bind over new coaches |author1=Matier, Phillip |author2=Ross, Andrew |date=January 20, 2003 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> By January 2010, the exclusively [[high-floor]] Muni trolleybus fleet included 313 serviceable vehicles, comprising three different types, of which 240 were 40-foot conventional (two-axle) units, the ETI 14TrSF, and 73 were 60-foot [[articulated bus]]es, 33 ETI 15TrSF and 40 [[New Flyer]] [[New Flyer High Floor|E60]] vehicles built in 1993–94.<ref name="trolleymotion" /><ref name="tm293">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 293 (September–October 2010), p. 116. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{ISSN|0266-7452}}.</ref><ref name=2010-FleetMgmt>{{cite report |url=https://archives.sfmta.com/cms/rhome/documents/2010FleetPlan_MainText-FinalAccessible.pdf#page=7 |title=2010 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan |date=April 2011 |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>{{rp|5–6}} Parts for the ETI trolleybuses needed to be shipped from the Czech Republic, increasing the time spent out of service.<ref name=2010-FleetMgmt/>{{rp|28–29}}
The 14TrSF displaced the prior Flyer E800 fleet, and the 15TrSF complemented the Flyer E60s. After the initial deployment of the ETI trolleybuses in 2002, the nuts securing the brakes to the axle were found to be loose.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/Wayward-nuts-put-Muni-in-a-bind-over-new-coaches-2640260.php |title=Wayward nuts put Muni in a bind over new coaches |author1=Matier, Phillip |author2=Ross, Andrew |date=January 20, 2003 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> By January 2010, the exclusively [[high-floor]] Muni trolleybus fleet included 313 serviceable vehicles, comprising three different types, of which 240 were 40-foot conventional (two-axle) units, the ETI 14TrSF, and 73 were 60-foot [[articulated bus]]es, 33 ETI 15TrSF and 40 [[New Flyer]] [[New Flyer High Floor|E60]] vehicles built in 1993–94.<ref name="trolleymotion" /><ref name="tm293">''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 293 (September–October 2010), p. 116. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{ISSN|0266-7452}}.</ref><ref name=2010-FleetMgmt>{{cite report |url=https://archives.sfmta.com/cms/rhome/documents/2010FleetPlan_MainText-FinalAccessible.pdf#page=7 |title=2010 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan |date=April 2011 |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>{{rp|5–6}} Parts for the ETI trolleybuses needed to be shipped from the Czech Republic, increasing the time spent out of service.<ref name=2010-FleetMgmt/>{{rp|28–29}}


The MDBF of the ETI 14TrSF and 15TrSF trolleybuses was approximately {{convert|2000|mi}} for January 2011 and 2012.<ref name=Reliability-2012/> However, as they aged, the ETI trolleybuses were temporarily pulled from service for repairs after several caught fire in 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Service-restored-after-Muni-trolley-bus-fires-6703178.php |title=Service restored after Muni trolley bus fires spur inspections |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=December 16, 2015 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> In a separate incident that occurred in 2016, the traction motor control circuit failed on ETI 14TrSF No.&nbsp;5623 and the bus failed to respond to both the brake pedal and the emergency brake, rear-ending a parked delivery truck.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/muni-to-replace-malfunctioning-buses-after-computer-error-led-to-crash/ |title=Muni to replace malfunctioning buses after computer error led to crash |author=Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald |date=October 7, 2016 |newspaper=San Francisco Examiner |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Computer-error-killed-the-brakes-in-SF-Muni-bus-9952296.php |title=Computer error killed brakes in SF Muni bus crash |author=Tucker, Jill |date=October 8, 2016 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> By 2017, the 14TrSF fleet had aged to a point where they were collectively responsible for nearly half of all Muni service delays resulting from mechanical failures.<ref name=SFE-170418/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/munis-newest-buses-break-down-less-often-data-shows/ |title=Muni's newest buses break down less often, data shows |author=Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald |date=March 25, 2016 |newspaper=San Francisco Examiner |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref>
The MDBF of the ETI 14TrSF and 15TrSF trolleybuses was approximately {{convert|2000|mi}} for January 2011 and 2012.<ref name=Reliability-2012/> However, as they aged, the ETI trolleybuses were temporarily pulled from service for repairs after several caught fire in 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Service-restored-after-Muni-trolley-bus-fires-6703178.php |title=Service restored after Muni trolley bus fires spur inspections |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=December 16, 2015 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=30 January 2019}}</ref> In a separate incident that occurred in 2016, the traction motor control circuit failed on ETI 14TrSF No.&nbsp;5623 and the bus failed to respond to both the brake pedal and the emergency brake, rear-ending a parked delivery truck.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/muni-to-replace-malfunctioning-buses-after-computer-error-led-to-crash/ |title=Muni to replace malfunctioning buses after computer error led to crash |author=Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald |date=October 7, 2016 |newspaper=San Francisco Examiner |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Computer-error-killed-the-brakes-in-SF-Muni-bus-9952296.php |title=Computer error killed brakes in SF Muni bus crash |author=Tucker, Jill |date=October 8, 2016 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> By 2017, the 14TrSF fleet had aged to a point where they were collectively responsible for nearly half of all Muni service delays resulting from mechanical failures. The last 46 units ETI 14TrSF were officially retired as of September 7, 2019 due to battery issues. <ref name=SFE-170418/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/munis-newest-buses-break-down-less-often-data-shows/ |title=Muni's newest buses break down less often, data shows |author=Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald |date=March 25, 2016 |newspaper=San Francisco Examiner |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref>


