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The differences between the Sixtine and the Clementine editions of the Vulgate was an opportunity too good for [[Protestantism|Protestants]] to miss; [[Thomas James]] in his ''[[iarchive:bellumpapalesive00jame/page/n4|Bellum Papale sive Concordia discors]]'' (London, 1600) "upbraids the two Popes on their high pretensions and the palpable failure of at least one, possibly both of them."<ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=[[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|author2=Edward Miller|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|isbn=|edition=4|volume=2|location=London|page=64-65|authorlink=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener}}</ref> He gave a long list of the differences (about 2,000) between these two editions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/atreatisecorrup01jamegoog|title=A Treatise of the Corruptions of Scripture, Councils, and Fathers, by the Prelates, Pastors, and pillars of the Church of Rome for the maintenance of Popery|last=Thomas James|first=|date=1843|publisher=J. W. Parker|others=New York Public Library|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=170|language=English}}</ref> Translators of the [[King James Version]] in the preface to the first edition from 1611 accused the pope of perversion of the Holy Scripture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible%20(King%20James)/Preface#.C2.A714_.28.28A_third_cavil..29.29|title=Bible (King James)/Preface - Wikisource, the free online library}}</ref>
The differences between the Sixtine and the Clementine editions of the Vulgate was an opportunity too good for [[Protestantism|Protestants]] to miss; [[Thomas James]] in his ''[[iarchive:bellumpapalesive00jame/page/n4|Bellum Papale sive Concordia discors]]'' (London, 1600) "upbraids the two Popes on their high pretensions and the palpable failure of at least one, possibly both of them."<ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=[[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|author2=Edward Miller|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|isbn=|edition=4|volume=2|location=London|page=64-65|authorlink=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener}}</ref> He gave a long list of the differences (about 2,000) between these two editions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/atreatisecorrup01jamegoog|title=A Treatise of the Corruptions of Scripture, Councils, and Fathers, by the Prelates, Pastors, and pillars of the Church of Rome for the maintenance of Popery|last=Thomas James|first=|date=1843|publisher=J. W. Parker|others=New York Public Library|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=170|language=English}}</ref> Translators of the [[King James Version]] in the preface to the first edition from 1611 accused the pope of perversion of the Holy Scripture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible%20(King%20James)/Preface#.C2.A714_.28.28A_third_cavil..29.29|title=Bible (King James)/Preface - Wikisource, the free online library}}</ref>


[[James Hastings|Hastings]] "willingly admit[s]" that "on the whole [...] the Clementine text is critically an improvement upon the [[Sixtine Vulgate|Sixtine]]."<ref name=":3" /> However, [[Frederic G. Kenyon|Kenyon]] argues that the changes which differentiate the Clementine edition from the Sixtine edition "exept where they simply remove and obvious blunder, are, for the most part, no improvement"<ref name="Kenyon188" />
[[James Hastings|Hastings]] "willingly admit[s]" that "on the whole [...] the Clementine text is critically an improvement upon the [[Sixtine Vulgate|Sixtine]]."<ref name=":3" /> However, [[Frederic G. Kenyon|Kenyon]] argues that the changes which differentiate the Clementine edition from the Sixtine edition "exept where they simply remove an obvious blunder, are, for the most part, no improvement"<ref name="Kenyon188" />


