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[[File:Cyrkuł_Przemyśl.jpg|thumb|Typometric map of the region of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)]] by Franz Raffelsperger (detail)]]
[[File:Cyrkuł_Przemyśl.jpg|thumb|Typometric map of the region of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)]] by Franz Raffelsperger (detail)]]


'''Typometry''' was a short-lived [[relief printing]] technique developed during the [[18th century|18th]] and [[19th century|19th]] centuries to compose [[cartography|maps]], drawings and other designs, using [[moveable type]] to reproduce words, lineworks and map symbols.<ref name ="woodward">{{cite book |last=Woodward |first=David |date=2007 |title=The History of Cartography |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V3_Pt1/HOC_VOLUME3_Part1_chapter22.pdf |volume=3 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |page=600 |isbn=}}</ref><ref name="hammann">{{cite book |last1=Hammann |first1= J. M. Hermann |date=1857 |title=Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique |trans-title= |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5779121x |format= |language=French |location= |publisher=J. Cherbuliez (Geneva) |isbn= |archive-url= |pages=128–131 |via= |subscription= |quote=On comprend sous le nom collectif et générique de typomètre l'art de composer et imprimer, au moyen de types mobiles, les cartes géographiques, les dessins mathématiques et géométriques, ceux des plans des machines, d'objets d'histoire naturelle, et même des portraits. [English: We understand typometry, collectively and generically, as the art of composing and printing, by means of mobile type, geographical maps, mathematical and geometrical drawings, plans for machines, natural history objects, and even portraits.]}}</ref><ref name="cherbuliez">{{cite book |last=Hammann |first=J. M. Herman |title=Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique |chapter=Typométrie |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E_c_AAAAIAAJ&PA=128 |year=1857 |language=French |location=Paris |publisher=Cherbuliez |pages=128–132 |lccn=12011908}}</ref>
'''Typometry''' was a short-lived [[relief printing]] technique developed during the [[18th century|18th]] and [[19th century|19th]] centuries to compose [[cartography|maps]], drawings and other designs, using [[moveable type]] to reproduce words, lineworks and map symbols.<ref name ="woodward">{{cite book |last=Woodward |first=David |date=2007 |title=The History of Cartography |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V3_Pt1/HOC_VOLUME3_Part1_chapter22.pdf |volume=3 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |page=600 |isbn=}}</ref><ref name="hammann">{{cite book |last1=Hammann |first1= J. M. Hermann |date=1857 |title=Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique |trans-title= |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5779121x |format= |language=French |location= |publisher=J. Cherbuliez (Geneva) |isbn= |archive-url= |pages=128–131 |via= |subscription= |quote=On comprend sous le nom collectif et générique de typomètre l'art de composer et imprimer, au moyen de types mobiles, les cartes géographiques, les dessins mathématiques et géométriques, ceux des plans des machines, d'objets d'histoire naturelle, et même des portraits. [English: We understand typometry, collectively and generically, as the art of composing and printing, by means of mobile type, geographical maps, mathematical and geometrical drawings, plans for machines, natural history objects, and even portraits.]}}</ref><ref name="cherbuliez">{{cite book |last=Hammann |first=J. M. Herman |title=Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique |chapter=Typométrie |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E_c_AAAAIAAJ&PA=128 |year=1857 |language=French |location=Paris |publisher=Cherbuliez |pages=128–132 |lccn=12011908}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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=== Renaissance precursors ===
=== Renaissance precursors ===


During the European Renaissance, many engravers and printers revolved to typography to solve the problem of small lettering on maps, which was very difficult to reproduce solely by using custom engraved lettering. One of the techniques they relied on was the setting of metal type, which was fitted inside a special form, surrounded by spacing material. Words set that way could then be overprinted over woodcut-printed maps as a separate plate, either in black or coloured ink.<ref name ="woodward"/> This technique has been considered a precursor of the typometric technique of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Elizabeth |last2= |first2= |date= |year=1975 |title=Five Centuries of Map Printing |trans-title= |url= |access-date=|format= |language= |location= |publisher=David Woodward, Ed. |chapter=Miscellaneous Map Printing Processes in the Nineteenth Century |pages=113–36 |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= |trans-quote=}}</ref>
During the European Renaissance, many engravers and printers revolved to typography to solve the problem of small lettering on maps, which was very difficult to reproduce solely by using custom engraved lettering. One of the techniques they relied on was the setting of metal type, which was fitted inside a special form, surrounded by spacing material. Words set that way could then be overprinted over woodcut-printed maps as a separate plate, either in black or coloured ink.<ref name ="woodward"/> This technique has been considered a precursor of the typometric technique of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Elizabeth |year=1975 |title=Five Centuries of Map Printing |trans-title= |chapter-url= |access-date=|chapter-format= |language= |location= |publisher=David Woodward, Ed. |chapter=Miscellaneous Map Printing Processes in the Nineteenth Century |pages=113–36 |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}</ref>