===Return to New Flyer===
===Return to New Flyer===
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===Current fleet===
===Current fleet===
The present fleet includes {{convert|40|feet|adj=on}} trolleybuses and {{convert|60|feet|adj=on}} articulated trolleybuses. Trolleybuses are assigned to Potrero and Presidio Divisions, with the 60-foot articulated trolleybuses operating exclusively from Potrero.<ref name=2010-FleetMgmt/>{{rp|39–40}}
The present fleet includes {{convert|40|feet|adj=on}} low floor trolleybuses and {{convert|60|feet|adj=on}} articulated trolleybuses. Trolleybuses are assigned to Potrero and Presidio Divisions, with the 60-foot articulated trolleybuses operating exclusively from Potrero.<ref name=2010-FleetMgmt/>{{rp|39–40}}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Fleet numbers || Quantity || Manufacturer || Propulsion || Model || Configuration || Year built || Image
! Fleet numbers || Quantity || Manufacturer || Propulsion || Model || Configuration || Year built || Image
!Notes
!Notes
|-
| 5401–5640 || 240 || [[Electric Transit, Inc.]] (ETI)<br /> ([[Škoda Works|Škoda]]/[[AAI Corporation|AAI Corp.]])|| [[Škoda Electric]] || 14TrSF || 40' [[Rigid bus|conventional]] || 1999 (first two), 2001–2004
| [[File:MUNI 5589.JPG|125px]]
| style="font-size:85%;" | 81 coaches retired.
Presidio division: 5496-5640

Potrero division: 5401-5495

Being retired, some units used as reserve fleet out of Presidio.
|-
|-
|7201–7260
|7201–7260
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| [[Vossloh Kiepe]] || 14TrSF || 40' Conv || 1999–2003
| [[Vossloh Kiepe]] || 14TrSF || 40' Conv || 1999–2003
| [[File:San Francisco, Škoda 14TrSF (2).jpg|125px]]
| [[File:San Francisco, Škoda 14TrSF (2).jpg|125px]]
| {{efn|Retirement ongoing. {{as of|2018}}, 81 units retired.}} || Unknown
| {{efn|Retirement ongoing. {{as of|2018}}, 81 units retired.}}2019 || Unknown
| <ref name=SFMTA-2014-plan>{{cite report |url=https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/2014%20Transit%20Fleet%20Management%20Plan_Web.pdf#page=14 |title=2014 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan |chapter=Appendix B: Vehicle Replacement and Procurement |page=14 |author= |date=March 2014 |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/agendaitems/2017/5-4-17%20CAC%20FY2017-2030%20Short%20Range%20Transit%20Plan.pdf#page=72 |title=Short Range Transit Plan: Fiscal Year 2017 - Fiscal Year 2030 |chapter=Table 28. FY 2017 SFMTA Transit Fleet Inventory |page=72 |author= |date=2017 |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref>
| <ref name=SFMTA-2014-plan>{{cite report |url=https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/2014%20Transit%20Fleet%20Management%20Plan_Web.pdf#page=14 |title=2014 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan |chapter=Appendix B: Vehicle Replacement and Procurement |page=14 |author= |date=March 2014 |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/agendaitems/2017/5-4-17%20CAC%20FY2017-2030%20Short%20Range%20Transit%20Plan.pdf#page=72 |title=Short Range Transit Plan: Fiscal Year 2017 - Fiscal Year 2030 |chapter=Table 28. FY 2017 SFMTA Transit Fleet Inventory |page=72 |author= |date=2017 |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
|-

Revision as of 15:15, 20 September 2019

San Francisco
trolleybus system
XT60 trolleybus on route 5 in December 2017
Operation
LocaleSan Francisco, California, United States
OpenNovember 6, 1935 (1935-11-06)
StatusOpen
Routes15
Operator(s)Market Street Railway
(1935–1944)
San Francisco Municipal Railway
(1941–present)
Infrastructure
Electrification600 V DC parallel overhead lines
Depot(s)Potrero
Presidio
Stockapprox. 300
Statistics
2018158,200[1]
Websitehttps://www.sfmta.com/ SFMTA

The San Francisco trolleybus system forms part of the public transportation network serving San Francisco, in the state of California, United States. Opened on October 6, 1935,[2] it presently comprises 15 lines, and is operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway, commonly known as Muni (or the Muni), with around 300 trolleybuses. In San Francisco, these vehicles are also known as "trolley coaches", a term that was the most common name for trolleybuses in the United States in the middle decades of the 20th century.

The Muni trolley bus system is complementary to the city-owned Muni bus services, Muni Metro and cable car system and the rail-bound regional Caltrain and Bay Area Rapid Transit systems. In addition, it shares some of its overhead wires with the F Market & Wharves streetcar line.

One of only five such systems currently operating in the U.S.,[3] the Muni trolley bus system is the second-largest such system in the Western Hemisphere, after that of Mexico City. The system includes the single steepest known grade on any existing trolley bus line in the world[4][5][6][7] (22.8% in the block of Noe Street between Cesar Chavez Street and 26th Street on route 24-Divisadero),[4][6][8] and several other sections of Muni trolley bus routes are among the world's steepest.[9]

History

Preserved Muni trolleybus 776 photographed in 2012 at Market and Clayton on the original No. 33 trolleybus route established by Market Street Railway in 1935.

