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The '''green shield beetle''' – '''''Palomena prasina''''' – is a European [[shield beetle]] species in the family [[Pentatomidae]]. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe [[Nezarini]], or if referred-to as a "green stink beetle", it might more appropriately belong to the larger [[North America]]n beetle, ''[[Acrosternum hilare]]''. The adult green shield beetle ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield beetles are a very common shield beetle throughout [[Europe]], including the [[British Isles]], and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens. They have been found as far north as [[63rd parallel north|63° N latitude]].
The '''green shield bug''' – '''''Palomena prasina''''' – is a European [[shield bug]] species in the family [[Pentatomidae]]. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe [[Nezarini]], or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might more appropriately belong to the larger [[North America]]n bug, ''[[Acrosternum hilare]]''. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout [[Europe]], including the [[British Isles]], and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens. They have been found as far north as [[63rd parallel north|63° N latitude]].


==Life cycle==
==Life cycle==
In Europe, the bright green shield beetles appear in April or May, having hibernated as [[imago]]s during the winter. They fatten for a month and then mate in June. The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze, after which the life cycle will end. Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield beetle enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where, in general, they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one. The green shield beetle displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.
In Europe, the bright green shield bugs appear in April or May, having hibernated as [[imago]]s during the winter. They fatten for a month and then mate in June. The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze, after which the life cycle will end. Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield bug enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where, in general, they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one. The green shield bug displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.


===Gallery===
===Gallery===
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File:Insekt_Eier_Gelege_verm_Palomena_Prasina.jpg|Egg mass
File:Insekt_Eier_Gelege_verm_Palomena_Prasina.jpg|Egg mass
Green shield beetle (Palomena prasina) 4th instar nymph.jpg|4th instar nymph
Green shield bug (Palomena prasina) 4th instar nymph.jpg|4th instar nymph
Green shield beetle (Palomena prasina) 5th instar nymph.jpg|5th instar nymph
Green shield bug (Palomena prasina) 5th instar nymph.jpg|5th instar nymph
Palomena prasina MHNT Nymph.jpg|Final-stage nymph
Palomena prasina MHNT Nymph.jpg|Final-stage nymph
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
* Southwood, T. R. E. and Leston, D. (1959) ''Land and Water Beetles of the British Isles'' Frederick Warne & Co.
* Southwood, T. R. E. and Leston, D. (1959) ''Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles'' Frederick Warne & Co.


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Commons inline|Palomena prasina|''Palomena prasina''}}
* {{Commons inline|Palomena prasina|''Palomena prasina''}}
* [http://www.britishbeetles.org.uk/heteroptera/Pentatomidae/palomena_prasina.html Green Shieldbeetle] species account at [http://www.britishbeetles.org.uk British Beetles]
* [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Pentatomidae/palomena_prasina.html Green Shieldbug] species account at [http://www.britishbugs.org.uk British Bugs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060709163840/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/invertebrates_terrestrial_and_freshwater/Palomena_prasina_/ ARKive page about the green shield beetle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060709163840/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/invertebrates_terrestrial_and_freshwater/Palomena_prasina_/ ARKive page about the green shield bug]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q844036}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q844036}}

Revision as of 04:46, 3 November 2019

Green shield bug
Spring adult in Oxfordshire
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Palomena
Species:
P. prasina
Binomial name
Palomena prasina
(Linnaeus, 1761)

The green shield bug – Palomena prasina – is a European shield bug species in the family Pentatomidae. The name might equally apply to several other species in the tribe Nezarini, or if referred-to as a "green stink bug", it might more appropriately belong to the larger North American bug, Acrosternum hilare. The adult green shield bug ranges in the colour of their backs from bright green to bronze, without any substantial markings. Green shield bugs are a very common shield bug throughout Europe, including the British Isles, and are found in a large variety of habitats, including gardens. They have been found as far north as 63° N latitude.

Life cycle

In Europe, the bright green shield bugs appear in April or May, having hibernated as imagos during the winter. They fatten for a month and then mate in June. The imago's coloration changes over the summer months from green to greenish browns even bronze, after which the life cycle will end. Mating is back-to-back. The female lays her eggs in hexagonal batches of 25 to 30, and a single female will lay three to four batches. After the eggs hatch, the green shield bug enter a larval stage (which is really their first nymphal stage) where, in general, they remain together in sibling communities. This is made possible by the excretion of an aggregation pheromone. In case of danger, another pheromone is released which causes dispersal. The larval stage is followed by four more nymphal stages as well as moulting between each one. The green shield bug displays different colouration during each nymphal stage, light brown, black or green-black, and in the final stage, the imago, is bright green with short wings. Usually the imago stage is reached in September, with hibernation occurring in November.

  • Egg mass
    Egg mass
  • 4th instar nymph
    4th instar nymph
  • 5th instar nymph
    5th instar nymph
  • Final-stage nymph
    Final-stage nymph

References

  • Southwood, T. R. E. and Leston, D. (1959) Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles Frederick Warne & Co.
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