The Clementine Vulgate was criticised by such textual critics as [[Richard Bentley]], [[John Wordsworth]], [[Henry Julian White]], [[Samuel Berger (Biblical scholar)|Samuel Berger]], and Peter Corssen.<ref name="Kenyon188">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/MN41613ucmf_0/page/n255|title=Our Bible and the ancient manuscripts; being a history of the text and its translations|last=Kenyon|first=F. G.|publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode|year=1903|isbn=|edition=4th|place=London, New York [etc.]|page=188|pages=|authorlink=Frederic George Kenyon|accessdate=2011-01-23}}</ref> Monsignor Roger Gryson, a [[patristics]] scholar at the [[Catholic University of Louvain]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://catholicnetwork.us/2018/05/03/a-return-to-church-tradition-on-women-deacons/|title=A return to church tradition on women deacons|date=2018-05-03|work=CatholicNetwork.US|access-date=2019-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref> asserts in the preface to 4th edition of the [[Stuttgart Vulgate]] (1994) that the Clementine edition "frequently deviates from the manuscript tradition for literary or doctrinal reasons, and offers only a faint reflection of the original Vulgate, as read in the ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandecta]]'' of the first millennium."<ref name="Stuttgart4">{{Cite book
The Clementine Vulgate was criticised by such textual critics as [[Richard Bentley]], [[John Wordsworth]], [[Henry Julian White]], [[Samuel Berger (Biblical scholar)|Samuel Berger]], and Peter Corssen.<ref name="Kenyon188">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/MN41613ucmf_0/page/n255|title=Our Bible and the ancient manuscripts; being a history of the text and its translations|last=Kenyon|first=F. G.|publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode|year=1903|isbn=|edition=4th|place=London, New York [etc.]|page=188|pages=|authorlink=Frederic George Kenyon|accessdate=2011-01-23}}</ref> Monsignor Roger Gryson, a [[patristics]] scholar at the [[Catholic University of Louvain]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://catholicnetwork.us/2018/05/03/a-return-to-church-tradition-on-women-deacons/|title=A return to church tradition on women deacons|date=2018-05-03|work=CatholicNetwork.US|access-date=2019-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref> asserts in the preface to 4th edition of the [[Stuttgart Vulgate]] (1994) that the Clementine edition "frequently deviates from the manuscript tradition for literary or doctrinal reasons, and offers only a faint reflection of the original Vulgate, as read in the ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandecta]]'' of the first millennium."<ref name="Stuttgart4">{{Cite book

Revision as of 03:00, 26 September 2019

Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
Frontispiece and title of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592)[note 1][a]
LanguageLatin
GenreOfficial Bible of the Catholic Church
Published1592 (2nd edition in 1593; 3rd edition in 1598)
Publication placePapal States
Preceded byVulgata Sixtina 
Followed byNova Vulgata 
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The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate or Clementine Vulgate is the edition of Latin Vulgate from 1592, prepared by Pope Clement VIII. It was the second edition of the Vulgate authorised by the Catholic Church, the first being the Sixtine Vulgate.

The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate was used officially in the Catholic Church until 1979, when the Nova Vulgata was promulgated by Pope John Paul II.

The Clementine Vulgate is cited in all critical editions and it is designated by the siglum vgc or vgcl.[1]

History

Revision of the Sixtine Vulgate

See also: Vulgata Sixtina

Gregory XIV's two pontifical committees

See also: Vulgata Sixtina § Three pontifical committees

The Sixtine Vulgate prepared by Pope Sixtus V was published in 1590,[2] "accompanied by a Bull, in which [...] Sixtus V declared that it was to be considered as the authentic edition recommended by the Council of Trent, that it should be taken as the standard of all future reprints, and that all copies should be corrected by it."[3]

The College of Cardinals was dissatisfied with the Sixtine Vulgate, "and a week after the death of Pope Sixtus V (27 August 1590) they ordered, first, the suspension of the selling of this edition and the destruction of the printed copies shortly thereafter."[4] Since an official version of the Vulgate was still needed, the immediate sucessor of Sixtus V, Pope Gregory XIV (5 December 1590–16 October 1591[5]), created a fourth committee[note 2] in 1591, which reorganized into the fifth and final committee in the same year.[6] "The basis of the Committee’s work was the Codex Carafianus,[note 3] viz. the Leuven Vulgate emended by Carafa’s third Committee."[4]

After the passing of Gregory XIV, Clement VIII (1592–1605) resumed the work on the revision; Clement VIII ordered Francisco de Toledo, Augustino Valeier, Frederico Borromeo, Robert Bellarmine, Antonius Agellius, and Petrus Morinus to make corrections and to prepare a revision to the Sixtine Vulgate.[8] "Under the leadership of Pope Clement VIII, the work of the comission was continued and drastically revised, with the Jesuit scholar Cardinal Robert Bellarmine (1542–1624) bringing to the task his lifelong research on the Vulgate text."[9]