Long a hub of streetcar development, San Francisco already had much of the overhead wire infrastructure necessary to deploy trolleybus service on existing city streets. A city ordinance requiring streetcars to use two operators also served to encourage trolleybus deployment.[10]: 40  In April 1934, Col. Jno H. Skeggs of the State Highway Department urged the conversion of the No. 33 Line streetcar to "trackless trolley",[11] as some of the tracks would have to be taken up for the construction of the Bay Bridge. By early August of that year, the Market Street Railway Company (MSRy), successor to the URR, applied to the State Railroad Commission to operate the first trackless trolley system in California;[12] permission was granted by August 30,[13] and the first trolleybus service started on October 6, 1935, using 9 coaches built by Brill.[10]: 39, 44  The No. 33 Line had been originally established in 1892 by the San Francisco & San Mateo Railway Company as the 18th and Park or 18th Street Branch route. That route initially ran along 18th from Guerrero to Douglass before being extended to Frederick and Ashbury including a sharp hairpin turn on the lower slopes of Twin Peaks at Market and Clayton by May 1894.[14] At the time of conversion, the No. 33 streetcar operated between Third & Harrison (Downtown) and Waller & Stanyan (Golden Gate Park),[12] a round trip of 10.2 miles (16.4 km).[10]: 44  The current 33-Ashbury trolleybus route still runs on a portion of that route.[15] After riding the trackless trolley, the editor of the San Bernardino Sun published a rumor that all streetcar service would eventually be replaced with trolleybuses.[16]

Overhead wires for trolleybuses, viewed southwest along the south side of Howard Street, near Moscone Center. Photograph by Carol Highsmith (2012).

On September 7, 1941, Muni introduced its first trolleybus line to compete with MSRy, the R-Howard line, using vehicles built by the St. Louis Car Company.[10]: 42  R-Howard was built on the original route of the sparsely ridden No. 35 streetcar line; MSRy's franchise to operate the No. 35 had expired at the end of the 1930s.[17] The R-Howard line was introduced specifically so that Muni could undercut MSRy's prices on its parallel routes on Mission Street.[10]: 42  The 35-Howard line originally ran from the Ferry Building along Howard, South Van Ness, and 24th to that street's intersection with Rhode Island.[18] The routing for R-Howard followed a similar path from Howard & Beale along Howard and South Van Ness to South Van Ness & Army (now named Cesar Chavez). Although the overhead wires are still present along Howard, they are not used in revenue service.[17] The present-day 14-Mission trolleybus route runs along Mission, parallel to the original R-Howard route on Howard.[19] By 1944, the MSRy was in financial difficulties. Thus, at 5 am on September 29, 1944, Muni acquired its commercial competitor. Along with the routes and equipment, Muni adopted its competitor's more expensive seven-cent fare ($1.45 adjusted for inflation).[2] At the time, the R-Howard line used 9 trolleybuses over a 6.8 miles (10.9 km) route (round-trip).[10]: 44 

Muni trolleybus wires at McAllister & Divisadero streets.

The city attorney's office had ruled that using trolleybuses instead of streetcars was not abandonment of service; this opinion would eventually be overturned in 1959,[10]: 46  but not before Muni followed national trends in replacing most of its streetcar rail lines with trolleybus service in the 1940s and 1950s. The E-Union line was the first to be replaced with trolleybus service, which combined the route with R-Howard as the E-Union-Howard. Trolleybus operation on the new E line commenced on June 9, 1947; it was redesignated in 1949 and survives as the 41-Union.[10]: 45  8-Market was converted to trolleybus service in 1948.[10]: 46  The deployment of new "trackless trolleys" was greatly expanded on July 3, 1949, when Muni rolled out trolleybus service to replace five former MSRy lines,[10]: 46  including the 21-Hayes and 5-McAllister streetcar lines.[20] In total, fourteen streetcar lines were converted to trolleybus service by 1951.[2] With the closure of the B-Geary line on December 29, 1956,[10]: 48  only five lines with dedicated rights-of-way (including those running through the Twin Peaks and Sunset tunnels) continued as rail-based streetcar lines. Those five lines ran 1940s-era PCC streetcars through the 1970s and were subsequently converted to the Muni Metro light rail system using Boeing-Vertol SLRVs.[10]: 48–49, 56 

Grade

While many municipalities further converted their trolleybus systems to diesel buses during the middle of the 20th century, San Francisco maintained trolleybuses due to their ability to climb the city's notably steep grades and because electricity was available at extremely low cost from the city-owned O'Shaughnessy Dam.[10]: 46  [21] Muni has stated that it is impossible for some lines to be replaced by regular buses.[22] The system includes the single steepest known grade on any existing trolley bus line in the world,[4][5][6][7] specifically 22.8% in the block of Noe Street between Cesar Chavez Street and 26th Street on route 24-Divisadero,[4][6][23] and several other sections of Muni trolley bus routes are among the world's steepest.[9]

ETI 14TrSF trolleybus climbs Nob Hill along Sacramento near Powell in 2007, a 17% grade

