Paripāṭal: Difference between revisions
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The ''Paripatal'' manuscripts suggest that it was not purely an abstract literary work, rather a guide for devotional songs to be sung. The poems also mention temples and shrines, thereby suggesting that the Tamil people had already built temples for Vishnu, Murugan and other deities in the Sangam era.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=124–125}} The ''Paripatal'' anthology is likely a late Sangam literature, states Zvelebil, separated from the earliest Sangam work by at least three centuries. This is evidenced by the linguistic and grammatical innovations, many more loan words from [[Sanskrit]], and its mention of mural paintings in temples and other cultural innovations.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=124–125}} Takanobu Takahashi concurs that this is a late Sangam work, and adds that the poems were likely composed over several generations over 100–150 years.{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=17–19}} A.K. Ramanujan suggests this Sangam anthology may be from about the 6th-century CE.<ref name="Ramanujan1"/> The poems allude to many pan-Indian legends, such as the ''samudra manthan'' (churning of cosmic ocean), Vishnu devotee Prahlada's struggle, Shiva and Murugan legends. The ''Paripatal'' collection may be the early buds of transitional poems that flowered into the Bhakti movement poetry.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=124–125}}<ref name="Prentiss2000p52">{{cite book|author=Karen Pechilis Prentiss|title=The Embodiment of Bhakti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535190-3|pages=52–55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David N. Lorenzen|title=Religious Movements in South Asia, 600-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cAoAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566448-5|pages=48–49, 67–70}}</ref> |
The ''Paripatal'' manuscripts suggest that it was not purely an abstract literary work, rather a guide for devotional songs to be sung. The poems also mention temples and shrines, thereby suggesting that the Tamil people had already built temples for Vishnu, Murugan and other deities in the Sangam era.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=124–125}} The ''Paripatal'' anthology is likely a late Sangam literature, states Zvelebil, separated from the earliest Sangam work by at least three centuries. This is evidenced by the linguistic and grammatical innovations, many more loan words from [[Sanskrit]], and its mention of mural paintings in temples and other cultural innovations.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=124–125}} Takanobu Takahashi concurs that this is a late Sangam work, and adds that the poems were likely composed over several generations over 100–150 years.{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=17–19}} A.K. Ramanujan suggests this Sangam anthology may be from about the 6th-century CE.<ref name="Ramanujan1"/> The poems allude to many pan-Indian legends, such as the ''samudra manthan'' (churning of cosmic ocean), Vishnu devotee Prahlada's struggle, Shiva and Murugan legends. The ''Paripatal'' collection may be the early buds of transitional poems that flowered into the Bhakti movement poetry.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=124–125}}<ref name="Prentiss2000p52">{{cite book|author=Karen Pechilis Prentiss|title=The Embodiment of Bhakti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535190-3|pages=52–55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David N. Lorenzen|title=Religious Movements in South Asia, 600-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cAoAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566448-5|pages=48–49, 67–70}}</ref> |
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According to V.N. Muthukumar and Elizabeth Rani Segran, the Vishnu devotional poems in the ''Paripatal'' are some of "earliest and finest representations of devotional genre".<ref name="Segran2012p1">{{cite book|author1=V.N. Muthukumar|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC |year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-81-8475-694-4|pages=1–7}}</ref |
According to V.N. Muthukumar and Elizabeth Rani Segran, the Vishnu devotional poems in the ''Paripatal'' are some of "earliest and finest representations of devotional genre", while the poems dedicated to Vaikai (Vaiyai) river are "unbriddled celebration of sensuality and love".<ref name="Segran2012p1">{{cite book|author1=V.N. Muthukumar|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC |year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-81-8475-694-4|pages=1–7}}</ref> The first Tamil edition of ''Paripatal'' from palm-leaf manuscripts discovered in 19th-century was published by U.V. Swaminatha Aiyar in 1918.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=124}} A French translation was published in 1968 by François Gros.<ref>{{cite book|author= François Gros|title=Le Paripatal| year=1968|publisher= Institut Francais D'Indologie|isbn= 978-8-18996-8359}}</ref> English translations of the collection has been published by Seshadri, Hikosaka et al in 1996,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Shu Hikosaka|author3=John Samuel|author2=K.G. Seshadri|editor= P. Thiagarajan and K. G. Seshadri|title=Paripāṭal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HxkAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies}}</ref> as well as partly by Muthukumar and Segram in 2012.<ref>{{cite book|author1=V.N. Muthukumar|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC |year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-81-8475-694-4|pages=15–16}}</ref> |
