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== Academic career ==
== Academic career ==
In 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on [[opalescence]] in gases. In 1913, he became the assistant of [[Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn]] at the astronomical laboratory of [[Groningen University]]. In 1914, Zernike and [[Leonard Salomon Ornstein]] were jointly responsible for the derivation of the [[Ornstein-Zernike equation]] in critical-point theory. In 1915, he obtained a position in [[theoretical physics]] at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to full professor of [[theoretical physics]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
On 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on [[opalescence]] in gases. In 1913, he became the assistant of [[Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn]] at the astronomical laboratory of [[Groningen University]]. In 1914, Zernike and [[Leonard Salomon Ornstein]] were jointly responsible for the derivation of the [[Ornstein-Zernike equation]] in critical-point theory. In 1915, he obtained a position in [[theoretical physics]] at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to full professor of [[theoretical physics]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}


In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into [[spectral line]]s when he discovered that the so-called ''ghost lines'' that occur to the left and right of each primary line in [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectra]] created by means of a [[diffraction grating]], have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in [[Wageningen]] in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during [[World War II]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into [[spectral line]]s when he discovered that the so-called ''ghost lines'' that occur to the left and right of each primary line in [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectra]] created by means of a [[diffraction grating]], have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in [[Wageningen]] in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during [[World War II]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Revision as of 13:17, 25 October 2019

Frits Zernike
Frits Zernike (1888–1966)
Born
Frits Zernike

(1888-07-16)16 July 1888
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Died10 March 1966(1966-03-10) (aged 77)
Amersfoort, Netherlands
NationalityNetherlands
Alma materUniversity of Amsterdam
Known forOrnstein-Zernike equation
Zernike polynomials
Phase contrast microscopy
AwardsRumford Medal (1952)
Nobel Prize for Physics (1953)
Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsGroningen University

Frits Zernike (Dutch pronunciation: [frɪts ˈzɛrnikə]; 16 July 1888 – 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope.

Early life and education

Frits Zernike was born on 16 July 1888 in Amsterdam, Netherlands to Carl Frederick August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of mathematics, and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. He studied chemistry (his major), mathematics and physics at the University of Amsterdam.

Academic career

On 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on opalescence in gases. In 1913, he became the assistant of Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn at the astronomical laboratory of Groningen University. In 1914, Zernike and Leonard Salomon Ornstein were jointly responsible for the derivation of the Ornstein-Zernike equation in critical-point theory. In 1915, he obtained a position in theoretical physics at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to full professor of theoretical physics.[citation needed]

In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into spectral lines when he discovered that the so-called ghost lines that occur to the left and right of each primary line in spectra created by means of a diffraction grating, have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees.[citation needed] It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in Wageningen in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during World War II.[citation needed]

He also made another contribution in the field of optics, it is related to the efficient description of the imaging defects or aberrations of optical imaging systems like microscopes and telescopes. The representation of aberrations was originally based on the theory developed by Ludwig Seidel in the middle of the nineteenth century. Seidel's representation was based on power series expansions and did not allow a clear separation between various types and orders of aberrations. Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials provided a solution to the long-standing problem of the optimum 'balancing' of the various aberrations of an optical instrument. Since the 1960s, Zernike's circle polynomials are widely used in optical design, optical metrology and image analysis.

Zernike's work helped awaken interest in coherence theory, the study of partially coherent light sources. In 1938 he published a simpler derivation of Van Cittert's 1934 theorem on the coherence of radiation from distant sources, now known as the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem.[2][3]

Death

He died in the hospital at Amersfoort, Netherlands in 1966 after suffering illness the last years of his life.[4] His granddaughter is journalist Kate Zernike.[5]

Honours and awards

In 1946, Zernike became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[6]

In 1953, Zernike won the Nobel Prize for Physics, for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells.[1]

In 1954, Zernike became an Honorary Member of The Optical Society (OSA).[7] Zernike was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).[1]

The university complex to the north of the city of Groningen is named after him (Zernike park), as is the crater Zernike on the Moon.

Zernike's great-nephew Gerardus 't Hooft won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1999.[8]

The Oz Enterprise, a Linux distribution, was named after Leonard Salomon Ornstein and Frederik Zernike.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Tolansky, S. (1967). "Frits Zernike 1888-1966". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 13: 392–402. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1967.0021.
  2. ^ Van Cittert, P. H. (1934). "Die Wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in Einer von Einer Lichtquelle Direkt Oder Mittels Einer Linse Beleuchteten Ebene". Physica. 1: 201–210. Bibcode:1934Phy.....1..201V. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(34)90026-4.
  3. ^ Zernike, F. (1938). "The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems". Physica. 5 (8): 785–795. Bibcode:1938Phy.....5..785Z. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80203-2.
  4. ^ Van Berkel, Klaas; Van Helden, A.; Palm, L. (1999). "Frits Zernike 1888–1966". A History of Science in The Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference. Leiden: Brill. pp. 609–611. ISBN 90-04-10006-7.
  5. ^ New York Times Weddings: Kate Zernike and Jonathan Schwartz" September 25, 2005
  6. ^ "Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888 - 1966)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  7. ^ "OSA Honorary Members".
  8. ^ Robert Goldwyn. "Gerardus 't Hooft Science Video Interview".
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