On December 16, 1981, the 55-Sacramento line was converted from diesel motor coach service to the 1-California trolleybus specifically to power the westward climb on Sacramento up Nob Hill.[2] Before dieselization, the line had been operated using cable cars. At the time, Muni was also facing a severe shortage of available diesel motor coaches due to age and deferred maintenance, which would lead to the conversion of the 45-Greenwich diesel bus service to the 45-Union-Van Ness trolleybus in 1982 as a temporary experiment later made permanent.[10]: 59–60  In 1993, 31-Balboa was partially converted to trolleybus service, with full implementation delayed until 1994, when accessible Flyer E60 trolleybuses became available.[10]: 74–75, 78  Coming full circle, at the end of 1995 the 8-Market trolleybus line was replaced by the F-Market & Wharves streetcar line using refurbished PCCs. The overwhelming popularity of the new F line allowed Muni to reduce the frequency of and then discontinue 8-Market.[10]: 81 

Approximately 1⁄3 of the daily riders on Muni are carried on trolleybuses;[24] in 2010, that was 227,000 passenger boardings per weekday.[25]: 5 

Lines

Trolley buses currently operate the following Muni routes:[26]

Line Routing Division Notes
1 California Drumm Street – California Street – 33rd Avenue/Geary Presidio
2 Sutter/Clement (Short turn) Ferry Plaza – Sutter Street – Presidio Avenue Presidio Only short turn buses, operated during weekday peak hours, are operated with trolley coaches.
3 Jackson Sutter Street – Jackson Street – Presidio Avenue Presidio
5 Fulton Transbay Terminal – Fulton Street – La Playa/Ocean Beach Potrero Trolley coaches used during weekend and weekday hours when 5R is not in operation.
5R Fulton Rapid Operates weekdays 7am-7pm using articulated 60 foot trolleybuses
6 Haight-Parnassus Ferry Plaza - Haight Street – Parnassus Street – Quintara Street Potrero
14 Mission Ferry Plaza – Mission Street – San Jose Avenue/Daly City Potrero
21 Hayes Ferry Plaza – Hayes Street – Stanyan/Fulton Presidio
22 Fillmore 3rd St./20th – Fillmore Street – Marina Boulevard Potrero Construction starts in fall 2018 for re-routing to Third Street in Mission Bay[27]
24 Divisadero Jackson Street – Divisadero Street – Oakdale/Palou/3rd Street Presidio
30 Stockton Caltrain Depot – Stockton Street – Broderick/Jefferson Loop Potrero
31 Balboa Ferry Plaza – Balboa Street – La Playa/Ocean Beach Presidio
33 Ashbury-18th Street Maple Street – Ashbury Street - 18th Street – Potrero/25th Street Presidio
41 Union Lyon/Greenwich - Union Street – Columbus Avenue – Howard/Main Presidio Operates only during rush hour.
45 Union-Stockton Lyon/Greenwich - Union Street – Stockton Street – Caltrain Depot Presidio
49 Van Ness-Mission North Point Street – Van Ness Avenue – Mission Street – City College Potrero Dieselized until 2021 due to Van Ness Bus Rapid Transit construction.[28]

Fleet

Muni Marmon-Herrington trolleybus in front of the Ferry Building on Market (1953)

Since the start of service in 1935 (on the Market Street Railway system), the San Francisco trolleybus system fleet has included vehicles built by many different manufacturers, including the J. G. Brill Company, the St. Louis Car Company, Marmon-Herrington, Twin Coach, Flyer Industries (now New Flyer), and Electric Transit.[29]

Early fleet (Brill, St. Louis)

Market Street Railway was the first transit organization in San Francisco to run trackless trolleys, using nine coaches built by Brill in 1935 for the 33 line, numbered 51–59. Each Brill was 33 ft (10 m) long and seated 37; approximately half used traction motors from General Electric (GE) and the other half used Westinghouse (WH) motors. Shortly after Muni assumed MSRy's operations in 1944, the Brill coaches were replaced by newer trolleybuses built for Muni and transferred to supplemental rush hour service by 1946. All of the Brill coaches were scrapped by 1954.[30]

The oldest remaining trolleybus in San Francisco is the St. Louis-built No. 506, photographed in 2012.

Muni commissioned its first trolleybuses in 1941 from the St. Louis Car Company; these were 40-seat coaches. Like the earlier Brills built for MSRy, the first set of nine St. Louis coaches used motors from GE and Westinghouse. These coaches, numbered 501–509, went into service on the R-Howard Line. A second order in 1947 for 16 slightly larger coaches completed the first fleet of 25 coaches for Muni.[31]

Replacing streetcars (Marmon, Twin Coach, St. Louis)

The Muni trackless trolley fleet was expanded starting in 1947 as streetcar service was being replaced. Muni primarily purchased trolleybuses from Marmon-Harrington in three different sizes: the "Baby Marmons" in 1947 (Model TC40, numbered 526–549, 40 seats), followed by "Medium Marmons" in 1949 (Model TC44, numbered 550–569 and 660–739, 44 seats), and finally "Large Marmons" in 1950 (Model TC48, numbered 740–849, 48 seats).The Baby Marmons were relegated to supplemental service by 1954 and retired by 1961; most were scrapped, with few exceptions, by 1969.[32]

Flyer no. 5300 and its predecessor, Marmon-built no. 776 (originally 786), photographed at Heritage Weekend in 2017

In addition, Muni ordered 90 trolleybuses from Twin Coach comparable to the Medium Marmons in 1949 (Model 44TTW, numbered 570–659, 44 seats).[33] The final expansion of the trolleybus fleet in the 1950s was accomplished by purchasing 40 48-seat coaches from the St. Louis Car Company in the early 1950s.[34] The mixed fleet of Medium and Large Marmon, Twin Coach, and St. Louis trolleybuses would serve Muni throughout the 1960s and well into the 1970s; by the time Muni was ready to replace its trolleybuses, however, no American manufacturer was willing to build a new trolleybus. Muni turned to Flyer Industries, a Canadian manufacturer who was still building trolleybuses for their domestic market.[35]

