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==Research==
==Research==
Research has shown NRT in combination with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can improve the rates of smoking cessation in pregnant women. <ref name=":2" /> CBT counseling includes motivational interviewing, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=William|last2=Rollnick|first2=Stephen|date=2003-05|title=Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd ed.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01445442-200305000-00013|journal=Journal For Healthcare Quality|volume=25|issue=3|pages=46|doi=10.1097/01445442-200305000-00013|issn=1062-2551}}</ref> Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prochaska|first=James O.|last2=DiClemente|first2=Carlo C.|date=1983|title=Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.51.3.390|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|volume=51|issue=3|pages=390–395|doi=10.1037//0022-006x.51.3.390|issn=0022-006X}}</ref> and Social Cognitive Theory. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Webb|first=Mark C.|date=1993|title=Neurobiology of learning, emotion, and affect. John Madden, ed. Raven Press, Ltd., New York City, New York, 1991. 354 pp. $126.00|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/depr.3050010211|journal=Depression|volume=1|issue=2|pages=116–117|doi=10.1002/depr.3050010211|issn=1062-6417}}</ref>
Research has shown NRT in combination with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can improve the rates of smoking cessation in pregnant women.<ref name=":2" /> CBT counseling includes motivational interviewing,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=William|last2=Rollnick|first2=Stephen|date=May 2003|title=Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd ed.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01445442-200305000-00013|journal=Journal For Healthcare Quality|volume=25|issue=3|pages=46|doi=10.1097/01445442-200305000-00013|issn=1062-2551}}</ref> Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prochaska|first=James O.|last2=DiClemente|first2=Carlo C.|date=1983|title=Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.51.3.390|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|volume=51|issue=3|pages=390–395|doi=10.1037//0022-006x.51.3.390|issn=0022-006X}}</ref> and Social Cognitive Theory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Webb|first=Mark C.|date=1993|title=Neurobiology of learning, emotion, and affect. John Madden, ed. Raven Press, Ltd., New York City, New York, 1991. 354 pp. $126.00|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/depr.3050010211|journal=Depression|volume=1|issue=2|pages=116–117|doi=10.1002/depr.3050010211|issn=1062-6417}}</ref>



Nicotine patches are under study to help relieve the symptoms of [[postoperative pain]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicotine Patch Decreases Post Surgical Pain|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/85508.php|publisher=MediLexicon International Ltd, Bexhill-on-Sea, UK|accessdate=25 November 2013|date=15 October 2007}}</ref> and to treat early [[dementia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicotine Patches Up Early Memory Loss In Study|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/09/144906236/nicotine-patches-up-early-memory-loss-in-study|accessdate=3 February 2014|date=9 January 2013}}</ref>
Nicotine patches are under study to help relieve the symptoms of [[postoperative pain]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicotine Patch Decreases Post Surgical Pain|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/85508.php|publisher=MediLexicon International Ltd, Bexhill-on-Sea, UK|accessdate=25 November 2013|date=15 October 2007}}</ref> and to treat early [[dementia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicotine Patches Up Early Memory Loss In Study|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/09/144906236/nicotine-patches-up-early-memory-loss-in-study|accessdate=3 February 2014|date=9 January 2013}}</ref>
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== Application ==
== Application ==
It is important to read the package information and instructions to ensure the nicotine patch is used properly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Commissioner|first=Office of the|date=2019-03-22|title=Want to Quit Smoking? FDA-Approved Products Can Help|url=http://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/want-quit-smoking-fda-approved-products-can-help|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref>
It is important to read the package information and instructions to ensure the nicotine patch is used properly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Commissioner|first=Office of the|date=2019-03-22|title=Want to Quit Smoking? FDA-Approved Products Can Help|url=http://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/want-quit-smoking-fda-approved-products-can-help|journal=FDA}}</ref>


