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==Jerusalem==
==Jerusalem==
[[File:1283 Descriptio Terrae Sanctae.jpg|thumb|upright|1455 painting of the [[Holy Land]]. Jerusalem is viewed from the west; the octagonal [[Dome of the Rock]] stands left of Al-Aqsa, shown as a church, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands on the left side of the picture.]]
Because of the religious and political significance, [[Jerusalem]] has been both called Caput Mundi and Umbilicus Mundi. The city still remain an important spiritual and a politically controversial site to the followers of [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and [[Bahá'í Faith]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6K5TbAN9idQC&pg=PA261&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=jerusalem%20caput%20mundi&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8E_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=jerusalem+caput+mundi&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIWTAH</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VMbpAAAAMAAJ&q=jerusalem+caput+mundi&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIXzAI</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TFpJAQAAIAAJ&q=jerusalem+caput+mundi&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIRjAE</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uOEzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=jerusalem%20caput%20mundi&f=false</ref>
Because of the religious and political significance, [[Jerusalem]] has been both called Caput Mundi and Umbilicus Mundi. The city still remain an important spiritual and a politically controversial site to the followers of [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and [[Bahá'í Faith]].<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6K5TbAN9idQC&pg=PA261&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=jerusalem%20caput%20mundi&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8E_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=jerusalem+caput+mundi&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIWTAH</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VMbpAAAAMAAJ&q=jerusalem+caput+mundi&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIXzAI</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TFpJAQAAIAAJ&q=jerusalem+caput+mundi&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIRjAE</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uOEzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=jerusalem%20caput%20mundi&f=false</ref>


Revision as of 19:55, 26 September 2019

"The Capital of the World" redirects here. For the short story, see The Capital of the World (short story).

Caput Mundi is a Latin phrase used to describe a city as the Capital of the World. Various cities over time have been described as the Caput Mundi, mostly notably Rome, Jerusalem, Constantinople, Delhi, London and New York.

Rome, the imperial capital at the height of the territorial expansion

Rome

Main articles: Legacy of the Roman Empire, Roman Catholic church, and Rome
Via dei Fori Imperiali, Via della Conciliazione and Via del Corso. The term First Rome is used to refer to the "Rome of the emperors", Second Rome refers to the Rome of the Popes, and third Rome refers to the Rome of the people (as capital city of Italy).[1]

Roma Caput Mundi is a Latin phrase taken to mean "Rome capital of the world" and "Roma capitale del mondo" in Italian (literally: "head of the world";[2] see capital, capitol). It originates out of a classical European understanding of the known world: Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia.The influence of Rome in the ancient world began to grow around the 2nd century BC as the Republic expanded across Southern Europe and North Africa. For the next five centuries, Rome would govern much of the known world (of traditional Greco-Roman geography). The cultural influence of the local language of Rome (Latin) as well as Roman art, architecture, law, religion, and philosophy was significant. The city of Rome adopted as its nickname Caput Mundi, attributing this to its perception of an enduring power of Ancient Rome and the Roman Catholic Church.

Constantinople

Hagia Sophia.

Constantinople was built as the second Rome by Emperor Constantine in 330 AD.[3] From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe.[4] From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe.[5]

The Byzantine Empire lasted for over a thousand years with the center always at Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was centered in the capitals of Nicaea, Trebizond, and Arta. The city was seen as the "Capital of the World" because of its prime trading position in the center of the medieval world. This privileged position continued after its Islamic conquest, even as the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The city was also the center of half of the Christian world as the seat of the Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox church and an essential city of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires. French-Italian commander Napoleon Bonaparte is quoted as saying, "If the Earth were a single state, Constantinople would be its capital." Today, the city's name is Istanbul, based in Turkey. It is a megacity of 15 million people and the economic and cultural centre of Turkey, but not the capital, which is Ankara.

London

Cityscape of London

The capital of the British Empire, the largest empire in history, was London - though the empire has since passed, London still remains one of the world's leading business, financial, and cultural centres, and its influence in politics, education, technology, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts all contribute to its status as a major global city. Many of the world's largest corporations have their headquarters in London, the city taking a central role as a part of the wider global economy. In addition London in time and on maps is on the Prime Meridian, running directly through Greenwich (also known as the Greenwich Meridian), with its time zone as GMT+0 (UTC+0). The decision made at the International Meridian Conference was due to the dominance of the British Empire and the influence of the British India; for logistical reasons, and because the United Kingdom and London remain a major global influence, this position of the Prime Meridian remains.