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==Examples== |
==Examples== |
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Revision as of 18:55, 29 October 2019
The Paripāṭal (Template:Lang-ta, meaning the paripatal-metre anthology) is a classical Tamil poetic work and traditionally the fifth of Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in the Sangam literature.[1] It is an "akam genre", odd and hybrid collection which expresses love in the form of religious devotion (Bhakti) to gods and goddesses of Hinduism, according to Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature and history scholar.[1][2] This is the only anthology in the Ettuthokai that is predominantly religious, though the other seven anthologies do contain occasional mentions and allusions to Hindu gods, goddesses and legends, along with invocatory poem to Shiva.[3][4]
The Tamil tradition believes that the Paripāṭal anthology originally contained 70 poems, of which 24 have survived in full and few others have survived in fragments into the modern era as evidenced by the quotes in the Tolkappiyam and the Purattirattu. Of the 24 full poems, 7 are dedicated to Thirumal (Krishna, Vishnu), eight to Murugan, and nine to river goddess Vaikai.[1] The nine river-related poems mention bathing festivals (Magh Mela),[1] as well as water sports, offerings of prayers at the river banks, playful lover's quarrel where the wife accuses her husband of bathing with his mistress.[5]
The compilation is attributed to 13 poets, and each poem has a notable colophon. In these colophons, in addition to the poet's name is included the music and tune (melodic mode, raga) for the poem, as well as the composer of that music.[1] The Paripatal poems are longer than the poems in other major Sangam anthologies. The typical poems has 60 lines, and the longest surviving poem has 140 lines. Like the Kalittokai anthology, this collection also includes dialogue-based poems.[6]
The Paripatal manuscripts suggest that it was not purely an abstract literary work, rather a guide for devotional songs to be sung. The poems also mention temples and shrines, thereby suggesting that the Tamil people had already built temples for Vishnu, Murugan and other deities in the Sangam era.[7] The Paripatal anthology is likely a late Sangam literature, states Zvelebil, separated from the earliest Sangam work by at least three centuries. This is evidenced by the linguistic and grammatical innovations, many more loan words from Sanskrit, and its mention of mural paintings in temples and other cultural innovations.[7] Takanobu Takahashi concurs that this is a late Sangam work, and adds that the poems were likely composed over several generations over 100–150 years.[8] A.K. Ramanujan suggests this Sangam anthology may be from about the 6th-century CE.[2] The poems allude to many pan-Indian legends, such as the samudra manthan (churning of cosmic ocean), Vishnu devotee Prahlada's struggle, Shiva and Murugan legends. The Paripatal collection may be the early buds of transitional poems that flowered into the Bhakti movement poetry.[7][9][10]
According to V.N. Muthukumar and Elizabeth Rani Segran, the Vishnu devotional poems in the Paripatal are some of "earliest and finest representations of devotional genre", while the poems dedicated to Vaikai (Vaiyai) river are "unbriddled celebration of sensuality and love".[6] The first Tamil edition of Paripatal from palm-leaf manuscripts discovered in 19th-century was published by U.V. Swaminatha Aiyar in 1918.[11] A French translation was published in 1968 by François Gros.[12] English translations of the collection has been published by Seshadri, Hikosaka et al in 1996,[13] as well as partly by Muthukumar and Segram in 2012.[14]
Examples
To திருமால் (Vishnu):
தீயினுள் தெறல் நீ; |
You are the heat within the fire; |
| —Paripadal, iii: 63-68 | —Katuvan Ilaveyinanar |
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 123–124.
- ^ a b A.K. Ramanujan (2005). Hymns for the Drowning. Penguin Books. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-14-400010-4.
- ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 31–33, 47, 53, 55, 57, 60, 87, 99, 123–124.
- ^ V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ^ V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 3–11. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ^ a b V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ^ a b c Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Takanobu Takahashi 1995, pp. 17–19.
- ^ Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2000). The Embodiment of Bhakti. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–55. ISBN 978-0-19-535190-3.
- ^ David N. Lorenzen (2004). Religious Movements in South Asia, 600-1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 48–49, 67–70. ISBN 978-0-19-566448-5.
- ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1973, p. 124.
- ^ François Gros (1968). Le Paripatal. Institut Francais D'Indologie. ISBN 978-8-18996-8359.
- ^ Shu Hikosaka; K.G. Seshadri; John Samuel (1996). P. Thiagarajan and K. G. Seshadri (ed.). Paripāṭal. Institute of Asian Studies.
- ^ V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- Bibliography
- Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
- Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994). Tamil Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 115. ISBN 81-206-0955-7.
- Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 9780521011099.
- Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231150651
- Takanobu Takahashi (1995). Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-10042-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature. BRILL. p. 73. ISBN 90-04-09365-6.