Flyer and New Flyer

A 47 Van Ness Muni Flyer E800 trolley bus exiting service, 1983

By 1977, with the delivery of more than 300 Flyer E800 trolleybuses, Muni was able to retire its existing fleet of trolleybuses; the newest of those (outside the Flyers) was by then more than 25 years old. A significant portion of the legacy Marmon/St. Louis fleet was sold to Mexico City.[29]

As the fleet of Flyer trolleybuses aged, reliability declined. In 1991, the fleet of Flyer E800 trolleybuses traveled a mean distance of 2,000 mi (3,200 km) between failures (MDBF). By 1995, the MDBF had fallen to just 600 mi (970 km), and each breakdown was taking an average of 41⁄4 days to fix, often compounded by the unavailability of parts for the E800s, which were nearly 20 years old at that point.[24] In addition, a number of incidents where poles had detached from the wires and subsequently struck pedestrians and vehicles gained publicity at the time.[36]

In 1993, Muni procured a fleet of 60 New Flyer E60s, that agency's first use of articulated trolleybuses.[25][37] Muni was the only customer for the E60 trolleybus variant of the New Flyer Galaxy; a prototype was built in 1992 and numbered 7000 for evaluation before the larger purchase was completed.[38] The New Flyer E60 fleet subsequently were blamed for increasing the fleet accident rate. By 1996, the fleet average was 12.5 accidents per 100,000 mi (160,000 km) traveled; in comparison, the E60 rate was 26 accidents over the same distance. They gained a reputation as the most difficult buses in drive system-wide, and were often driven by the least experienced drivers, as their increased capacity meant they were used on the busiest lines, which were relegated to drivers with the least seniority.[39]

In 2001, the first known trolleybus fire occurred aboard No. 5204, a Flyer E800 that was over 20 years old. At that point, procurement of the successor ETI 14TrSF replacement vehicles was already underway.[40]

Flyer E60 at Market & Main (2011)

The reliability of the New Flyer E60s suffered as they aged, achieving a MDBF of approximately 500 miles (800 km) in January 2011 and January 2012.[41] 20 of the 60 originally ordered had been retired by 2010.[25] At that time, the New Flyer E60 fleet was approaching 20 years old, and buses were breaking down, on average, once every five days.[42] 12 New Flyer E60s were retired in early 2013,[43][44]: 5  and the remaining 28 E60s were retired in early January 2015.[45]

Electric Transit, Inc.

The Electric Transit, Inc. (ETI) trolleybuses were delivered between 2001 and 2003, and came in two different models: 240 40-foot units (model 14TrSF) and 33 articulated 60-foot units (model 15TrSF), specially derived from the Škoda 14Tr and 15Tr, respectively, for use on the Muni system. The suffix SF in the two ETI model numbers stands for San Francisco.[46] During testing, the new ETI trolleybuses were compared to a "luxury car" by one driver, and touted features included a new pneumatic system to raise and lower trolley poles and an on-board battery to allow off-wire operation for up to 2+1⁄2 mi (4.0 km).[47] However, the new ETI trolleybuses proved to be overweight during testing.[46]

ETI 14TrSF at Presidio Division (2008)

Domesticated 14Tr trolleybuses that had been delivered earlier to Miami Valley RTA had some electrical issues related to the auxiliary power unit enabling off-wire operation; the cost of fixing those issues forced ETI to ask for a cash advance on its contract with Muni in 1999.[48] The ETI trolleybuses were assembled at Pier 15;[46] manufacturing started in the Czech Republic with frames, motors and controls, continued in Hunt Valley, Maryland, where the body, paint, under-flooring and wiring were added, and finished in San Francisco.[49] The manufacturing activities were designed to meet "Buy America" regulations required for vehicles procured using federal assistance.[48]

ETI 15TrSF

The 14TrSF displaced the prior Flyer E800 fleet, and the 15TrSF complemented the Flyer E60s. After the initial deployment of the ETI trolleybuses in 2002, the nuts securing the brakes to the axle were found to be loose.[50] By January 2010, the exclusively high-floor Muni trolleybus fleet included 313 serviceable vehicles, comprising three different types, of which 240 were 40-foot conventional (two-axle) units, the ETI 14TrSF, and 73 were 60-foot articulated buses, 33 ETI 15TrSF and 40 New Flyer E60 vehicles built in 1993–94.[26][51][25]: 5–6  Parts for the ETI trolleybuses needed to be shipped from the Czech Republic, increasing the time spent out of service.[25]: 28–29 

The MDBF of the ETI 14TrSF and 15TrSF trolleybuses was approximately 2,000 miles (3,200 km) for January 2011 and 2012.[41] However, as they aged, the ETI trolleybuses were temporarily pulled from service for repairs after several caught fire in 2014 and 2015.[52] In a separate incident that occurred in 2016, the traction motor control circuit failed on ETI 14TrSF No. 5623 and the bus failed to respond to both the brake pedal and the emergency brake, rear-ending a parked delivery truck.[53][54] By 2017, the 14TrSF fleet had aged to a point where they were collectively responsible for nearly half of all Muni service delays resulting from mechanical failures. The last 46 units ETI 14TrSF were officially retired as of September 7, 2019 due to battery issues. [55][56]

