Lipoptena cervi: Difference between revisions
deer are not bovines; but "other cervines" is less than informative. copyedit. |
The previous text was fear-mongering and inaccurate. Referring to deer keds as vectors of anaplasmosis and lyme disease is absolutely false, even the study they linked to just demonstrated the PRESENCE of these pathogens in the ked - this is NOT a true vector incrimination study. There have been no transmission testing to my knowledge, and this is my current field of research. I scaled the language back there to make it more appropriate, and similar for 'horses can be attacked'. |
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==Bite== |
==Bite== |
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[[Image:LipoptenaCervi.jpg|thumb|left|''Lipoptena cervi'' without wings.]] |
[[Image:LipoptenaCervi.jpg|thumb|left|''Lipoptena cervi'' without wings.]] |
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Bites on humans are likely rare to occur. Although their life cycle depends on deer, they can accidentally bite humans - with responses ranging from non-noticeable to an allergic reation. Initially, the bite may be barely noticeable and leaves little or no trace. Within 3 days, the site develops into a hard, reddened welt. The accompanying itch is intense and typically lasts 14 to 20 days. Occasionally, an [[itch]] [[papule]] may persist for a year.<ref name="Dehio">{{Cite journal|author1=Christoph Dehio |author2=Ursula Sauder |author3=and Rosemarie Hiestand | year = 2004| title = Isolation of ''Bartonella schoenbuchensis'' from ''Lipoptena cervi'', a Blood-Sucking Arthropod Causing Deer Ked Dermatitis| journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | place = US| publisher = American Society for Microbiology| volume = 42| issue = 11| pages = 5320–5323| issn =0095-1137| doi = 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5320-5323.2004| pmid = 15528732| pmc = 525279}}</ref> The main annoyance in humans is the inconvenience and unpleasantness of removing keds from hair and clothes. |
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The presence of ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'', a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium that causes [[anaplasmosis]], and also for ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', the causative agent of Lyme disease, has been detected in ''L. cervi''<ref>Buss B, Kearnery C.B., Coleman, C., Henning, J.D. (December 2016). "Detection of Lyme disease and anaplasmosis pathogens via PCR in Pennsylvania deer ked." Journal of Vector Ecology 41 (2): 292-294.</ref> but their role as potential vectors is still being explored. |
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| ⚫ | Horses |
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| ⚫ | Horses can develop colic after a bite. <ref name="Malmsten">{{Cite conference| author = Jonas Malmsten in Sauli Härkönen (Editor)| year = 2007| title = The Scandinavian deer ked situation from a veterinary medical perspective| conference = 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts | place = Finland| publisher = Finnish Forest Research Institute| volume = | issue = | pages = 22}}</ref> Dogs that are bitten may develop a moderate to severe dermatitis.<ref name="Malmsten"/> German researchers have found that ''L. cervi'' can carry and spread ''[[Bartonella schoenbuchensis]]'' in deer.<ref name="Dehio"/> There is still a lot of research remaining for both medical and veterinary potentials. |
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Remains of ''L. cervi'' have been found on [[Ötzi the Iceman|Ötzi]], the Stone Age mummy from the [[Schnalstal]] [[glacier]] in [[South Tyrol]].<ref name="Gothe">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gothe R, Schöl H | year = 1996| title = Stone age deerfly (''Lipoptena cervi'') found with a mummy in a glacier| journal = Tierärztliche Praxis | place = | publisher = | volume = 24| issue = 6| language=German| pages = 549–551}}</ref> |
Remains of ''L. cervi'' have been found on [[Ötzi the Iceman|Ötzi]], the Stone Age mummy from the [[Schnalstal]] [[glacier]] in [[South Tyrol]].<ref name="Gothe">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gothe R, Schöl H | year = 1996| title = Stone age deerfly (''Lipoptena cervi'') found with a mummy in a glacier| journal = Tierärztliche Praxis | place = | publisher = | volume = 24| issue = 6| language=German| pages = 549–551}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 22:50, 23 September 2019
| Lipoptena cervi | |
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| Lipoptena cervi, with wings | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
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| Species: | L. cervi
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| Binomial name | |
| Lipoptena cervi | |
| Synonyms | |
Lipoptena cervi, the deer ked or deer fly, is a species of biting fly in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. These flies are commonly encountered in temperate areas of Europe, Siberia, and northern China. They have been introduced to North America.[2] They are parasites of elk, deer, and other deer family members, burrowing through the fur and sucking the blood of the host animals. L. cervi is relatively small, adults usually being 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) in length and brownish in colour. Their bodies are flat and elastic, making their removal difficult. L. cervi is a poor flier and can only fly for short distances. Once the insect reaches its target, it sheds its wings and starts burrowing through the fur.