Clement VIII's recall of the Sixtine Vulgate

In 1592, Clement VIII recalled all the copies of the Sixtine Vulgate[10] "almost immediatly" after his election in January 1592,[11] as one of his first acts.[12] The reason invoked for recalling Sixtus V's edition was printing errors, however the Sixtine Vulgate was mostly free of printing errors.[13][10]

According to James Hastings, "[t]he real reasons for the recall of the editions must have been partly personnal hostility to Sixtus, and partly a conviction that the book was not quite a worthy representative of the Vulgate text."[10] Nestle "suggests that the revocation was really due to the influence of the Jesuits, whom Sixtus had offended by putting one of Bellarmine's books on the Index Librorum prohibitorum."[11] Kenyon writes that the Sixtine Vulgate was "full of errors", but that Clement VIII was also motivated in his decision to recall the edition by the Jesuits, "whom Sixtus had offended."[14] Sixtus V "objected to some of [the Jesuits'] rules and especially to the title "Society of Jesus". He was on the point of changing these when death overtook him."[15] Jaroslav Pelikan, without giving any more details, says that the Sixtine Vulgate "proved to be so defective that it was withdrawn".[9]

Publication

Title page of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592)

The Clementine Vulgate was printed on 9 November 1592,[16] with an anonymous preface[8] written by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine.[8][16] It was issued with the Bull Cum Sacrorum (9 November 1592)[17] which asserted that every subsequent edition must be assimilated to this one, no word of the text may be changed, nor even variant readings printed in the margin.[18] "The misprints of this edition were partly eliminated in a second (1593) and a third (1598) edition."[16]

This new official version of the Vulgate, known as the Clementine Vulgate[16][19] or Sixto-Clementine Vulgate,[19][4] became the official Bible of the Catholic Church.[16][20]

Textual caracteristics

The Clementine Vulgate contained in the Appendix additional apocryphal books: Prayer of Manasseh, 3 Esdras, and 4 Esdras.[21] It contained also the Psalterium Gallicanum and not the Versio juxta Hebraicum.[22]

It contains texts of Acts 15:34[23] and the Comma Johanneum, 1 John 5:7.[24] The new system of verse enumeration introduced by the Sixtine Vulgate was dropped and replaced with the system of division of verses enumeration of the 1551 edition of the Bible of Stephanus.[25]

The revision was close to the Hentenian edition;[note 4][10][13] this is a difference with the Sixtine edition[10] which had "a text more nearly resembling that of Robt. Stephen than that of John Hentenius."[11][10]

Title

"To avoid the appearance of a conflict between the two Popes [Sixtus V and Clement VIII], the Clementine Bible was boldly published under the name of Sixtus, with a preface by Bellarmine asserting that Sixtus had intended to bring out a new edition in consequence of errors that had occurred in the printing of the first, but had been prevented by death; now, in accordance with his desire, the work was completed by his successor."[11]

The full name of the Clementine Vulgate was: Biblia sacra Vulgatae Editionis, Sixti Quinti Pont. Max. iussu recognita atque edita.[28][13][9][25] (translation: The Holy Bible of the Common/Vulgate Edition identified and published by the order of Pope Sixtus V).[25] The fact that the Clementine edition retained the name of Sixtus on its title page is the reason why the Clementine Vulgate is sometimes known as the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.[25]

"It may be added that the first edition to contain the names of both the Popes [Sixtus V and Clement VIII] upon the title page is that of 1604. The title runs: "Sixti V. Pont. Max. iussu recognita et Clementis VIII. auctoritate edita.""[29]

Differences to the Sixtine Vulgate

Title pages of the Sixtine (1590) Vulgate (left) and title page of the Clementine (1592) Vulgate (right).

