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'''Ruth Deborah Gates''' (March 28, 1962 – October 25, 2018) was the Director of the [[Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology]] and the first woman to be President of the [[International Society for Reef Studies]]. Her research was dedicated to understanding [[coral reef]] ecosystems, specifically coral-algal symbiosis and the capacity for corals to acclimatize under future [[climate change]] conditions.<ref name=gs>{{Google scholar id}}</ref> Doctor Gates is most accredited with looking at coral biology and human-assisted coral evolution, known as ''super corals'', as notably seen in the documentary ''[[Chasing Coral]]'', available on Netflix. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edmunds|first=Peter J.|last2=Weis|first2=Virginia M.|date=2019-01|title=Ruth D. Gates (1962–2018)|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0763-4|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=10–11|doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0763-4|issn=2397-334X}}</ref>
'''Ruth Deborah Gates''' (March 28, 1962 – October 25, 2018) was the Director of the [[Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology]] and the first woman to be President of the [[International Society for Reef Studies]]. Her research was dedicated to understanding [[coral reef]] ecosystems, specifically coral-algal symbiosis and the capacity for corals to acclimatize under future [[climate change]] conditions.<ref name=gs>{{Google scholar id}}</ref> Doctor Gates is most accredited with looking at coral biology and human-assisted coral evolution, known as ''super corals'', as notably seen in the documentary ''[[Chasing Coral]]'', available on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edmunds|first=Peter J.|last2=Weis|first2=Virginia M.|date=January 2019|title=Ruth D. Gates (1962–2018)|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0763-4|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=3|issue=1|pages=10–11|doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0763-4|issn=2397-334X}}</ref>


== Education ==
== Education ==
Gates was inspired by the documentary ''[[The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/18/a-radical-attempt-to-save-the-reefs-and-forests|title=A Radical Attempt to Save the Reefs and Forests|work=The New Yorker|last=Kolbert|first=Elizabeth|date=2016-04-18|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref> She studied biology at [[Newcastle University]] where she earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in 1984.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/ruth-gates|title=Ruth Gates|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She fell in love with corals during a diving trip to the [[West Indies]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hawaiibusiness.com/20-for-the-next-20-2016/|title=20 for the Next 20: 2016|date=2016-03-03|work=Hawaii Business Magazine|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1985 she moved to the [[West Indies]] to study corals.<ref name=":0" /> She completed her [[PhD]] at [[Newcastle University]] in 1989 on seawater temperature and [[algal]]-[[cnidaria]]n [[symbiosis]].<ref name=gatesphd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Newcastle upon Tyne|url=https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/18918380?style=html|title=Seawater temperature and algal-cnidarian symbiosis|first= Ruth Deborah|last=Gates|date=1989|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.346445}}|website=jisc.ac.uk|oclc=557254204}}</ref>
Gates was inspired by the documentary ''[[The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/18/a-radical-attempt-to-save-the-reefs-and-forests|title=A Radical Attempt to Save the Reefs and Forests|work=The New Yorker|last=Kolbert|first=Elizabeth|date=2016-04-18|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She studied biology at [[Newcastle University]] where she earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in 1984.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/ruth-gates|title=Ruth Gates|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She fell in love with corals during a diving trip to the [[West Indies]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hawaiibusiness.com/20-for-the-next-20-2016/|title=20 for the Next 20: 2016|date=2016-03-03|work=Hawaii Business Magazine|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> In 1985 she moved to the [[West Indies]] to study corals.<ref name=":0" /> She completed her [[PhD]] at [[Newcastle University]] in 1989 on seawater temperature and [[algal]]-[[cnidaria]]n [[symbiosis]].<ref name=gatesphd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Newcastle upon Tyne|url=https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/18918380?style=html|title=Seawater temperature and algal-cnidarian symbiosis|first= Ruth Deborah|last=Gates|date=1989|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.346445}}|website=jisc.ac.uk|oclc=557254204}}</ref>


==Career and research==
==Career and research==
After her PhD, Gates was appointed a [[postdoctoral researcher]] at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].<ref name=":1" /> She spent thirteen years working as a junior researcher in California. She was there during the 1998 [[bleaching event]] that killed more than 15% of corals across the world.<ref name=":0" />
After her PhD, Gates was appointed a [[postdoctoral researcher]] at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].<ref name=":1" /> She spent thirteen years working as a junior researcher in California. She was there during the 1998 [[bleaching event]] that killed more than 15% of corals across the world.<ref name=":0" />