=== 18th century inventors ===
=== 18th century inventors ===


In the 18th century, the German deacon [[August Gottlieb Preuschen]] (1734–1803), from [[Karlsruhe]], published two books on the art of printing maps using [[movable type]].<ref name="mayeul">{{cite book |last1=Mayeul Chaudon |first1=Louis |last2= |first2= |date=1810 |title=Dictionnaire universel, historique, critique et bibliographique. |trans-title=Universal, historical, critical and bibliographic dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4StlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA198 |volume=VIII |language=French |location= |publisher= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |pages=198–199 |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> The books were printed in [[Basel|Basel, Switzerland]], using type from the foundry ''[[Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei]]'', by [[Wilhelm Haas-Münch]] (1741–1800). Wilhelm Haas-Münch has been quoted as the inventor of typometry in 1776,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F41191.php |title=Haas, Wilhelm |language=French |date= |website=Historische Lexikon der Schweiz |publisher= |access-date= |quote=Il inventa en 1772 une presse à bras où les jumelles de bois étaient remplacées par des pièces métalliques et en 1776 l'impression cartographique en caractères mobiles.}}</ref> in competition with Johann Gottlob Breitkopf of Leipzig.<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4=| year=2007 |title=Typometry: a successful technique for producing up-to-date maps. |trans-title= |url= |language=English |journal=Cartographica Helvetica |volume= |issue=35-38 |pages= |doi= |access-date= |quote= |publisher=Arbeitsgruppe für Kartengeschichte der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Kartographie}}</ref> The name ''typometrie'' was proposed by August Gottlieb Preuschen himself, the former name of the method being ''ingénieurie d'estampes'' (sic.) (''engraving's engineering'', in French in the original).<ref name="cherbuliez"/><ref name="falkenstein">{{cite book |last1=Falkenstein |first1=Constantin Karl |year=1856 |title=Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst in ihrer Entstehung und Ausbildung: ein Denkmal zur vierten Säcular-Feier der Erfindung der Typographie |trans-title= |url= |access-date=|format= |language=German |location= |publisher=Teubner |page=380 |pages= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote=Der Name "Typometrie" stammt von dem Diakon Preuschen, der feine Methode zuerst "Ingenieurie d'Estampes" getauft hatte. |trans-quote=}}</ref>
In the 18th century, the German deacon [[August Gottlieb Preuschen]] (1734–1803), from [[Karlsruhe]], published two books on the art of printing maps using [[movable type]].<ref name="mayeul">{{cite book |last1=Mayeul Chaudon |first1=Louis |date=1810 |title=Dictionnaire universel, historique, critique et bibliographique. |trans-title=Universal, historical, critical and bibliographic dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4StlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA198 |volume=VIII |language=French |location= |publisher= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |pages=198–199 |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> The books were printed in [[Basel|Basel, Switzerland]], using type from the foundry ''[[Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei]]'', by [[Wilhelm Haas-Münch]] (1741–1800). Wilhelm Haas-Münch has been quoted as the inventor of typometry in 1776,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F41191.php |title=Haas, Wilhelm |language=French |date= |website=Historische Lexikon der Schweiz |publisher= |access-date= |quote=Il inventa en 1772 une presse à bras où les jumelles de bois étaient remplacées par des pièces métalliques et en 1776 l'impression cartographique en caractères mobiles.}}</ref> in competition with Johann Gottlob Breitkopf of Leipzig.<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4=| year=2007 |title=Typometry: a successful technique for producing up-to-date maps. |trans-title= |url= |language=English |journal=Cartographica Helvetica |volume= |issue=35–38 |pages= |doi= |access-date= |quote= |publisher=Arbeitsgruppe für Kartengeschichte der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Kartographie}}</ref> The name ''typometrie'' was proposed by August Gottlieb Preuschen himself, the former name of the method being ''ingénieurie d'estampes'' (sic.) (''engraving's engineering'', in French in the original).<ref name="cherbuliez"/><ref name="falkenstein">{{cite book |last1=Falkenstein |first1=Constantin Karl |year=1856 |title=Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst in ihrer Entstehung und Ausbildung: ein Denkmal zur vierten Säcular-Feier der Erfindung der Typographie |trans-title= |url= |access-date=|format= |language=German |location= |publisher=Teubner |page=380 |isbn= |via= |subscription= |quote=Der Name "Typometrie" stammt von dem Diakon Preuschen, der feine Methode zuerst "Ingenieurie d'Estampes" getauft hatte. }}</ref>