Bite
Bites on humans are likely rare to occur. Although their life cycle depends on deer, they can accidentally bite humans - with responses ranging from non-noticeable to an allergic reation. Initially, the bite may be barely noticeable and leaves little or no trace. Within 3 days, the site develops into a hard, reddened welt. The accompanying itch is intense and typically lasts 14 to 20 days. Occasionally, an itch papule may persist for a year.[3] The main annoyance in humans is the inconvenience and unpleasantness of removing keds from hair and clothes.
The presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium that causes anaplasmosis, and also for Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has been detected in L. cervi[4] but their role as potential vectors is still being explored.
Horses can develop colic after a bite. [5] Dogs that are bitten may develop a moderate to severe dermatitis.[5] German researchers have found that L. cervi can carry and spread Bartonella schoenbuchensis in deer.[3] There is still a lot of research remaining for both medical and veterinary potentials.
Remains of L. cervi have been found on Ötzi, the Stone Age mummy from the Schnalstal glacier in South Tyrol.[6]
Life history
Both males and females of L. cervi consume blood from their hosts. Feeding lasts 15 to 25 minutes.[3] The female produces one larva at a time and retains the developing larva in her body until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a "milk gland" in the uterus of its mother. The female gives birth to one fully mature white prepupa. She may produce larvae for as long as 10 months. A newborn prepupa immediately darkens, forms the puparium, and begins to pupate on the forest floor, or where the deer are bedded. After pupation, the winged adult emerges from the puparium and flies in search of a host. Upon finding a host, the adult fly breaks off its wings and it is permanently associated with its host.[7]
Distribution
This species is found in most of Europe, including Great Britain (but not Ireland), as well as Algeria, eastern Siberia, and northern China. It was introduced and is established in the Eastern United States (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York).[8] It also spread to Finland from Russia in the early 1960s, where it primarily feeds on moose, though it is spreading to reindeer.[7][9][10]
Hosts
Red deer, moose, roe deer, fallow deer, and Siberian musk deer are this fly's host. In the United States, it has acquired hosts such as elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer.[7][8] There are stray records of bites on humans, dogs[11] and badger, and it will occasionally commit to the wrong host.[10]
See also
References
- ^ Dick, C. W. (2006). "Checklist of World Hippoboscidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea)". Chicago: Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History: 1–7.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Fact Sheets. Deer Keds. Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
- ^ a b c Christoph Dehio; Ursula Sauder; and Rosemarie Hiestand (2004). "Isolation of Bartonella schoenbuchensis from Lipoptena cervi, a Blood-Sucking Arthropod Causing Deer Ked Dermatitis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42 (11). US: American Society for Microbiology: 5320–5323. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.11.5320-5323.2004. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 525279. PMID 15528732.
- ^ Buss B, Kearnery C.B., Coleman, C., Henning, J.D. (December 2016). "Detection of Lyme disease and anaplasmosis pathogens via PCR in Pennsylvania deer ked." Journal of Vector Ecology 41 (2): 292-294.
- ^ a b Jonas Malmsten in Sauli Härkönen (Editor) (2007). The Scandinavian deer ked situation from a veterinary medical perspective. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
{{cite conference}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Gothe R, Schöl H (1996). "Stone age deerfly (Lipoptena cervi) found with a mummy in a glacier". Tierärztliche Praxis (in German). 24 (6): 549–551.
- ^ a b c Arja Kaitala; Sauli Härkönen; Sauli Laaksonen; Pekka Niemelä; Petteri Nieminen; Hannu Ylönen (2007). Sauli Härkönen (ed.). Deer Ked Project – a broadly-based interdisciplinary research project in Finland. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
- ^ a b Maa, T. C. (1969). "A Revised Checklist and Concise Host Index of Hippoboscidae (Diptera)". Pacific Insects Monograph. 20. Honolulu: Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii: 261–299.
- ^ Sauli Laaksonen; Tommi Paakkonen; Raine Kortet; Anne-Mari Mustonen; Petteri Nieminen; Laura Härkönen; Milla Solismaa; Arja Kaitala; Hannu Ylönen; Jari Aho; Sauli Härkönen (2007). Sauli Härkönen (ed.). Deer ked – a threat to reindeer welfare?. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
- ^ a b Hutson, A.M (1984). Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 10. Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 84 pp.
- ^ Hermosilla, C.; Pantchev, N; Bachmann, R; Bauer, C (2006). "Lipoptena cervi (deer ked) in two naturally infested dogs". Veterinary Record. 159 (9). Great Britain: British Veterinary Association: 286–287. doi:10.1136/vr.159.9.286. ISSN 0042-4900. PMID 16946313.
Notes
11. Egri, B., Rigó, E.(2014): A Hanság gímszarvasainak Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus, 1758) fertőzöttségéről (Irodalmi összefoglaló és saját megfigyelések)(About the deer ked ((Lipoptena cervi, 1758))infestation on the red deer in Hanság Region. Literature review and own examinations. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja, 136.2.: 115-122.
External links
Media related to Liptoptena cervi at Wikimedia Commons