Nicotine patches should be placed on a clean, dry, and hairless part of the skin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279221/|title=Smoking: Nicotine replacement therapy|last=Information|first=National Center for Biotechnology|last2=Pike|first2=U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville|last3=MD|first3=Bethesda|last4=Usa|first4=20894|date=2017-08-24|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|language=en}}</ref> The patch can be placed on the upper body, such as on the inside or outside part of the arm or the shoulder, or it can be placed on the hip area. <ref name=":0" /> When applying the patch, the sticky adhesive part of the patch should make contact with the skin, and the remaining protective covering should be removed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2000-09-15|title=The Nicotine Patch|url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0915/p1421.html|journal=American Family Physician|language=en|volume=62|issue=6|pages=1421|issn=0002-838X}}</ref>Then, the patch should be pressed into place for at least 10 seconds to ensure that the patch will stick. <ref name=":1" />After application, hands should be washed since nicotine from the patch could linger on the hands, and this could cause further irritation if left alone. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007438.htm|title=Nicotine replacement therapy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
Nicotine patches should be placed on a clean, dry, and hairless part of the skin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279221/|title=Smoking: Nicotine replacement therapy|last=Information|first=National Center for Biotechnology|last2=Pike|first2=U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville|last3=MD|first3=Bethesda|last4=Usa|first4=20894|date=2017-08-24|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)}}</ref> The patch can be placed on the upper body, such as on the inside or outside part of the arm or the shoulder, or it can be placed on the hip area.<ref name=":0" /> When applying the patch, the sticky adhesive part of the patch should make contact with the skin, and the remaining protective covering should be removed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2000-09-15|title=The Nicotine Patch|url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0915/p1421.html|journal=American Family Physician|volume=62|issue=6|pages=1421|issn=0002-838X}}</ref> Then, the patch should be pressed into place for at least 10 seconds to ensure that the patch will stick.<ref name=":1" /> After application, hands should be washed since nicotine from the patch could linger on the hands, and this could cause further irritation if left alone.<ref name="medlineplus.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007438.htm|title=Nicotine replacement therapy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>


Nicotine patches should be removed and replaced every day at the same time.<ref name=":1" /> When removing a nicotine patch, pinch the middle of the patch and press the sticky sides of the patch together. Dispose of the folded patch in a location inaccessible to children and pets.<ref name=":1" /> When applying a new nicotine patch, place it on a site that has not had a patch on it in the last few days to prevent skin irritation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279221/|title=Smoking: Nicotine replacement therapy|last=Information|first=National Center for Biotechnology|last2=Pike|first2=U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville|last3=MD|first3=Bethesda|last4=Usa|first4=20894|date=2017-08-24|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|language=en}}</ref>
Nicotine patches should be removed and replaced every day at the same time.<ref name=":1" /> When removing a nicotine patch, pinch the middle of the patch and press the sticky sides of the patch together. Dispose of the folded patch in a location inaccessible to children and pets.<ref name=":1" /> When applying a new nicotine patch, place it on a site that has not had a patch on it in the last few days to prevent skin irritation.<ref name=":0"/>


There is no need to remove the patch before bathing or being exposed to water.<ref name=":1" />
There is no need to remove the patch before bathing or being exposed to water.<ref name=":1" />


The patch is typically worn for 16 to 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking/nicotine-replacement-therapy.html|title=Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Quitting Tobacco|website=www.cancer.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> Patches can be removed at night prior to bed if vivid dreams are experienced and undesirable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007438.htm|title=Nicotine replacement therapy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
The patch is typically worn for 16 to 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking/nicotine-replacement-therapy.html|title=Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Quitting Tobacco|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> Patches can be removed at night prior to bed if vivid dreams are experienced and undesirable.<ref name="medlineplus.gov"/>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 12:02, 23 October 2019

A 21 mg dose patch applied to the left arm

A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin. It is used in nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), a process for smoking cessation. Endorsed and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it is considered one of the safer NRTs available.

Medical uses

A meta-analysis found that fewer than 20% of people treated with nicotine replacement therapy remain abstinent from smoking at one year.[1]

History

The first study of the pharmacokinetics of a transdermal nicotine patch in humans was published in 1984[2] by Jed Rose, Murray Jarvik, and Daniel Rose, and was followed by publication by Rose et al. (1985) of results of a study of smokers showing that a transdermal nicotine patch reduced craving for cigarettes.[3] Frank Etscorn filed a patent in the United States on January the 23rd 1985 and was issued the patent on July 1, 1986.[4] The University of California filed a competing patent application nearly three years after Etscorn's filing on February the 19th, 1988, which was granted on May 1, 1990.[5] Subsequently, the U.S. Patent Office declared an interference action and, after a thorough review of conception, reduction to practice and patent filing dates, issued on September 29, 1993 a priority decision in favor of the Rose et al. patent.[6]

Research

Research has shown NRT in combination with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can improve the rates of smoking cessation in pregnant women.[1] CBT counseling includes motivational interviewing,[7] Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change,[8] and Social Cognitive Theory.[9]

Nicotine patches are under study to help relieve the symptoms of postoperative pain[10] and to treat early dementia.[11]

Studies are being conducted about the use of transdermal nicotine patches to treat anxiety, depression, and inattentiveness in subjects with ADHD[12] [verification needed] and to treat late-life depression.[13]

Two small studies have shown that transdermal nicotine patches improve some symptoms of ulcerative colitis.[14] However, this is not the case with Crohn's disease, a similar health condition, where smoking and nicotine intake in general worsen the disease's effects.