After some rudimentary tests by Preuschen, the 1776 map of the Canton of Basel<ref>{{cite map |author = |title = Prodromus tentaminis typometrici maioris Rempublicam Basileensem / secundum Aug. Gotl. Preuschenii nec non Gullielmi Haasii systema typometricum describens |trans-title = |map = |map-url = |date = |year =1776 |url =http://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/doi/10.3931/e-rara-22964 |scale =Ca. 1:180 000 |series = |publisher = |cartography = |page = |pages = |section = |sections = |inset = |edition = |location = |language = Latin, German |format = 18 x 22 cm|isbn = |id = |ref = |access-date = October 31, 2016|archive-url = |archive-date = }}</ref> (in [[Quarto|''cuarto'']] format) was the first map created by this technique.<ref name="mayeul"/> Some others would follow, such as the 1777 map of Sicily,<ref>{{cite map |author1 = Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert |author2= Preuschen, August Gotlieb| author3= Haas, Guillaume |title =Carte de la Sicile, composée d'après celle de Jaillot avec des caractères mobiles suivant le nouveau système typométrique de Auguste Gottlieb Preuschen diacre à la cour de Bade / perfectionné et executé par Guillaume Haas |trans-title = |map = |map-url = |date = |year =1777 |url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53119588p?rk=21459;2 |scale = |series = |publisher = |cartography = |page = |pages = |section = |sections = |inset = |edition = |location = |language = French|format = |isbn = |id = |ref = |access-date = |archive-url = |archive-date = }}</ref> which features [[toponym]]s printed with [[moveable type]] as well as roads, coasts, divisions and rivers printed with folding metal filaments. Special moveable [[Map symbolization|topographic symbols]] mark the mountain ranges of the island, its fortifications, and other landmarks.
After some rudimentary tests by Preuschen, the 1776 map of the Canton of Basel<ref>{{cite map |author = |title = Prodromus tentaminis typometrici maioris Rempublicam Basileensem / secundum Aug. Gotl. Preuschenii nec non Gullielmi Haasii systema typometricum describens |trans-title = |map = |map-url = |date = |year =1776 |url =http://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/doi/10.3931/e-rara-22964 |scale =Ca. 1:180 000 |series = |publisher = |cartography = |page = |pages = |section = |sections = |inset = |edition = |location = |language = Latin, German |format = 18 x 22 cm|isbn = |id = |ref = |access-date = October 31, 2016|archive-url = |archive-date = }}</ref> (in [[Quarto|''cuarto'']] format) was the first map created by this technique.<ref name="mayeul"/> Some others would follow, such as the 1777 map of Sicily,<ref>{{cite map |author1 = Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert |author2= Preuschen, August Gotlieb| author3= Haas, Guillaume |title =Carte de la Sicile, composée d'après celle de Jaillot avec des caractères mobiles suivant le nouveau système typométrique de Auguste Gottlieb Preuschen diacre à la cour de Bade / perfectionné et executé par Guillaume Haas |trans-title = |map = |map-url = |date = |year =1777 |url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53119588p?rk=21459;2 |scale = |series = |publisher = |cartography = |page = |pages = |section = |sections = |inset = |edition = |location = |language = French|format = |isbn = |id = |ref = |access-date = |archive-url = |archive-date = }}</ref> which features [[toponym]]s printed with [[moveable type]] as well as roads, coasts, divisions and rivers printed with folding metal filaments. Special moveable [[Map symbolization|topographic symbols]] mark the mountain ranges of the island, its fortifications, and other landmarks.
Line 21: Line 21:


[[File:Der Hochherzige 1848 Franz Raffelsperger.png|thumb|left|Portrait of [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Kaiser Ferdinand]] by [[Franz Raffelsperger]], printed with movable type]]
[[File:Der Hochherzige 1848 Franz Raffelsperger.png|thumb|left|Portrait of [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Kaiser Ferdinand]] by [[Franz Raffelsperger]], printed with movable type]]
In the early 19th century, two different issues of a French review called the ''[[Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale]]'' contains articles about typometry. The first one, of 1808, refers to the research work of Mr. Periaux and Mr. Poterat, to produce typometric maps, in order to generate a viable alternative to engraved maps.<ref>{{cite journal |language=French |date=1808 |title=Cartes typo-géographiques |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=sfU9AAAAcAAJ |journal=Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale, septième année |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=October 31, 2016 }}</ref> The second article, of 1825, introduces the advancements made by [[Firmin Didot]], son, in the technique of printing maps by using typographic means.<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=1825 |title=Typographie |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=YMjsK3M7-z0C |journal=Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale, vingt-quatrième année |volume= |issue= |page=62 |doi= |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
In the early 19th century, two different issues of a French review called the ''[[Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale]]'' contains articles about typometry. The first one, of 1808, refers to the research work of Mr. Periaux and Mr. Poterat, to produce typometric maps, in order to generate a viable alternative to engraved maps.<ref>{{cite journal |language=French |date=1808 |title=Cartes typo-géographiques |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=sfU9AAAAcAAJ |journal=Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, septième année |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=October 31, 2016 }}</ref> The second article, of 1825, introduces the advancements made by [[Firmin Didot]], son, in the technique of printing maps by using typographic means.<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=1825 |title=Typographie |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=YMjsK3M7-z0C |journal=Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, vingt-quatrième année |volume= |issue= |page=62 |doi= |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>


The polychrome maps of France<ref>{{cite map |author =Langlois, Joseph|author2=Barbié Du Bocage, Jean-Denis|author3= Firmin-Didot |title =Cartes Typo-géographiques, inventées et imprimées par Firmin Didot. France. 25 Lieues [=Om. 037 ; 1 : 3 000 000 ] ; Jos. Langlois delin. ; Barbié du Bocage dir |trans-title = |map = |map-url = |date = |year =1823 |url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84922604 |scale =1 : 3.000.000 |series = |publisher = |cartography = |page = |pages = |section = |sections = |inset = |edition = |location = |language = French|format = |isbn = |id = |ref = |access-date = |archive-url = |archive-date = }}</ref> made by Didot were sold at the price of 1 franc and 50 cents, which was more affordable than the monochrome [[Engraving|engraved maps]] of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=1824 |title=Neue allgemeine geographische und statistische Ephemeriden |trans-title=New general geographic and statistical ephemerides |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=7BtDAAAAcAAJ |format= |language=German |location= |publisher= |isbn= |pages= 216–217 |chapter=Charten-Recensionen |volume=13 |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> Typometric maps, even with their inferior detail quality, were also considerably faster to produce than engraved maps. After Didot, and util 1832, printers Wegener the Young in Berlin<ref name="cherbuliez"/> and Georg Michael Bauerkeller (1805-1886) in Frankfurt am Main<ref name="falkenstein"/> did some essays with the technique for producing maps, but without attaining much success.
The polychrome maps of France<ref>{{cite map |author =Langlois, Joseph|author2=Barbié Du Bocage, Jean-Denis|author3= Firmin-Didot |title =Cartes Typo-géographiques, inventées et imprimées par Firmin Didot. France. 25 Lieues [=Om. 037 ; 1 : 3 000 000 ] ; Jos. Langlois delin. ; Barbié du Bocage dir |trans-title = |map = |map-url = |date = |year =1823 |url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84922604 |scale =1 : 3.000.000 |series = |publisher = |cartography = |page = |pages = |section = |sections = |inset = |edition = |location = |language = French|format = |isbn = |id = |ref = |access-date = |archive-url = |archive-date = }}</ref> made by Didot were sold at the price of 1 franc and 50 cents, which was more affordable than the monochrome [[Engraving|engraved maps]] of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=1824 |title=Neue allgemeine geographische und statistische Ephemeriden |trans-title=New general geographic and statistical ephemerides |chapter-url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=7BtDAAAAcAAJ |chapter-format= |language=German |location= |publisher= |isbn= |pages= 216–217 |chapter=Charten-Recensionen |volume=13 |subscription= |quote= }}</ref> Typometric maps, even with their inferior detail quality, were also considerably faster to produce than engraved maps. After Didot, and util 1832, printers Wegener the Young in Berlin<ref name="cherbuliez"/> and Georg Michael Bauerkeller (1805-1886) in Frankfurt am Main<ref name="falkenstein"/> did some essays with the technique for producing maps, but without attaining much success.