Gates joined the [[Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology]] 2003.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tetiaroasociety.org/ruth-gates|title=Ruth Gates {{!}} Tetiaroa Society|website=www.tetiaroasociety.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She studied corals and reefs, learning how they function and working on ways to slow their decline.<ref name=":3" /> She worked on [[Coconut Island]], trying to identify why some corals survive bleaching.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/03/corals-ocean-temperature/|title=Some Corals May Adapt to Warming Seas|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref> Her group monitored the ecosystems of coral reefs to understand how a changing environment impacted coral health.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/monitoring-reefs|title=Monitoring Reefs|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The corals in shallow patches like [[Kāneʻohe Bay]] are subject to high temperatures and irradiance.<ref name=":4" /> Alongside seawater temperature, they measure photosynthetic active radiation, salinity and nutrient composition.<ref name=":4" /> This allowed them to build [[3D modeling|3D models]] of reefs.<ref>{{Citation|last=TheJohnburns84|title=Ke'ei|date=2015-10-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxZLu7wByKY|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> They study the [[symbiodinium]] that live within coral tissues. These provide the corals with energy and are lost during coral bleaching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/symbiodinium-and-symbioses|title=Symbiodinium and Symbioses|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> They develop new techniques for data analysis and management, including developing EarthCube and CRESCYNT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/data-management-and-analysis|title=Data Management and Analysis|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1440342|title=NSF Award Search: Award#1440342 - Earthcube RCN: Coral REef Science & CYberinfrastructure NeTwork (CReSCyNT)|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Gates was concerned about [[sunscreen]] that contains [[octinoxate]] and [[oxybenzone]], and in 2015 called for it to be banned in Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/clip/11941033/that-sunscreen-you-slather-on-it-might-be-damaging-coral|title=That sunscreen you slather on? It might be damaging coral|last=|first=|date=|website=Hawaii News Now|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> These sunscreens were banned in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-04/hawaii-bans-sunscreen-coral-bleaching/9728322|title=Would you change sunscreen if it could help save the Great Barrier Reef?|date=2018-05-04|work=ABC News|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-AU}}</ref> In 2012 she demonstrated that the choice of symbiotic algae was crucial for how tropical reefs survived environmental stresses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=125278&org=NSF|title=Tropical Reefs Surviving Environmental Stresses: Corals' Choice of Symbiotic Algae May Hold the Key {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://app.dimensions.ai/details/grant/grant.2996203|title=A comprehensive survey of endosymbiotic and free-living Symbiodinium diversity in the corals and reef environments of Hawaii - Dimensions|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en}}</ref> She predicted that more than 90 percent of the world's corals will be dead by 2050.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/environment-90-percent-coral-reefs-die-2050-climate-change-bleaching-pollution-a7626911.html|title=More than 90 percent of coral reefs will die out by 2050|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-GB}}</ref>
Gates joined the [[Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology]] 2003.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tetiaroasociety.org/ruth-gates|title=Ruth Gates {{!}} Tetiaroa Society|website=www.tetiaroasociety.org|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She studied corals and reefs, learning how they function and working on ways to slow their decline.<ref name=":3" /> She worked on [[Coconut Island]], trying to identify why some corals survive bleaching.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/03/corals-ocean-temperature/|title=Some Corals May Adapt to Warming Seas|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Her group monitored the ecosystems of coral reefs to understand how a changing environment impacted coral health.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/monitoring-reefs|title=Monitoring Reefs|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The corals in shallow patches like [[Kāneʻohe Bay]] are subject to high temperatures and irradiance.<ref name=":4" /> Alongside seawater temperature, they measure photosynthetic active radiation, salinity and nutrient composition.<ref name=":4" /> This allowed them to build [[3D modeling|3D models]] of reefs.<ref>{{Citation|last=TheJohnburns84|title=Ke'ei|date=2015-10-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxZLu7wByKY|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> They study the [[symbiodinium]] that live within coral tissues. These provide the corals with energy and are lost during coral bleaching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/symbiodinium-and-symbioses|title=Symbiodinium and Symbioses|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> They develop new techniques for data analysis and management, including developing EarthCube and CRESCYNT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/data-management-and-analysis|title=Data Management and Analysis|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1440342|title=NSF Award Search: Award#1440342 - Earthcube RCN: Coral REef Science & CYberinfrastructure NeTwork (CReSCyNT)|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Gates was concerned about [[sunscreen]] that contains [[octinoxate]] and [[oxybenzone]], and in 2015 called for it to be banned in Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/clip/11941033/that-sunscreen-you-slather-on-it-might-be-damaging-coral|title=That sunscreen you slather on? It might be damaging coral|last=|first=|date=|website=Hawaii News Now|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> These sunscreens were banned in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-04/hawaii-bans-sunscreen-coral-bleaching/9728322|title=Would you change sunscreen if it could help save the Great Barrier Reef?|date=2018-05-04|work=ABC News|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> In 2012 she demonstrated that the choice of symbiotic algae was crucial for how tropical reefs survived environmental stresses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=125278&org=NSF|title=Tropical Reefs Surviving Environmental Stresses: Corals' Choice of Symbiotic Algae May Hold the Key {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://app.dimensions.ai/details/grant/grant.2996203|title=A comprehensive survey of endosymbiotic and free-living Symbiodinium diversity in the corals and reef environments of Hawaii - Dimensions|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She predicted that more than 90 percent of the world's corals will be dead by 2050.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/environment-90-percent-coral-reefs-die-2050-climate-change-bleaching-pollution-a7626911.html|title=More than 90 percent of coral reefs will die out by 2050|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>