Return to New Flyer

New Flyer XT40 and XT60 at Cabrillo and La Playa loop (2018)

In 2013, the SFMTA adopted plans for an eventual one-for-one replacement of the existing trolleybus fleet in a joint procurement with King County Metro and New Flyer over technical specifications and pricing.[57] The first order to be placed under the 2013 agreement was the 2014 order for 60 New Flyer XT60 articulated low-floor trolleybuses, delivery of which began in 2015. These are the trolleybus system's first low-floor vehicles.[58] Two prototypes (Nos. 7201 and 7202) arrived in March 2015 and May 2015, respectively,[58] and entered service in May[58] and September 2015.[59] Delivery of the 58 production-series vehicles began in September 2015, and the series entered service between November 2015[59] and July 2016. The XT60s replaced the 33 ETI 15TrSF articulated trolleybuses, the last of which were retired in April–May 2016. These changes left the fleet with 240 conventional 40-foot units built by ETI (model 14TrSF) and 60 articulated New Flyer XT60s. In July 2016, an order for an additional 33 New Flyer XT60 articulated buses was placed.[60] According to internal testing in November 2015, the New Flyer XT60 articulated trolleybuses are limited to routes with grades of less than 10%.[61]

The final procurement under the 2013 agreement was an order for 185 two-axle, 40-foot New Flyer XT40 trolleybuses, which received final approval in June 2017.[62] These vehicles will replace the remaining ETIs.[55] Muni has options for an additional 55 XT40 trolleybuses, but is not planning to exercise them, because the 2016 order for 33 additional XT60 articulated trolleybuses provided sufficient capacity.[63] In the 2010 Fleet Management Plan, Muni anticipated the growth in ridership on routes served by trolleybuses would be accommodated by an increased proportion of articulated vehicles in the fleet.[25]: 39–40 

Current fleet

The present fleet includes 40-foot (12 m) low floor trolleybuses and 60-foot (18 m) articulated trolleybuses. Trolleybuses are assigned to Potrero and Presidio Divisions, with the 60-foot articulated trolleybuses operating exclusively from Potrero.[25]: 39–40 

Current San Francisco trolleybus fleet
Fleet numbers Quantity Manufacturer Propulsion Model Configuration Year built Image Notes
7201–7260 60 New Flyer Vossloh Kiepe XT60 60' articulated, low-floor 2015–2016 All assigned to Potrero division
7261–7293 33 Kiepe Electric 2017–2018 Option exercised in mid-2016.[60]
5701–5885 185[64][62] New Flyer Kiepe Electric XT40 40' conventional, low-floor 2018–2019 Delivery under way since February 2018

Retired fleet

The trolleybus system's original fleet, owned and operated by the Market Street Railway when only MSRy was operating trolleybuses in San Francisco, were built by the J. G. Brill Company. MSRy merged with Muni in 1944, and in the years since then the trolleybus fleet has also included vehicles built by the St. Louis Car Company, Marmon-Herrington, Twin Coach, and Flyer Industries.[29]

Several trolleybuses have been preserved after serving in San Francisco:

  • No. 506 (originally built by St. Louis Car Company in 1941 for R-Howard service)[17]
  • Nos. 530 and 536 (Marmon-Herrington TC40, at Orange Empire Railway Museum (OERM))[65]
  • No. 614 (Twin Coach 44TTW, at OERM)[65]
  • No. 776 (Marmon-Herrington TC48)[66]
  • No. 5300 (Flyer E800)[17]

None of the retired ETI 15TrSF articulated trolleybuses have been saved for the historical fleet.[67] An E60, vehicle 7031, was saved for four years until 2019, when it was sent to auction.[68] Muni withdrew the auction for 7031 at the request of interested preservation groups.[69]