London is one of the world's largest financial centres.[6] In addition to this, London has been ranked as the world's capital city in terms of culture, business, technological readiness and overall economic clout,[7] as well as attracting the most foreign investment of any global city.[8]

The situation of numerous iconic landmarks, such as Big Ben, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, the Houses of Parliament, and Buckingham Palace, as well as modern architecture such as the Gherkin, The Shard, the London Eye and the O2 drew approximately 16.7 million international tourists in 2013, establishing London as the most visited city in the world for international tourists.[9]

Plans for Berlin

Adolf Hitler, the dictator of the Third Reich, as part of his proposed New Order, planned to make Berlin the "Caput Mundi", directing Albert Speer to formulate the Welthauptstadt Germania—a plan to rebuild Berlin in an Imperial architectural style. The central edifice of Berlin would have been the Volkshalle, from which Hitler would have issued his Imperial decrees as the absolute ruler of Europe.[citation needed]

New York City

See also: Nicknames of New York City
Panorama of New York

New York City, the most populous city in the United States, is sometimes described by the Latin phrase "Novum Caput Mundi" ("New Capital of the World"); or more commonly by the English phrase, Capital of the World, primarily in reference to Manhattan, also known as The City.[10][11] A leading global city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, and the city's fast pace[12][13][14] has inspired the term New York minute.[15] Home to the headquarters of the United Nations,[16] New York is an important center for international diplomacy[17] and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world,[18][19][20][21][22][23] despite not being the modern capital of the United States or even of New York State. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.[24] In 2019, New York was voted the greatest city in the world per a survey of over 30,000 people from 48 cities worldwide, citing the city's cultural diversity.[25]

Numerous national and international private corporations have headquarters in New York City. Anchored by Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called the world's principal financial center,[26] as well as most economically powerful city[27][22][28][29][30][31] and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies.[32] The New York City metropolitan region is defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (19.9 million residents in 2013)[33] and the Combined Statistical Area (23.5 million residents in 2013).[34] In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion,[35] while in 2012, the CSA[36] generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve nations and eleven nations, respectively.[37]

New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists.[38][39] Tourism is vital to New York City, and many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known, as the city received a record high 56 million tourists in 2014,[40] generating an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014.[40] Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world.[41][42][43] Times Square, at the hub of the Broadway theater district, is nicknamed The Crossroads of the World,[44] The Center of the Universe,[45] and the "heart of the world".[46]

Washington, D.C.

The capital of the United States of America and the seat of the U.S. federal government, Washington, D.C. also holds the headquarters of important international organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization of American States. The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty took place in Washington;[47][48] this treaty established NATO, which took part in the Cold War, and by its end, Washington was dubbed by The Washington Post as the capital of the world.[49]

Jerusalem

1455 painting of the Holy Land. Jerusalem is viewed from the west; the octagonal Dome of the Rock stands left of Al-Aqsa, shown as a church, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands on the left side of the picture.

Because of the religious and political significance, Jerusalem has been both called Caput Mundi and Umbilicus Mundi. The city still remain an important spiritual and a politically controversial site to the followers of Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Bahá'í Faith.[50][51][52][53][54]

In Islamic world

Pilgrims of Hajj performing Tawaf around the Holy Kaaba.

In the Muslim world, despite the Ottoman rule of Constantinople, religious sites such as Makkah, Medina and Jerusalem have been always referred as the Islamic Caput Mundi. During the Islamic Golden Age, Córdoba, Spain, capital of the Umayyad Caliphate and Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain), was often heralded as the Scientia Caput Mundi, for being a world center of education and learning[55][56], and surpassing Constantinople as Europe's biggest city.[57] The term was also for political and economic purposes to indicate Islamic Southern Italy's Palermo and other prominent cities like Baghdad, and Damascus.

In India

The cities of the former world's major trading nation of the Bengal Sultanate[58] were sometimes called by the Europeans as the Caput Mundi and Aurum Mundi.[59] The same term was often utilised by the Portuguese and British to denote Mughal India's capitals Delhi and Lahore during the 17th century, when its economy was globally the largest, worth 25% of world GDP,[60] and its wealthiest province, the Bengal Subah signaled the period of proto-industrialization and made direct significant contribution to the first Industrial Revolution[61][62][63], from which London immensely benefited after the conquests of the East India Company and the rule of British Raj.[64] However, in contemporary usages, Delhi and Mumbai, due to their high rates of sexual violence, have been controversially named by various sources as the Rape Capitals of the world.[65][66][67]