=== Super coral ===
=== Super coral ===
In 2013, she won the [[Paul G. Allen]] Ocean Challenge, a $10,000 prize that allowed her to improve the resilience of vulnerable coral reef ecosystems.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pgaphilanthropies.org/oceanchallenge/|title=OceanChallenge - Home|website=www.pgaphilanthropies.org|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pgaphilanthropies.org/news/news-articles/press-releases/press-release-the-paul-g-allen-family-foundation-n|title=Press Release - The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation Names Winner of Inaugural Ocean Challenge - Paul G. Allen Philanthropies|website=www.pgaphilanthropies.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> For the proposal, Gates joined [[Madeleine van Oppen]], and used genetic selection to boost resilience to environmental stress.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aims.gov.au/docs/media/latest-releases/-/asset_publisher/8Kfw/content/ocean-prize-for-assisted-coral-evolution|title=About the Australian Institute of Marine Science|author=Anon|website=www.aims.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> They did this by exposing cross-bred corals to successively warmer and more acidic experimental tanks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/20/climate/coral-great-barrier-reef.html|title=Building a Better Coral Reef|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/this-coral-must-die/|title=This coral must die|date=2018-07-06|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/hawaiian-coral-evolution-sparks-worldwide-debate|title=Hawaiian coral evolution sparks worldwide debate|date=2016-02-13|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/05/scientists-can-engineer-climate-resistant-coral/|title=The Controversial Race to Breed Climate-Adapted Super Coral|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref> She was awarded the [[University of Hawaii]] Board of Regents Medal for Excellence in Research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/about/awards/research.php|title=Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research :: University of Hawaii System|last=System|first=University of Hawaii|website=www.hawaii.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> ''Coral Assisted Evolution, a'' $4 million research project, was funded by the [[Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://coralassistedevolution.com/contact|title=Contact|website=coralassistedevolution.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> This supported Gates' research for four years from 2016, developing ''super corals'' that can withstand climate change.<ref>{{Citation|last=Vulcan Inc.|title=Innovator Profiles: Ruth Gates Is Working to Save Coral Reefs|date=2018-02-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmxUXLb539o|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Whilst Gates was concerned about playing with nature, she could not sit by and watch species become extinct without acting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2016/06/horrifying-research-seeks-to-save-hawaii-coral-reefs/|title='Horrifying' research seeks to save Hawaii reefs » Yale Climate Connections|date=2016-06-28|work=Yale Climate Connections|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2016, Gates was named by [[Hawaii Business]] as one of the top 20 leaders of Hawaii.<ref name=":2" /> She explored whether non-super corals could be encouraged to take on new symbionts to improve their ability to withstand high temperatures.<ref name=":0" /> If Gates' project is successful, it could save the US $9.9 trillion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/article/2149588/saving-worlds-coral-avert-wipeout-irreversible-costs|title=Saving the world’s coral to avert a wipeout of irreversible costs|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, the foundation supported a coral reef map, that allowed scientists to monitor corals in unprecedented detail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.planet.com/pulse/planet-paul-g-allen-coral-map/|title=Planet, Paul G. Allen Philanthropies, & Leading Scientists Team Up to Map & Monitor World's Corals in Unprecedented Detail|website=www.planet.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>
In 2013, she won the [[Paul G. Allen]] Ocean Challenge, a $10,000 prize that allowed her to improve the resilience of vulnerable coral reef ecosystems.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pgaphilanthropies.org/oceanchallenge/|title=OceanChallenge - Home|website=www.pgaphilanthropies.org|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pgaphilanthropies.org/news/news-articles/press-releases/press-release-the-paul-g-allen-family-foundation-n|title=Press Release - The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation Names Winner of Inaugural Ocean Challenge - Paul G. Allen Philanthropies|website=www.pgaphilanthropies.org|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> For the proposal, Gates joined [[Madeleine van Oppen]], and used genetic selection to boost resilience to environmental stress.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aims.gov.au/docs/media/latest-releases/-/asset_publisher/8Kfw/content/ocean-prize-for-assisted-coral-evolution|title=About the Australian Institute of Marine Science|author=Anon|website=www.aims.gov.au|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> They did this by exposing cross-bred corals to successively warmer and more acidic experimental tanks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/20/climate/coral-great-barrier-reef.html|title=Building a Better Coral Reef|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/this-coral-must-die/|title=This coral must die|date=2018-07-06|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/hawaiian-coral-evolution-sparks-worldwide-debate|title=Hawaiian coral evolution sparks worldwide debate|date=2016-02-13|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/05/scientists-can-engineer-climate-resistant-coral/|title=The Controversial Race to Breed Climate-Adapted Super Coral|work=WIRED|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She was awarded the [[University of Hawaii]] Board of Regents Medal for Excellence in Research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/about/awards/research.php|title=Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research :: University of Hawaii System|last=System|first=University of Hawaii|website=www.hawaii.edu|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> ''Coral Assisted Evolution, a'' $4 million research project, was funded by the [[Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://coralassistedevolution.com/contact|title=Contact|website=coralassistedevolution.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> This supported Gates' research for four years from 2016, developing ''super corals'' that can withstand climate change.<ref>{{Citation|last=Vulcan Inc.|title=Innovator Profiles: Ruth Gates Is Working to Save Coral Reefs|date=2018-02-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmxUXLb539o|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Whilst Gates was concerned about playing with nature, she could not sit by and watch species become extinct without acting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2016/06/horrifying-research-seeks-to-save-hawaii-coral-reefs/|title='Horrifying' research seeks to save Hawaii reefs » Yale Climate Connections|date=2016-06-28|work=Yale Climate Connections|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> In 2016, Gates was named by [[Hawaii Business]] as one of the top 20 leaders of Hawaii.<ref name=":2" /> She explored whether non-super corals could be encouraged to take on new symbionts to improve their ability to withstand high temperatures.<ref name=":0" /> If Gates' project is successful, it could save the US $9.9 trillion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/article/2149588/saving-worlds-coral-avert-wipeout-irreversible-costs|title=Saving the world’s coral to avert a wipeout of irreversible costs|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> In 2018, the foundation supported a coral reef map, that allowed scientists to monitor corals in unprecedented detail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.planet.com/pulse/planet-paul-g-allen-coral-map/|title=Planet, Paul G. Allen Philanthropies, & Leading Scientists Team Up to Map & Monitor World's Corals in Unprecedented Detail|website=www.planet.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>