It was not until 1839 in Vienna that Slovak cartographer [[Franz Raffelsperger]] (1793-1861), having prefected his own printing methods without knowing the work of his predecessors, produced a typometric postal card of the Austrian Empire of unprecedented quality.<ref name="cherbuliez"/> This postal card was rewarded with the golden medal at the industrial exhibition that took place that year in Vienna,<ref name="cherbuliez"/> and the next year he opened his own typometric press in that city.<ref name="hammann"/> Raffelsperger produced moveable type characters that allowed him to print every possible feature in a map, including geographic and topographic features, mathematical and geometric symbols, architectural landmarks and even plants and animals. He also designed custom symbols for cities, forests and other elements, that he printed in five different text sizes and in several languages. He then combined these this typometric technique with polychromy, so he could print moveable type characters for each geographical feature of the map with their very own precise colour hue. The different available sizes of his printing components allowed him to print his maps in several sizes without losing quality, and that at a very reduced cost.<ref name="cherbuliez"/>
It was not until 1839 in Vienna that Slovak cartographer [[Franz Raffelsperger]] (1793-1861), having prefected his own printing methods without knowing the work of his predecessors, produced a typometric postal card of the Austrian Empire of unprecedented quality.<ref name="cherbuliez"/> This postal card was rewarded with the golden medal at the industrial exhibition that took place that year in Vienna,<ref name="cherbuliez"/> and the next year he opened his own typometric press in that city.<ref name="hammann"/> Raffelsperger produced moveable type characters that allowed him to print every possible feature in a map, including geographic and topographic features, mathematical and geometric symbols, architectural landmarks and even plants and animals. He also designed custom symbols for cities, forests and other elements, that he printed in five different text sizes and in several languages. He then combined these this typometric technique with polychromy, so he could print moveable type characters for each geographical feature of the map with their very own precise colour hue. The different available sizes of his printing components allowed him to print his maps in several sizes without losing quality, and that at a very reduced cost.<ref name="cherbuliez"/>


After Raffelsperger, other European printers continued to experiment with typometry, and several examples were presented at the [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|1855 International Exhibition]] in Paris.<ref name="cherbuliez"/><ref>See, on that issue, {{cite book |last1=Madinier |first1=Henry |year=1855 |title=Notes sur les principaux produits exposés de l'imprimerie |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=HelRAAAAcAAJ |access-date=|format= |language=French |location= |publisher=Imprimerie Administrative de P. Dupont |page= |pages= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= |trans-quote=}}, where typometry is referred to as ''travail en filets typographiques'' (''work with typographic threads'' in French).</ref> However, with the advent of [[lithography]], invented by [[Alois Senefelder]] in 1796, typometry was confronted with another method that was even better at reproducing detail and that allowed to print several solid colours at a low price, so it was progressively abandoned.<ref name="typografie"/>
After Raffelsperger, other European printers continued to experiment with typometry, and several examples were presented at the [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|1855 International Exhibition]] in Paris.<ref name="cherbuliez"/><ref>See, on that issue, {{cite book |last1=Madinier |first1=Henry |year=1855 |title=Notes sur les principaux produits exposés de l'imprimerie |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=HelRAAAAcAAJ |access-date=|format= |language=French |location= |publisher=Imprimerie Administrative de P. Dupont |page= |pages= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}, where typometry is referred to as ''travail en filets typographiques'' (''work with typographic threads'' in French).</ref> However, with the advent of [[lithography]], invented by [[Alois Senefelder]] in 1796, typometry was confronted with another method that was even better at reproducing detail and that allowed to print several solid colours at a low price, so it was progressively abandoned.<ref name="typografie"/>