Retired San Francisco trolleybus fleet
Fleet # Qty Manufacturer Propulsion Model Config Year built Image Last Retired Preserved Refs.
51–54 9 J. G. Brill Company GE 1154A — 33' Conv 1935[a] 1949 or 1954 -none- [30]
55–58 WH 1428CT9
59 GE 1154A
501–504 25 St. Louis Car Company GE 1216 Job 1704 35' Conv[b] 1941[c] 1954 506[d] [31]
505–509 WH 1442
510–525 WH 1442F1 Job 1731 1947[e] -none-
526–549 25 Marmon-Herrington GE 1213-J3 TC40 34' Conv 1948 1954[f] 530,[g] 536,[g] 541[h] [32]
550–569 20 GE 1213-J1 TC44 37' Conv 1949 1977[i] -none-
570–659 90 Twin Coach WH 1442-A1A 44TTW 36' Conv 1977[j] 614[g] [33]
660–739 80 Marmon-Herrington GE 1213-J1 TC44 37' Conv 1977[k] -none- [32]
740–789 110 TC48 39' Conv 1950 1977[l] 776[m]
790–849 WH 1442-A1A
850–889 40 St. Louis Car Company GE 1213-J1 Job 1767 40' Conv 1951 1977 -none-[n] [34]
5001–5002 345 Flyer Industries GE 1213J E700A 40' Conv 1972–1973 1999 -none-[o] [35]
5003–5345 E800 1976–1977 2007 5300, 5345
5401–5640 240 Electric Transit, Inc. (ETI) (Škoda/AAI Corp.) Vossloh Kiepe 14TrSF 40' Conv 1999–2003 [p]2019 Unknown [74][75]
7000–7059 60 New Flyer General Electric E60 60' Artic 1992, 1993–1994 2015 7031[q] [43][45]
7101–7133 33 Electric Transit Inc. (ETI) Vossloh Kiepe 15TrSF 60' Artic 2003 2016 -none-[67] [74]
Notes
  1. ^ 51–59 were originally built for MSRy; acquired by Muni in 1944.
  2. ^ 501–509 are 34 ft 8+1⁄2 in (10.579 m) long; 510–525 are slightly longer at 34 ft 10+1⁄4 in (10.624 m).
  3. ^ 501–509 were originally built for Muni "R" line.
  4. ^ Cosmetically restored, but not operational.[17][70][71]
  5. ^ 510–525 were originally built for Muni Union-Howard-South Van Ness line.
  6. ^ "Baby Marmons", largely retired by 1954 and scrapped by 1969 with a few exceptions.
  7. ^ a b c At Orange Empire Railway Museum.[72]
  8. ^ Private purchase; donated to Marmon for research.[32]
  9. ^ "Medium Marmons": Coach nos. 552, 559, 561, 566, 569 were sold to Mexico City in 1978; remainder scrapped.
  10. ^ 617 scrapped after 1963 accident; 570 fitted with batteries as an experiment.
  11. ^ "Medium Marmons": Coach nos. 660, 664, 666, 667, 669, 673, 674, 676, 678, 679, 682-684, 686, 687, 689-691, 693, 694, 696, 698-700, 702, 704-707, 709, 711, 712, 714, 717-721, 726-728, 730, 732, 733, 735, 737, 739 were sold to Mexico City in 1978.
  12. ^ "Large Marmons": GE coach nos. 740, 741, 743, 744, 748, 752-755, 757-760, 762, 764-767, 769, 770, 772, 776, 777, 779-783, 786, 789 were sold to Mexico City in 1978.
  13. ^ By Market Street Railway.[73] Originally numbered 786; renumbered to 776 for Bicentennial celebrations.[32]
  14. ^ Coach nos. 854, 867, 882, 886 scrapped; remainder sold to Mexico City in 1978.
  15. ^ 5001 originally numbered 890, reusing running gear from a "baby Marmon"; 5002 originally built for Hamilton Street Railway with double-width rear door.
  16. ^ Retirement ongoing. As of 2018, 81 units retired.
  17. ^ 7031 was briefly put up for auction in May 2019; auction was withdrawn by Muni following requests from interested preservation groups.[69]