=== Public engagement ===
=== Public engagement ===
She was elected the president of the [[International Society for Reef Studies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://coralreefs.org/society-organisation/officers-and-members-of-council/|title=Officers & Councilors – International Society for Reef Studies|website=coralreefs.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The ''Super Coral'' proposals were featured in ''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]'', [[Gizmodo]], [[PBS]], ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[Hawaii Business]]'', ''[[National Geographic]]'', the ''[[Huffington post]]'', ''[[New Scientist]]'' and the [[BBC]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23030680-600-im-creating-supercharged-corals-to-beat-climate-change/|title=I’m creating supercharged corals to beat climate change|last=Schiffman|first=Richard|work=New Scientist|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90188094/scientists-are-speeding-up-evolution-to-build-climate-change-resistance|title=Scientists are speeding up evolution to build climate change resistance|date=2018-07-18|website=fastcompany.com|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/fullmoon-scienceofsupercorals/welcome.html|title=The Science of Super Corals - Coral Comeback|website=oceantoday.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/super-coral-reefs-climate-change-462172|title=Climate-adapted "super coral" could help revive the world's ailing reefs|date=2016-05-22|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Super Coral That Can Survive Global Warming|url=http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/160323-breeding-super-coral-vin?source=relatedvideo|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160322-the-women-with-a-controversial-plan-to-save-corals|title=The women with a controversial plan to save corals|last=Riley|first=Alex|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hawaiibusiness.com/hawaiis-super-coral/|title=Hawaii’s Super Coral: Evolution on Fast Forward|date=2018-09-12|work=Hawaii Business Magazine|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref> Her work was featured on the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Chasing Coral]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80168188|title=Chasing Coral {{!}} Netflix Official Site|website=www.netflix.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chasingcoral.com/the-team/|title=Team - Chasing Coral|work=Chasing Coral|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/chasing-coral-movie/|title=In The Story Of Dying Coral Reefs, A Call To Action|work=Science Friday|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref> She was an invited speaker at the 2017 [[Aspen Ideas Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aspenideas.org/speaker/ruth-gates|title=Ruth Gates {{!}} Aspen Ideas Festival|website=Aspen Ideas Festival|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She was featured on the University of Hawai'i Foundation video series in 2018.<ref>{{Citation|last=UH Foundation|title=Making a Marine Biologist - Ruth Gates Series|date=2018-02-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVdAHjRzv8Q|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=UH Foundation|title=Adapt or Die - Ruth Gates Series|date=2018-02-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSjXQud_174|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The Gates lab are involved with a wide range of public engagement and outreach, including hosting students from [[Mo'orea]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/international-impacts|title=International Impacts|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She was a member of the [[Tetiaroa]] Society.<ref name=":3" />
She was elected the president of the [[International Society for Reef Studies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://coralreefs.org/society-organisation/officers-and-members-of-council/|title=Officers & Councilors – International Society for Reef Studies|website=coralreefs.org|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The ''Super Coral'' proposals were featured in ''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]'', [[Gizmodo]], [[PBS]], ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[Hawaii Business]]'', ''[[National Geographic]]'', the ''[[Huffington post]]'', ''[[New Scientist]]'' and the [[BBC]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23030680-600-im-creating-supercharged-corals-to-beat-climate-change/|title=I’m creating supercharged corals to beat climate change|last=Schiffman|first=Richard|work=New Scientist|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90188094/scientists-are-speeding-up-evolution-to-build-climate-change-resistance|title=Scientists are speeding up evolution to build climate change resistance|date=2018-07-18|website=fastcompany.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/fullmoon-scienceofsupercorals/welcome.html|title=The Science of Super Corals - Coral Comeback|website=oceantoday.noaa.gov|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/super-coral-reefs-climate-change-462172|title=Climate-adapted "super coral" could help revive the world's ailing reefs|date=2016-05-22|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Super Coral That Can Survive Global Warming|url=http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/160323-breeding-super-coral-vin?source=relatedvideo|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160322-the-women-with-a-controversial-plan-to-save-corals|title=The women with a controversial plan to save corals|last=Riley|first=Alex|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hawaiibusiness.com/hawaiis-super-coral/|title=Hawaii’s Super Coral: Evolution on Fast Forward|date=2018-09-12|work=Hawaii Business Magazine|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Her work was featured on the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Chasing Coral]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80168188|title=Chasing Coral {{!}} Netflix Official Site|website=www.netflix.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chasingcoral.com/the-team/|title=Team - Chasing Coral|work=Chasing Coral|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/chasing-coral-movie/|title=In The Story Of Dying Coral Reefs, A Call To Action|work=Science Friday|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She was an invited speaker at the 2017 [[Aspen Ideas Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aspenideas.org/speaker/ruth-gates|title=Ruth Gates {{!}} Aspen Ideas Festival|website=Aspen Ideas Festival|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She was featured on the University of Hawai'i Foundation video series in 2018.<ref>{{Citation|last=UH Foundation|title=Making a Marine Biologist - Ruth Gates Series|date=2018-02-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVdAHjRzv8Q|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=UH Foundation|title=Adapt or Die - Ruth Gates Series|date=2018-02-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSjXQud_174|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The Gates lab are involved with a wide range of public engagement and outreach, including hosting students from [[Mo'orea]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gatescorallab.com/international-impacts|title=International Impacts|website=gatescorallab.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> She was a member of the [[Tetiaroa]] Society.<ref name=":3" />