== Notes and references ==
== Notes and references ==

Revision as of 12:35, 7 November 2019

For other uses, see Typometry (disambiguation).
Typometric map of the region of Galicia (Eastern Europe) by Franz Raffelsperger (detail)

Typometry was a short-lived relief printing technique developed during the 18th and 19th centuries to compose maps, drawings and other designs, using moveable type to reproduce words, lineworks and map symbols.[1][2][3]

History

Renaissance precursors

During the European Renaissance, many engravers and printers revolved to typography to solve the problem of small lettering on maps, which was very difficult to reproduce solely by using custom engraved lettering. One of the techniques they relied on was the setting of metal type, which was fitted inside a special form, surrounded by spacing material. Words set that way could then be overprinted over woodcut-printed maps as a separate plate, either in black or coloured ink.[1] This technique has been considered a precursor of the typometric technique of the 18th century.[4]

18th century inventors

In the 18th century, the German deacon August Gottlieb Preuschen (1734–1803), from Karlsruhe, published two books on the art of printing maps using movable type.[5] The books were printed in Basel, Switzerland, using type from the foundry Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei, by Wilhelm Haas-Münch (1741–1800). Wilhelm Haas-Münch has been quoted as the inventor of typometry in 1776,[6] in competition with Johann Gottlob Breitkopf of Leipzig.[7] The name typometrie was proposed by August Gottlieb Preuschen himself, the former name of the method being ingénieurie d'estampes (sic.) (engraving's engineering, in French in the original).[3][8]

After some rudimentary tests by Preuschen, the 1776 map of the Canton of Basel[9] (in cuarto format) was the first map created by this technique.[5] Some others would follow, such as the 1777 map of Sicily,[10] which features toponyms printed with moveable type as well as roads, coasts, divisions and rivers printed with folding metal filaments. Special moveable topographic symbols mark the mountain ranges of the island, its fortifications, and other landmarks.

The printer Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf, based in Leipzig (Germany) was at first critical with the invention, claiming that it was impossible to accurately adapt and assemble different shapes of types to create a new form.[11] But, after the typometric prints were proven to be successful, he began experimenting himself with the technique,[12] and he printed a map of the whereabouts of Leipzig by using it.

19th century researchers

Portrait of Kaiser Ferdinand by Franz Raffelsperger, printed with movable type

In the early 19th century, two different issues of a French review called the Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale contains articles about typometry. The first one, of 1808, refers to the research work of Mr. Periaux and Mr. Poterat, to produce typometric maps, in order to generate a viable alternative to engraved maps.[13] The second article, of 1825, introduces the advancements made by Firmin Didot, son, in the technique of printing maps by using typographic means.[14]

The polychrome maps of France[15] made by Didot were sold at the price of 1 franc and 50 cents, which was more affordable than the monochrome engraved maps of the time.[16] Typometric maps, even with their inferior detail quality, were also considerably faster to produce than engraved maps. After Didot, and util 1832, printers Wegener the Young in Berlin[3] and Georg Michael Bauerkeller (1805-1886) in Frankfurt am Main[8] did some essays with the technique for producing maps, but without attaining much success.

It was not until 1839 in Vienna that Slovak cartographer Franz Raffelsperger (1793-1861), having prefected his own printing methods without knowing the work of his predecessors, produced a typometric postal card of the Austrian Empire of unprecedented quality.[3] This postal card was rewarded with the golden medal at the industrial exhibition that took place that year in Vienna,[3] and the next year he opened his own typometric press in that city.[2] Raffelsperger produced moveable type characters that allowed him to print every possible feature in a map, including geographic and topographic features, mathematical and geometric symbols, architectural landmarks and even plants and animals. He also designed custom symbols for cities, forests and other elements, that he printed in five different text sizes and in several languages. He then combined these this typometric technique with polychromy, so he could print moveable type characters for each geographical feature of the map with their very own precise colour hue. The different available sizes of his printing components allowed him to print his maps in several sizes without losing quality, and that at a very reduced cost.[3]

After Raffelsperger, other European printers continued to experiment with typometry, and several examples were presented at the 1855 International Exhibition in Paris.[3][17] However, with the advent of lithography, invented by Alois Senefelder in 1796, typometry was confronted with another method that was even better at reproducing detail and that allowed to print several solid colours at a low price, so it was progressively abandoned.[12]