Other usages

In recent times, Milan and Paris were considered Cosmicos Mundi, or fashion capitals of the world.[68]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rome Seminar Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Dictionary of Latin Phrases and Proverbs: C". Latin-phrases.co.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  3. ^ Mango, Cyril (1991). "Constantinople". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 508–512. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  4. ^ Pounds, Norman John Greville. An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840, p. 124. CUP Archive, 1979. ISBN 0-521-22379-2.
  5. ^ Pounds, Norman John Greville. An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840, p. 124. CUP Archive, 1979. ISBN 0-521-22379-2.
  6. ^ "The Global Financial Centres Index 24" (PDF). China Development Institute, Z/Yen Group. September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  7. ^ http://www.pwc.com/us/en/press-releases/2014/london-tops-pwcs-cities-of-opportunity-study.jhtml
  8. ^ http://www.londonlovesbusiness.com/business-news/london-attracts-most-foreign-investment-of-any-other-city/1923.article
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ "About New York City". The City of New York. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Eugene J. Sherman. "FORWARD New York – Capital of the Modern World". Copyright The Weissman Center for International Business. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  12. ^ Kelsy Chauvin (15 March 2019). "15 Things NOT to Do in New York City". Fodor's. Retrieved 23 March 2019. There are more than 8.6 million citizens of New York City, and they're pretty much all in a hurry. They're also shrewd, outspoken, and proudly able to survive in a metropolis that tends to punish the meek. The buzzing subway system alone is a symbol of how this city works: part ballet, part battlefield. Residents and visitors alike can see why New York is considered the greatest city in the world.
  13. ^ Poliak, Shira. "Adjusting To New York City". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015. Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting.
  14. ^ Stephen Miller (2016). Walking New York: Reflections of American Writers from Walt Whitman to Teju Cole. pp. 46, 50, 131. ISBN 978-0-8232-7425-3. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  15. ^ "Dictionary – Full Definition of NEW YORK MINUTE". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  16. ^ "United Nations Visitors Centre". United Nations. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "NYC Mayor's Office for International Affairs". The City of New York. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture". Consulate General of Iceland New York. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Consulate of Latvia in New York". Consulate of Latvia. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture". The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore Ashton ... [et al.]". NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  22. ^ a b "Top 8 Cities by GDP: China vs. The U.S." Business Insider, Inc. 31 July 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2016. For instance, Shanghai, the largest Chinese city with the highest economic production, and a fast-growing global financial hub, is far from matching or surpassing New York, the largest city in the U.S. and the economic and financial super center of the world.
  23. ^ "PAL sets introductory fares to New York". Philippine Airlines. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  24. ^ Roberts, Sam (1 May 2016). "Listening to (and Saving) the World's Languages". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  25. ^ Will Gleason (11 March 2019). "Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new global survey". TimeOut. Retrieved 19 May 2019. After compiling the thoughts of over 30,000 people, both from our NYC readership and half-a-world away, New York was voted the greatest city on the planet for 2019. In a hint as to why this happened, and why now, it also lead the categories of most diverse metropolis and best culture.
  26. ^ Huw Jones (4 September 2018). "United States top, Britain second in financial activity: think-tank". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 4 September 2018. Think-tank New Financial's study, which focuses on the "raw" value of actual domestic and international financial activity like managing assets and issuing equity, underscored the overall dominance of New York as the world's top financial center.
  27. ^ Richard Florida (3 March 2015). "Sorry, London: New York Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City". The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 25 March 2015. Our new ranking puts the Big Apple firmly on top.
  28. ^ "PAL sets introductory fares to New York". Philippine Airlines. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  29. ^ Richard Florida (8 May 2012). "What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?". The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  30. ^ John Glover (23 November 2014). "New York Boosts Lead on London as Leading Finance Center". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  31. ^ [1] Accessed 23 March 2019.
  32. ^ "2013 WFE Market Highlights" (PDF). World Federation of Exchanges. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "The 10 Largest Metro Areas on July 1, 2013" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  34. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 - Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) of the United States in 2013, by metropolitan area (in billion current U.S. dollars)". Statista. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  36. ^ "Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). Executive Office of the President – Office of Management and Budget. p. 106. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  37. ^ "U.S. Metro Economies (note CSA 2012 GMP total includes sum of New York, Bridgeport, New Haven, Allentown, Trenton, Poughkeepsie, and Kingston MSA 2012 GMP values cited)" (PDF). IHS Global Insight, The United States Conference of Mayors, and The Council on Metro Economies and the New American City. November 2013. pp. 9 through 18 in Appendix Tables. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Simon Kennedy (13 April 2014). "Beijing Breaks Into Top Ten in Rankings by A.T. Kearney". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  39. ^ Michelle Kaske (12 March 2012). "New York City Tops Global Competitiveness, Economist Report Says". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  40. ^ a b Ellen Wulfhorst, editing by Eric Beech (2 February 2015). "New York City tourism hit record high in 2014, officials say". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
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  50. ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6K5TbAN9idQC&pg=PA261&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=jerusalem%20caput%20mundi&f=false
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  54. ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uOEzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=jerusalem+caput+mundi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhn7SGhu_kAhVKZ8AKHc45AZMQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=jerusalem%20caput%20mundi&f=false
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  63. ^ Indrajit Ray (2011). Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857). Routledge. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-1-136-82552-1.
  64. ^ Lex Heerma van Voss; Els Hiemstra-Kuperus; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (2010). "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India". The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000. Ashgate Publishing. p. 255.
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  66. ^ https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/page1/data-proves-delhi-is-official-rape-capital.html
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  68. ^ Shaw, Catherine (17 July 2016). "Milan, the 'world's design capital', takes steps to attract visitors year-round". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
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