==Personal life ==
==Personal life ==
Gates was born in Cyprus, the sister of Timothy Gates and the daughter of John Amos Gates (RAF) and Muriel Peel Gates (physiotherapist). Her wife was Robin Burton-Gates, whom she married in Sept 2018. She was diagnosed with [[brain cancer]] at 56 years old<ref>[https://www.civilbeat.org/2018/10/rip-ruth-gates-the-world-loses-a-top-coral-scientist-and-indomitable-spirit/ RIP Ruth Gates: The World Loses A Top Coral Scientist And ‘Indomitable Spirit’], ''[[Honolulu Civil Beat]]'', October 30, 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/10/optimist-who-believed-saving-corals/574240/|title=The Fight for Corals Loses Its Great Champion|last=Yong|first=Ed|work=The Atlantic|date=2018-10-29|access-date=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref>, but passed away from complications during a surgery for diverticulitis<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/obituaries/ruth-gates-dead-marine-biologist-who-championed-coral.html Ruth Gates, Who Made Saving Coral Reefs Her Mission, Is Dead at 56], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 5, 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/obituaries/ruth-gates-dead-marine-biologist-who-championed-coral.html |title=Ruth Gates, Who Made Saving Coral Reefs Her Mission, Is Dead at 56|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|work=The New York Times|date=2018-11-05|access-date=2019-01-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
Gates was born in Cyprus, the sister of Timothy Gates and the daughter of John Amos Gates (RAF) and Muriel Peel Gates (physiotherapist). Her wife was Robin Burton-Gates, whom she married in Sept 2018. She was diagnosed with [[brain cancer]] at 56 years old,<ref>[https://www.civilbeat.org/2018/10/rip-ruth-gates-the-world-loses-a-top-coral-scientist-and-indomitable-spirit/ RIP Ruth Gates: The World Loses A Top Coral Scientist And ‘Indomitable Spirit’], ''[[Honolulu Civil Beat]]'', October 30, 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/10/optimist-who-believed-saving-corals/574240/|title=The Fight for Corals Loses Its Great Champion|last=Yong|first=Ed|work=The Atlantic|date=2018-10-29|access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref> but passed away from complications during a surgery for diverticulitis<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/obituaries/ruth-gates-dead-marine-biologist-who-championed-coral.html Ruth Gates, Who Made Saving Coral Reefs Her Mission, Is Dead at 56], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 5, 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/05/obituaries/ruth-gates-dead-marine-biologist-who-championed-coral.html |title=Ruth Gates, Who Made Saving Coral Reefs Her Mission, Is Dead at 56|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|work=The New York Times|date=2018-11-05|access-date=2019-01-03}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 17:55, 8 October 2019

