Talodi–Heiban languages: Difference between revisions

Talodi–Heiban
Talodi–Heiban
((putative))
Geographic; distribution	Nuba Hills, Sudan
Linguistic classification	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Talodi–Heiban; ;
Subdivisions	Talodi; Heiban;
Language codes
Glottolog	None; narr1279 (Talodi); heib1242 (Heiban)

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Revision as of 04:08, 11 October 2019

The Talodi–Heiban languages are a putative branch of the Niger–Congo family spoken in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan. The Talodi languages and Heiban languages are considered by some to be relatively closely related,^[1] but Glottolog 4.0 does not accept the unity of Talodi–Heiban. Güldemann treats Talodi and Heiban as separate groups pending further evidence.^[2]

Classification

Roger Blench (2016) notes that the Talodi and Heiban branches share many typological similarities, but few lexical similarities. Blench (2016) considers Talodi and Heiban to each be separate, independent Niger-Congo branches that had later converged due to mutual contact.

Talodi and Heiban had each constituted a group of the Kordofanian branch of Niger–Congo that was posited by Joseph Greenberg (1963); Talodi has also been called Talodi–Masakin, and Heiban has also been called Koalib or Koalib–Moro. Roger Blench notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the noun-class systems characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo core of Niger–Congo, but that the Katla languages (another putative branch of Kordofanian) have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a Sprachbund, rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi–Heiban is core Niger–Congo, whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch (or perhaps branches) along the lines of Mande. The Kadu languages may be Nilo-Saharan.

Talodi–Heiban

Heiban

East

	Ko (Fungor, Kau, Nyaro)

	Warnang (Werni)

Central

Kwalib (Koalib, Rere)

	Logol (Lukha)

	Laro–Ebang (Heiban)

	Utoro (Otoro)

Shirumba (Shwai)

West

	Tiro (Tira)

	Moro

Talodi

Lumun, †Torona

Buram–Saraf

	Jomang (Talodi), †Nding (Eliri)

Tocho	Tocho (Tacho), Acheron (Asheron)

Masakin	Ngile (Daloka), Dengebu (Dagik)

† = extinct

Lafofa (Tegem), sometimes classified as a divergent Talodi language, has a different set of cognates with other Niger–Congo and has been placed in its own branch of Niger–Congo.

Norton & Alaki (2015)

Norton & Alaki (2015: 76, 126)^[3] classify the Talodi languages as follows. Proto-Talodi, Proto-Lumun-Torona, and Proto-Narrow Talodi have also been reconstructed by Norton & Alaki (2015).

Talodi

Lumun‑
Torona

Torona, Lumun

Narrow
Talodi

	Tocho, Acheron

	Dagik

	Tuwal, Daloka-Aheimar

	Tasomi-Tata (Talodi), Nding

Relationship

Lexical correspondences between Proto-Heiban and Proto-Talodi according to Blench (2016):^[4]

Gloss	Proto-Heiban	Proto-Talodi
belly	*k-aaRi / ɲ-	*C-a[a]rәk / kә-
dry	*Ø-undu / k-	*Øandu[k] / t~k
ear	*k-ɛɛni / ɲ-	*k-ɛ[ɛ]nu / Ø-
fire	*iiga	*t̪-ɪ[ɪ]k / ḷ-
give	*N-d̪ɛ-d̪í	*N-d̪í
guts	*t̪-y / n̪-u	*t-u[u]k / n-
hear	*g-aani / n-	*g-eenu / w-
hole	*li-buŋul / ŋu-	*t-ʊbʊ / n-
horn	*l-uuba / ŋ-	*t~C-uubʊk / n~m-
left side	*t̪-agur	*Ø-ʊgʊlɛ / C-
name	*C-iriɲ	*k-әḷәŋaŋ / N~Ø-
pull	*uud̪i	*aadu
red	*k-ʊʊrɪ	*ɔɔɽɛ
rope	*d̪-aar / ŋw-	*t̪-ɔ[ɔ]ḷәk / ḷ-
small	*-itti(ɲ)	*ɔt̪t̪ɛ(ŋ)
star	*l-ʊrʊm / ŋ-	*C-ɔ[ɔ]d̪ɔt̪ / m
stone	*k-adɔl / y-	*p-әd̪ɔk / m
tongue	*d̪-iŋgәla / r-	*t̪-ʊlәŋɛ / ḷ-
tooth	*l-iŋgat / y-	*C-әɲi[t] / k-
wing	*k-ibɔ / ʧ-	*k-ʊbɪ / Ø-

Noun class prefix comparison between Proto-Heiban and Proto-Talodi according to Blench (2016):^[4]