Infrastructure

See also

References

  1. ^ "American Public Transportation Association: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION RIDERSHIP REPORT" (PDF). APTA. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d "History of Trolley Buses in San Francisco". San Francisco Municipal Railway. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  3. ^ Webb, Mary (ed.) (2013). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2013–2014, pp. "[23]" and "[24]" (in foreword). Coulsdon, Surrey (UK): Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-3080-3.
  4. ^ a b c d Perles, Anthony (1984). Tours of Discovery: A San Francisco Muni Album. Interurban Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-916374-60-2.
  5. ^ a b Box, Roland (May–June 1989). "San Francisco Looks Ahead". Trolleybus Magazine No. 165, pp. 50–56. National Trolleybus Association (UK).
  6. ^ a b c d Trolleybus Magazine No. 261 (May–June 2005), p. 72.
  7. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 313 (January–February 2014), p. 27.
  8. ^ "General Information About Transit". San Francisco MTA. 2012. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  9. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 259 (January–February 2005), p. 23.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Callwell, Robert (September 1999). "Transit in San Francisco: A Selected Chronology, 1850–1995" (PDF). San Francisco Municipal Railway.
  11. ^ "Trackless Trolley Line Urged in S. F." Oakland Tribune. April 19, 1934. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  12. ^ a b "Bus Trolleys May Run in S. F." Oakland Tribune. August 5, 1934. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  13. ^ "Trackless Trolleys to Operate in S. F." Oakland Tribune. August 30, 1934. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  14. ^ Rice, Walter; Echeverria, Emiliano. "San Francisco's pioneer electric railway: San Francisco & San Mateo Railway Company". SF Museum. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  15. ^ "33 Ashbury/18th". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. April 10, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  16. ^ "Ye Editor Astray". San Bernardino Sun. March 29, 1936. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  17. ^ a b c d e "'R' You Ready? Muni's First Trolley Bus Line Runs Again Sept. 24-25". Market Street Railway. September 1, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  18. ^ "Positively (Twenty-)Fourth Street". Market Street Railway. November 13, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  19. ^ "14 Mission". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. December 19, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  20. ^ Hartlaub, Peter (March 12, 2018). "As wires crossed in 1949, Muni championed electric bus future". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  21. ^ Perles, Anthony (1981). The People's Railway: The History of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Interurban Press. p. 176. ISBN 0916374424.
  22. ^ Wildermuth, John (May 19, 2014). "Muni trolley wire 'visual pollution' electrifies debate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  23. ^ "General Information About Transit". San Francisco MTA. 2012. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  24. ^ a b Lewis, Gregory (February 16, 1996). "Muni's trolleys a constant problem". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g 2010 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. April 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  26. ^ a b "Trolleybus city: San Francisco (USA)". Trolleymotion. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  27. ^ SFMTA (May 9, 2018). "16th Street Project Spring 2018 Update". Retrieved July 1, 2018.
  28. ^ "Van Ness Avenue Bus Rapid Transit". San Francisco County Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  29. ^ a b c McKane, John; Perles, Anthony (1982). Inside Muni: The Properties and Operations of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-916374-49-1.
  30. ^ a b McKane, John; Perles, Anthony (1982). Inside Muni: The Properties and Operations of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. pp. 74, 89. ISBN 0-916374-49-1.
  31. ^ a b McKane, John; Perles, Anthony (1982). Inside Muni: The Properties and Operations of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. pp. 75, 89. ISBN 0-916374-49-1.
  32. ^ a b c d e McKane, John; Perles, Anthony (1982). Inside Muni: The Properties and Operations of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. pp. 76–80, 89. ISBN 0-916374-49-1.
  33. ^ a b McKane, John; Perles, Anthony (1982). Inside Muni: The Properties and Operations of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. pp. 81–82, 89. ISBN 0-916374-49-1.
  34. ^ a b McKane, John; Perles, Anthony (1982). Inside Muni: The Properties and Operations of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. pp. 83–84, 89. ISBN 0-916374-49-1.
  35. ^ a b McKane, John; Perles, Anthony (1982). Inside Muni: The Properties and Operations of the Municipal Railway of San Francisco. Glendale, California: Interurban Press. pp. 85–89. ISBN 0-916374-49-1.
  36. ^ Finnie, Chuck (November 25, 1998). "Ominous pattern of trolley accidents". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  37. ^ James, Robert F. (1993). "San Francisco Municipal Railway Articulated Trolley Coach Procurement". Journal of Commercial Vehicles. 102. SAE International: 647–660. JSTOR 44722970.
  38. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 193 (January–February 1994). National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452.
  39. ^ McCormick, Erin (March 7, 1996). "Muni's big trolleys drive accident rate way up". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  40. ^ Hendricks, Tyche (February 11, 2001). "Muni Trolley Bus Catches Fire Downtown". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  41. ^ a b "Trolley Coach Reliability". Presentation to the Policy and Governance Committee Monthly Operations Scorecard (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. February 10, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  42. ^ "Rubber Tire Reliability – Trolley Coach". Presentation to the Policy and Governance Committee Monthly Operations Scorecard (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. July 13, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  43. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 309 (May–June 2013), p. 82.
  44. ^ SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  45. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 320 (March–April 2015), pp. 62–63.
  46. ^ a b c Epstein, Edward (May 24, 2001). "Muni's diesel buses in hot water again / Engine cooling fans sideline 100 units". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  47. ^ Epstein, Edward (January 23, 2001). "On New Buses, Muni Rides Become a Glide / Slick trolleys join an aging fleet". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  48. ^ a b Finnie, Chuck (June 1, 1999). "Muni trolley firm in crisis". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  49. ^ "About Trolley Buses". San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. August 16, 2017. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (January 20, 2003). "Wayward nuts put Muni in a bind over new coaches". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  51. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 293 (September–October 2010), p. 116. National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452.
  52. ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (December 16, 2015). "Service restored after Muni trolley bus fires spur inspections". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  53. ^ Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (October 7, 2016). "Muni to replace malfunctioning buses after computer error led to crash". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  54. ^ Tucker, Jill (October 8, 2016). "Computer error killed brakes in SF Muni bus crash". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  55. ^ a b Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (April 18, 2017). "Muni's worst clunker buses to be replaced for big price tag: $244M". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  56. ^ Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (March 25, 2016). "Muni's newest buses break down less often, data shows". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  57. ^ "Metro to partner with New Flyer on next generation of electric trolley buses" (Press release). King County Metro. June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ a b c Trolleybus Magazine No. 322 (July–August 2015), p. 126.
  59. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 325 (January–February 2016), p. 31.
  60. ^ a b Trolleybus Magazine No. 329 (September–October 2016), p. 159.
  61. ^ Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (February 29, 2016). "Muni's brand new buses struggle with SF's hills, test results show". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  62. ^ a b "San Francisco MTA to add 185 40-foot trolley buses". Metro Magazine. June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  63. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 335 (September–October 2017), p. 197. National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452
  64. ^ Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (April 18, 2017). "Muni's worst clunker buses to be replaced for big price tag: $244M". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  65. ^ a b "Complete Roster". Orange Empire Railway Museum. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  66. ^ "No. 776". Market Street Railway. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  67. ^ a b Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (February 26, 2017). "Where Muni buses go to die". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  68. ^ "1993 New Flyer Electric E60 Transit Bus". Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  69. ^ a b Rodriguez, Joe Fitzgerald (May 29, 2019). "Transit enthusiasts rally to rescue 'rare' Muni bus headed for auction: 1994 New Flyer one of the last vehicles of its kind". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  70. ^ "Getting Ready for Centennial Celebrations". Market Street Railway. November 3, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  71. ^ "Muni Heritage Weekend November 1-2". Market Street Railway. October 18, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  72. ^ "Complete Roster". Orange Empire Railway Museum. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  73. ^ "No. 776". Market Street Railway. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  74. ^ a b "Appendix B: Vehicle Replacement and Procurement". 2014 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. March 2014. p. 14. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  75. ^ "Table 28. FY 2017 SFMTA Transit Fleet Inventory". Short Range Transit Plan: Fiscal Year 2017 - Fiscal Year 2030 (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. 2017. p. 72. Retrieved June 7, 2019.

Books

  • Perles, Anthony; with John McKane; Tom Matoff; Peter Straus (1981). The People's Railway: The History of the Municipal Railway in San Francisco. Glendale: Interurban Press. ISBN 978-0-916374-42-6.
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