Ruth Gates
Born
Ruth Deborah Gates

(1962-03-28)March 28, 1962
Akrotiri, Cyprus
DiedOctober 25, 2018(2018-10-25) (aged 56)
Kailua, Hawaii, U.S.
Alma materNewcastle University (BSc, PhD)[1]
Known forCoral reef research
SpouseRobin Burton-Gates
Scientific career
FieldsMarine biology
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Los Angeles
Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology
ThesisSeawater temperature and algal-cnidarian symbiosis (1989)
Websitegatescorallab.com

Ruth Deborah Gates (March 28, 1962 – October 25, 2018) was the Director of the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology and the first woman to be President of the International Society for Reef Studies. Her research was dedicated to understanding coral reef ecosystems, specifically coral-algal symbiosis and the capacity for corals to acclimatize under future climate change conditions.[2] Doctor Gates is most accredited with looking at coral biology and human-assisted coral evolution, known as super corals, as notably seen in the documentary Chasing Coral, available on Netflix.[3]

Education

Gates was inspired by the documentary The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau.[4] She studied biology at Newcastle University where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1984.[5] She fell in love with corals during a diving trip to the West Indies.[6] In 1985 she moved to the West Indies to study corals.[4] She completed her PhD at Newcastle University in 1989 on seawater temperature and algal-cnidarian symbiosis.[1]