Noun class	Proto-Heiban	Proto-Talodi
Persons	*kʷ,gʷ-/l-	*p,b-/Ø-
Trees and plants	*k,g/y-	*p-/k-
Round things, vital body parts	*li-/ŋʷ-	*ʧ-/m-
Symmetrical body parts	*l-/j-	*ʧ-/k-
Long thin objects, bushy objects	*ð-/r-	*t/n
Small objects, animals	*ŋ-, t-/ɲ-	*ŋ-/ɲ-
Liquids	*ŋ-	*ŋ-
Uncountables, [dust, grass]	*k-	*t-

Notes

^ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:842.
^ Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9.
^ Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages 11:31-161.
^ ^a ^b Blench, Roger. 2016. Do Heiban and Talodi form a genetic group and how are they related to Niger-Congo?.

Roger Blench. Unpublished. Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: new and revised lexical evidence.
Roger Blench, 2011, Should Kordofanian be split up?, Nuba Hills Conference, Leiden
Blench, Roger. 2016. Do Heiban and Talodi form a genetic group and how are they related to Niger-Congo?.

[1] Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:842.

[Guldemann-2] Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9.

[3] Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages 11:31-161.

[:0-4] Blench, Roger. 2016. Do Heiban and Talodi form a genetic group and how are they related to Niger-Congo?.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 ! Gloss !! Proto-Heiban !! Proto-Talodi
 |-
-| belly || *k-aaRi/ɲ- || *C-a[a]rәk/kә-
+| belly || *k-aaRi / ɲ- || *C-a[a]rәk / kә-
 |-
-| dry || *Ø-undu/k- || *Øandu[k]/t~k
+| dry || *Ø-undu / k- || *Øandu[k] / t~k
 |-
-| ear || *k-ɛɛni/ɲ- || *k-ɛ[ɛ]nu/Ø-
+| ear || *k-ɛɛni / ɲ- || *k-ɛ[ɛ]nu / Ø-
 |-
-| fire || *iiga || *t̪-ɪ[ɪ]k/ḷ-
+| fire || *iiga || *t̪-ɪ[ɪ]k / ḷ-
 |-
 | give || *N-d̪ɛ-d̪í || *N-d̪í
 |-
-| guts || *t̪-y/n̪-u || *t-u[u]k/n-
+| guts || *t̪-y / n̪-u || *t-u[u]k / n-
 |-
-| hear || *g-aani/n- || *g-eenu/w-
+| hear || *g-aani / n- || *g-eenu / w-
 |-
-| hole || *li-buŋul/ŋu- || *t-ʊbʊ/n-
+| hole || *li-buŋul / ŋu- || *t-ʊbʊ / n-
 |-
-| horn || *l-uuba/ŋ- || *t~C-uubʊk/n~m-
+| horn || *l-uuba / ŋ- || *t~C-uubʊk / n~m-
 |-
-| left side || *t̪-agur || *Ø-ʊgʊlɛ/C-
+| left side || *t̪-agur || *Ø-ʊgʊlɛ / C-
 |-
-| name || *C-iriɲ || *k-әḷәŋaŋ/N~Ø-
+| name || *C-iriɲ || *k-әḷәŋaŋ / N~Ø-
 |-
 | pull || *uud̪i || *aadu
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 | red || *k-ʊʊrɪ || *ɔɔɽɛ
 |-
-| rope || *d̪-aar/ŋw- || *t̪-ɔ[ɔ]ḷәk/ḷ-
+| rope || *d̪-aar / ŋw- || *t̪-ɔ[ɔ]ḷәk / ḷ-
 |-
 | small || *-itti(ɲ) || *ɔt̪t̪ɛ(ŋ)
 |-
-| star || *l-ʊrʊm/ŋ- || *C-ɔ[ɔ]d̪ɔt̪/m
+| star || *l-ʊrʊm / ŋ- || *C-ɔ[ɔ]d̪ɔt̪ / m
 |-
-| stone || *k-adɔl/y- || *p-әd̪ɔk/m
+| stone || *k-adɔl / y- || *p-әd̪ɔk / m
 |-
-| tongue || *d̪-iŋgәla/r- || *t̪-ʊlәŋɛ/ḷ-
+| tongue || *d̪-iŋgәla / r- || *t̪-ʊlәŋɛ / ḷ-
 |-
-| tooth || *l-iŋgat/y- || *C-әɲi[t]/k-
+| tooth || *l-iŋgat / y- || *C-әɲi[t] / k-
 |-
-| wing || *k-ibɔ/ʧ- || *k-ʊbɪ/Ø-
+| wing || *k-ibɔ / ʧ- || *k-ʊbɪ / Ø-
 |}

Revision as of 04:08, 11 October 2019

Classification

Norton & Alaki (2015)

Relationship

See also

Notes