The Clementine edition differs from the Sistine edition in about 3,000 places, according to Carlo Vercellone,[18] James Hasting,[10] and Metzger;[16] or according to Kurt Aland in about 5,000 variants.[30]

Some examples are:

Vulgata Sixtina Vulgata Clementina
Genesis 18[31]
18:2 tabernaculi sui tabernaculi
18:2 in terra in terram
18:4 laventur pedes vestri lavate pedes vestros
18:5 confortetur confortate
18:5 loquutus locutus
18:20 Gomorrhaeorum Gomorrhae
18:28 quia propter
Exodus 11
11:14 constituit te te constituit
11:16 venerant venerunt
11:22 et eripuit eripuit
11:25 liberavit cognovit

Critiques

Prologue to the Gospel of John, Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, edition from 1922

The differences between the Sixtine and the Clementine editions of the Vulgate was an opportunity too good for Protestants to miss; Thomas James in his Bellum Papale sive Concordia discors (London, 1600) "upbraids the two Popes on their high pretensions and the palpable failure of at least one, possibly both of them."[32] He gave a long list of the differences (about 2,000) between these two editions.[33] Translators of the King James Version in the preface to the first edition from 1611 accused the pope of perversion of the Holy Scripture.[34]

Hastings "willingly admit[s]" that "on the whole [...] the Clementine text is critically an improvement upon the Sixtine."[10] However, Kenyon argues that the changes which differentiate the Clementine edition from the Sixtine edition "exept where they simply remove an obvious blunder, are, for the most part, no improvement"[35]

The Clementine Vulgate was criticised by such textual critics as Richard Bentley, John Wordsworth, Henry Julian White, Samuel Berger, and Peter Corssen.[35] Monsignor Roger Gryson, a patristics scholar at the Catholic University of Louvain,[36] asserts in the preface to 4th edition of the Stuttgart Vulgate (1994) that the Clementine edition "frequently deviates from the manuscript tradition for literary or doctrinal reasons, and offers only a faint reflection of the original Vulgate, as read in the pandecta of the first millennium."[37] By the same token however, the great extent to which the Clementine edition preserves contaminated readings from the medieval period can itself be considered to have critical value; Frans Van Liere states: "for the medieval student interested in the text as it was read, for instance, in thirteenth century Paris, the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate might actually be a better representative of the scholastic biblical text that the modern critical editions of the text in its pre-Carolingian form."[38] Houghton states that "[t]he Clementine Vulgate is often a better guide to the text of the mediaeval Vulgate than critical editions of the earliest attainable text."[25]

Later printings

"At the beginning of the twentieth century, awareness of the inadequacies of the Clementine text increased. In 1906, Michael Hetzenauer produced a new edition of the Clementine Vulgate based on its three printings in 1592, 1593, and 1598 and incorporating officially-authorized corrections[.] The current standard reference edition [of the Clementine Vulgate] is that of Colunga & Turrado [es] 1946, a form of which is available online.[b]"[25]

Replacement by the Nova Vulgata

Main article: Nova Vulgata

The Clementine Vulgate remained the standard Bible of the Roman Catholic Church until 1979, when the Nova Vulgata was promulgated by John-Paul II.[20][39]

See also

Notes

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ See the Title section.
  2. ^ Three committees had been previously created by Pius IV, Pius V, and Sixtus V. See Vulgata Sixtina#Three pontifical committees.
  3. ^ The codex containing the propositions made to Sixtus V by the committee presided by cardinal Carafa.[7]
  4. ^ 1547 edition of the Vulgate edited by Henten in Leuven.[26][27]

Complementary information

  1. ^ This frontispiece is reproduced from the Sixtine Vulgate (way worse scan quality).
  2. ^ Here (reference given in the source).