Career and research

After her PhD, Gates was appointed a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles.[5] She spent thirteen years working as a junior researcher in California. She was there during the 1998 bleaching event that killed more than 15% of corals across the world.[4]

Gates joined the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology 2003.[7] She studied corals and reefs, learning how they function and working on ways to slow their decline.[7] She worked on Coconut Island, trying to identify why some corals survive bleaching.[8] Her group monitored the ecosystems of coral reefs to understand how a changing environment impacted coral health.[9] The corals in shallow patches like Kāneʻohe Bay are subject to high temperatures and irradiance.[9] Alongside seawater temperature, they measure photosynthetic active radiation, salinity and nutrient composition.[9] This allowed them to build 3D models of reefs.[10] They study the symbiodinium that live within coral tissues. These provide the corals with energy and are lost during coral bleaching.[11] They develop new techniques for data analysis and management, including developing EarthCube and CRESCYNT.[12][13] Gates was concerned about sunscreen that contains octinoxate and oxybenzone, and in 2015 called for it to be banned in Hawaii.[14] These sunscreens were banned in 2018.[15] In 2012 she demonstrated that the choice of symbiotic algae was crucial for how tropical reefs survived environmental stresses.[16][17] She predicted that more than 90 percent of the world's corals will be dead by 2050.[18]

Super coral

In 2013, she won the Paul G. Allen Ocean Challenge, a $10,000 prize that allowed her to improve the resilience of vulnerable coral reef ecosystems.[19][20] For the proposal, Gates joined Madeleine van Oppen, and used genetic selection to boost resilience to environmental stress.[19][21] They did this by exposing cross-bred corals to successively warmer and more acidic experimental tanks.[22][23][24][25] She was awarded the University of Hawaii Board of Regents Medal for Excellence in Research.[26] Coral Assisted Evolution, a $4 million research project, was funded by the Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group.[27] This supported Gates' research for four years from 2016, developing super corals that can withstand climate change.[28] Whilst Gates was concerned about playing with nature, she could not sit by and watch species become extinct without acting.[29] In 2016, Gates was named by Hawaii Business as one of the top 20 leaders of Hawaii.[6] She explored whether non-super corals could be encouraged to take on new symbionts to improve their ability to withstand high temperatures.[4] If Gates' project is successful, it could save the US $9.9 trillion.[30] In 2018, the foundation supported a coral reef map, that allowed scientists to monitor corals in unprecedented detail.[31]

Public engagement

She was elected the president of the International Society for Reef Studies.[32] The Super Coral proposals were featured in Fast Company, Gizmodo, PBS, Newsweek, Hawaii Business, National Geographic, the Huffington post, New Scientist and the BBC.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Her work was featured on the Netflix series Chasing Coral.[40][41][42] She was an invited speaker at the 2017 Aspen Ideas Festival.[43] She was featured on the University of Hawai'i Foundation video series in 2018.[44][45] The Gates lab are involved with a wide range of public engagement and outreach, including hosting students from Mo'orea.[46] She was a member of the Tetiaroa Society.[7]

Personal life

Gates was born in Cyprus, the sister of Timothy Gates and the daughter of John Amos Gates (RAF) and Muriel Peel Gates (physiotherapist). Her wife was Robin Burton-Gates, whom she married in Sept 2018. She was diagnosed with brain cancer at 56 years old,[47][48] but passed away from complications during a surgery for diverticulitis[49][50]