Application

It is important to read the package information and instructions to ensure the nicotine patch is used properly.[15]

Nicotine patches should be placed on a clean, dry, and hairless part of the skin.[16] The patch can be placed on the upper body, such as on the inside or outside part of the arm or the shoulder, or it can be placed on the hip area.[16] When applying the patch, the sticky adhesive part of the patch should make contact with the skin, and the remaining protective covering should be removed.[17] Then, the patch should be pressed into place for at least 10 seconds to ensure that the patch will stick.[17] After application, hands should be washed since nicotine from the patch could linger on the hands, and this could cause further irritation if left alone.[18]

Nicotine patches should be removed and replaced every day at the same time.[17] When removing a nicotine patch, pinch the middle of the patch and press the sticky sides of the patch together. Dispose of the folded patch in a location inaccessible to children and pets.[17] When applying a new nicotine patch, place it on a site that has not had a patch on it in the last few days to prevent skin irritation.[16]

There is no need to remove the patch before bathing or being exposed to water.[17]

The patch is typically worn for 16 to 24 hours.[19] Patches can be removed at night prior to bed if vivid dreams are experienced and undesirable.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Rosen LJ, Galili T, Kott J, Goodman M, Freedman LS (May 2018). "Diminishing benefit of smoking cessation medications during the first year: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Addiction. 113 (5): 805–816. doi:10.1111/add.14134. PMC 5947828. PMID 29377409.
  2. ^ Rose, J. E.; Jarvik, M. E.; Rose, K. D. (1984). "Transdermal administration of nicotine". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 13 (3): 209–213. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(84)90061-9. PMID 6734425.
  3. ^ Rose, J. E.; Herskovic, J. E.; Trilling, Y.; Jarvik, M. E. (1985). "Transdermal nicotine reduces cigarette craving and nicotine preference". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 38 (4): 450–456. doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.203. PMID 4042528.
  4. ^ US 4597961, Etscorn, FT 
  5. ^ US 4920989 
  6. ^ OLIVIA M. DUVALL (21 February 1995). "Adverse Decisions in Interference". Board of Patent Appeals & Interferences. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  7. ^ Miller, William; Rollnick, Stephen (May 2003). "Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd ed". Journal For Healthcare Quality. 25 (3): 46. doi:10.1097/01445442-200305000-00013. ISSN 1062-2551.
  8. ^ Prochaska, James O.; DiClemente, Carlo C. (1983). "Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 51 (3): 390–395. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.51.3.390. ISSN 0022-006X.
  9. ^ Webb, Mark C. (1993). "Neurobiology of learning, emotion, and affect. John Madden, ed. Raven Press, Ltd., New York City, New York, 1991. 354 pp. $126.00". Depression. 1 (2): 116–117. doi:10.1002/depr.3050010211. ISSN 1062-6417.
  10. ^ "Nicotine Patch Decreases Post Surgical Pain". MediLexicon International Ltd, Bexhill-on-Sea, UK. 15 October 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  11. ^ "Nicotine Patches Up Early Memory Loss In Study". 9 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  12. ^ Cocores, James A. (2008). "Transdermal Nicotine in Adult ADHD With Depression and Anxiety". Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 10 (3): 253–4. doi:10.4088/pcc.v10n0312f. PMC 2446482. PMID 18615164.
  13. ^ "Nicotine Patch May Help Late-Life Depression". Medscape. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  14. ^ Cheah, Matthew, and Reena Khanna. "Current Medical Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis." In Pouchitis and Ileal Pouch Disorders, pp. 1-15. Academic Press, 2019.
  15. ^ Commissioner, Office of the (2019-03-22). "Want to Quit Smoking? FDA-Approved Products Can Help". FDA.
  16. ^ a b c Information, National Center for Biotechnology; Pike, U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville; MD, Bethesda; Usa, 20894 (2017-08-24). Smoking: Nicotine replacement therapy. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). {{cite book}}: |first4= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b c d e "The Nicotine Patch". American Family Physician. 62 (6): 1421. 2000-09-15. ISSN 0002-838X.
  18. ^ a b "Nicotine replacement therapy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  19. ^ "Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Quitting Tobacco". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
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