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b Woodward, David (2007). The History of Cartography (PDF). Vol. 3. The University of Chicago Press. p. 600.
  2. ^ a b Hammann, J. M. Hermann (1857). Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique (in French). J. Cherbuliez (Geneva). pp. 128–131. On comprend sous le nom collectif et générique de typomètre l'art de composer et imprimer, au moyen de types mobiles, les cartes géographiques, les dessins mathématiques et géométriques, ceux des plans des machines, d'objets d'histoire naturelle, et même des portraits. [English: We understand typometry, collectively and generically, as the art of composing and printing, by means of mobile type, geographical maps, mathematical and geometrical drawings, plans for machines, natural history objects, and even portraits.] {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Hammann, J. M. Herman (1857). "Typométrie". Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique (in French). Paris: Cherbuliez. pp. 128–132. LCCN 12011908.
  4. ^ Harris, Elizabeth (1975). "Miscellaneous Map Printing Processes in the Nineteenth Century". Five Centuries of Map Printing. David Woodward, Ed. pp. 113–36. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help)
  5. ^ a b Mayeul Chaudon, Louis (1810). Dictionnaire universel, historique, critique et bibliographique [Universal, historical, critical and bibliographic dictionary] (in French). Vol. VIII. pp. 198–199. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help)
  6. ^ "Haas, Wilhelm". Historische Lexikon der Schweiz (in French). Il inventa en 1772 une presse à bras où les jumelles de bois étaient remplacées par des pièces métalliques et en 1776 l'impression cartographique en caractères mobiles.
  7. ^ "Typometry: a successful technique for producing up-to-date maps". Cartographica Helvetica (35–38). Arbeitsgruppe für Kartengeschichte der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Kartographie. 2007.
  8. ^ a b Falkenstein, Constantin Karl (1856). Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst in ihrer Entstehung und Ausbildung: ein Denkmal zur vierten Säcular-Feier der Erfindung der Typographie (in German). Teubner. p. 380. Der Name "Typometrie" stammt von dem Diakon Preuschen, der feine Methode zuerst "Ingenieurie d'Estampes" getauft hatte. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help)
  9. ^ Prodromus tentaminis typometrici maioris Rempublicam Basileensem / secundum Aug. Gotl. Preuschenii nec non Gullielmi Haasii systema typometricum describens (18 x 22 cm) (Map). Ca. 1:180 000 (in Latin and German). 1776. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  10. ^ Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert; Preuschen, August Gotlieb; Haas, Guillaume (1777). Carte de la Sicile, composée d'après celle de Jaillot avec des caractères mobiles suivant le nouveau système typométrique de Auguste Gottlieb Preuschen diacre à la cour de Bade / perfectionné et executé par Guillaume Haas (Map) (in French).
  11. ^ Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne: ou, Histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs crimes. Ouvrage entièrement neuf, redigé par une société de gens de lettres et de savants. L. G. Michaud, Paris. 1823. p. 54.
  12. ^ a b Von Ralf Herrmann (February 7, 2013). "Typometrie - ein vergessenes Stück Druckkunst-Geschichte" [Typometry - a forgotten piece of printing art history]. typographie.info (in German). Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  13. ^ "Cartes typo-géographiques". Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, septième année (in French). 1808. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  14. ^ "Typographie". Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, vingt-quatrième année: 62. 1825. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  15. ^ Langlois, Joseph; Barbié Du Bocage, Jean-Denis; Firmin-Didot (1823). Cartes Typo-géographiques, inventées et imprimées par Firmin Didot. France. 25 Lieues [=Om. 037 ; 1 : 3 000 000 ] ; Jos. Langlois delin. ; Barbié du Bocage dir (Map). 1 : 3.000.000 (in French).
  16. ^ "Charten-Recensionen". Neue allgemeine geographische und statistische Ephemeriden [New general geographic and statistical ephemerides] (in German). Vol. 13. 1824. pp. 216–217. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help)
  17. ^ See, on that issue, Madinier, Henry (1855). Notes sur les principaux produits exposés de l'imprimerie (in French). Imprimerie Administrative de P. Dupont. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |subscription= (help), where typometry is referred to as travail en filets typographiques (work with typographic threads in French).
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