References

  1. ^ a b Gates, Ruth Deborah (1989). Seawater temperature and algal-cnidarian symbiosis. jisc.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Newcastle upon Tyne. OCLC 557254204. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.346445.
  2. ^ Ruth Gates publications indexed by Google Scholar Edit this at Wikidata
  3. ^ Edmunds, Peter J.; Weis, Virginia M. (January 2019). "Ruth D. Gates (1962–2018)". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (1): 10–11. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0763-4. ISSN 2397-334X.
  4. ^ a b c d Kolbert, Elizabeth (2016-04-18). "A Radical Attempt to Save the Reefs and Forests". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  5. ^ a b "Ruth Gates". gatescorallab.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  6. ^ a b "20 for the Next 20: 2016". Hawaii Business Magazine. 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  7. ^ a b c "Ruth Gates | Tetiaroa Society". www.tetiaroasociety.org. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  8. ^ "Some Corals May Adapt to Warming Seas". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  9. ^ a b c "Monitoring Reefs". gatescorallab.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  10. ^ TheJohnburns84 (2015-10-28), Ke'ei, retrieved 2018-10-28{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Symbiodinium and Symbioses". gatescorallab.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  12. ^ "Data Management and Analysis". gatescorallab.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  13. ^ "NSF Award Search: Award#1440342 - Earthcube RCN: Coral REef Science & CYberinfrastructure NeTwork (CReSCyNT)". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  14. ^ "That sunscreen you slather on? It might be damaging coral". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  15. ^ "Would you change sunscreen if it could help save the Great Barrier Reef?". ABC News. 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  16. ^ "Tropical Reefs Surviving Environmental Stresses: Corals' Choice of Symbiotic Algae May Hold the Key | NSF - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  17. ^ "A comprehensive survey of endosymbiotic and free-living Symbiodinium diversity in the corals and reef environments of Hawaii - Dimensions". Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  18. ^ "More than 90 percent of coral reefs will die out by 2050". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  19. ^ a b "OceanChallenge - Home". www.pgaphilanthropies.org. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  20. ^ "Press Release - The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation Names Winner of Inaugural Ocean Challenge - Paul G. Allen Philanthropies". www.pgaphilanthropies.org. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  21. ^ Anon. "About the Australian Institute of Marine Science". www.aims.gov.au. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  22. ^ "Building a Better Coral Reef". Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  23. ^ "This coral must die". The Seattle Times. 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  24. ^ "Hawaiian coral evolution sparks worldwide debate". Times Higher Education (THE). 2016-02-13. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  25. ^ "The Controversial Race to Breed Climate-Adapted Super Coral". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  26. ^ System, University of Hawaii. "Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research :: University of Hawaii System". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  27. ^ "Contact". coralassistedevolution.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  28. ^ Vulcan Inc. (2018-02-21), Innovator Profiles: Ruth Gates Is Working to Save Coral Reefs, retrieved 2018-10-28
  29. ^ "'Horrifying' research seeks to save Hawaii reefs » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  30. ^ "Saving the world's coral to avert a wipeout of irreversible costs". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  31. ^ "Planet, Paul G. Allen Philanthropies, & Leading Scientists Team Up to Map & Monitor World's Corals in Unprecedented Detail". www.planet.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  32. ^ "Officers & Councilors – International Society for Reef Studies". coralreefs.org. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  33. ^ Schiffman, Richard. "I'm creating supercharged corals to beat climate change". New Scientist. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  34. ^ "Scientists are speeding up evolution to build climate change resistance". fastcompany.com. 2018-07-18. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  35. ^ "The Science of Super Corals - Coral Comeback". oceantoday.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  36. ^ "Climate-adapted "super coral" could help revive the world's ailing reefs". Newsweek. 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  37. ^ Super Coral That Can Survive Global Warming, retrieved 2018-10-28
  38. ^ Riley, Alex. "The women with a controversial plan to save corals". Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  39. ^ "Hawaii's Super Coral: Evolution on Fast Forward". Hawaii Business Magazine. 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  40. ^ "Chasing Coral | Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  41. ^ "Team - Chasing Coral". Chasing Coral. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  42. ^ "In The Story Of Dying Coral Reefs, A Call To Action". Science Friday. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  43. ^ "Ruth Gates | Aspen Ideas Festival". Aspen Ideas Festival. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  44. ^ UH Foundation (2018-02-12), Making a Marine Biologist - Ruth Gates Series, retrieved 2018-10-28
  45. ^ UH Foundation (2018-02-19), Adapt or Die - Ruth Gates Series, retrieved 2018-10-28
  46. ^ "International Impacts". gatescorallab.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  47. ^ RIP Ruth Gates: The World Loses A Top Coral Scientist And ‘Indomitable Spirit’, Honolulu Civil Beat, October 30, 2018.
  48. ^ Yong, Ed (2018-10-29). "The Fight for Corals Loses Its Great Champion". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
  49. ^ Ruth Gates, Who Made Saving Coral Reefs Her Mission, Is Dead at 56, The New York Times, November 5, 2018.
  50. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (2018-11-05). "Ruth Gates, Who Made Saving Coral Reefs Her Mission, Is Dead at 56". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
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