References

  1. ^ K. Aland (ed.), E. Nestle (1991). Novum Testamentum Graece (ed. 26). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 19*. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help) [NA26]
  2. ^ Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 348.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 64.
  4. ^ a b c Gerace, Antonio (2016). "Francis Lucas 'of Bruges' and Textual Criticism of the Vulgate before and after the Sixto-Clementine (1592)". Journal of Early Modern Christianity (pp. 201-237). 3 (2): 225. doi:10.1515/jemc-2016-0008 – via KULeuven.
  5. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Gregory XIV". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  6. ^ Gerace, Antonio (2016). "Francis Lucas 'of Bruges' and Textual Criticism of the Vulgate before and after the Sixto-Clementine (1592)". Journal of Early Modern Christianity (pp. 201-237). 3 (2): 210, 225. doi:10.1515/jemc-2016-0008 – via KULeuven.
  7. ^ Quentin, Henri (1922). Mémoire sur l'établissement du texte de la Vulgate (in French). Kelly - University of Toronto. Rome: Desclée. p. 8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ a b c Townley, James (1821). Illustrations of Biblical literature : exhibiting the history and fate of the sacred writings, from the earliest period to the present century; including biographical notices of translators and other eminent Biblical scholars. Vol. 2. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. p. 493.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ a b c Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan (1996). "1 : Sacred Philology". The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation. Dallas : Bridwell Library ; Internet Archive. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 14.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Hastings, James (2004) [1898]. "Vulgate". A Dictionary of the Bible. Vol. 4, part 2 (Shimrath - Zuzim). Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 881. ISBN 9781410217295.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ a b c d Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 64.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Kenyon, Frederic G. (1903). Our Bible and the ancient manuscripts; being a history of the text and its translations. University of Chicago (4th ed.). London, New York [etc.]: Eyre and Spottiswoode. p. 187.
  13. ^ a b c "Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
  14. ^ Kenyon, Frederic G. (1903). Our Bible and the ancient manuscripts; being a history of the text and its translations. University of Chicago (4th ed.). London, New York [etc.]: Eyre and Spottiswoode. pp. 187–188.
  15. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Sixtus V". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 349.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ "Vulgata Clementina". vulsearch.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
  18. ^ a b Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 65.
  19. ^ a b Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan (1996). "1 : Sacred Philology ; Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]". The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation. Dallas : Bridwell Library ; Internet Archive. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 14, 98.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ a b Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780198744733.
  21. ^ Praefatio, Biblia Sacra Vulgata, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1983, p. XX. ISBN 3-438-05303-9
  22. ^ Canellis, Aline, ed. (2017). "Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate" [Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate]. Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible [Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible] (in French). Abbeville: Éditions du Cerf. p. 217. ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
  23. ^ UBS3, 478
  24. ^ Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 351.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ a b c d e f Houghton, H. A. G. (2016). "Editions and Resources". The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts. Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780198744733.
  26. ^ https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/thlou_0080-2654_1980_num_11_3_1779.pdf
  27. ^ "Definition of HENTENIAN". www.merriam-webster.com.
  28. ^ Delville, Jean-Pierre (2008). "L'évolution des Vulgates et la composition de nouvelles versions latines de la Bible au XVIe siècle". In Gomez-Géraud, Marie-Christine (ed.). Biblia (in French). Presses Paris Sorbonne. p. 80. ISBN 9782840505372.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ Nestle, Eberhard; Edie, William; Menzies, Allan (1901). Introduction to the textual criticism of the Greek New Testament. University of California Libraries. London [etc.] Williams and Norgate; New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 128.
  30. ^ Aland, Kurt (1989). Der Text des Neuen Testaments. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 196. ISBN 3-438-06011-6.
  31. ^ Quentin, Henri (1922). Mémoire sur l'établissement du texte de la Vulgate (in French). Rome: Desclée. p. 195. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  32. ^ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 64-65.
  33. ^ Thomas James (1843). A Treatise of the Corruptions of Scripture, Councils, and Fathers, by the Prelates, Pastors, and pillars of the Church of Rome for the maintenance of Popery. New York Public Library. J. W. Parker. p. 170.
  34. ^ "Bible (King James)/Preface - Wikisource, the free online library".
  35. ^ a b Kenyon, F. G. (1903). Our Bible and the ancient manuscripts; being a history of the text and its translations (4th ed.). London, New York [etc.]: Eyre and Spottiswoode. p. 188. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  36. ^ "A return to church tradition on women deacons". CatholicNetwork.US. 2018-05-03. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
  37. ^ Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem. Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.) (4 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 1994. ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  38. ^ Van Liere, Frans (2012). The Lain Bible, c 900 to the Council of Trent 1546. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ^ "Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II". Vatican: The Holy See. Retrieved 19 December 2013.

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