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Hello, this is Miranda's sandbox! |
Hello, this is Miranda's sandbox! |
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[[File:A. Anamensis new cranium.webp|thumb|Newly discovered A. anamensis cranium.]] |
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Revision as of 22:04, 10 November 2019
Hello, this is Miranda's sandbox!
Let's write about the taxonomy and evolutionary lineage/how it relates to other hominin species, maybe add a new section on it. Also what era this species lived during. Include it in the introduction.
[[User:Dayanettedj(Wiki Ed)/Sandbox]]
Discovery
In August 2019, scientists announced the discovery of a nearly intact skull, for the first time, and dated to 3.8 million years ago, of A. anamensis in Ethiopia.[1][2] The skull itself was found by Afar herder Ali Bereino in 2016.[3] This skull is important in supplementing the evolutionary lineage of hominins. The skull has a unique combination of derived and ancestral characteristics.[4] It was determined that the cranium is older than A. afarensis through analyzing that the cranial capacity is much smaller and the face is very prognathic, both of which indicate that it is earlier than A. afarensis.[4] Known as the MRD cranium, it is that of a male who was at an "advanced developmental age" determined by the worn down post-canine teeth.[4] The teeth show mesiodistal elongation, which differs from A. afarensis.[4] Similar to other australopiths, however, is its' narrow upper face (no forehead) and a large mid-face with broad zygomatic bones.[4] Before this new discovery, it was widely believed that Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis evolved one right after the other in a single lineage.[4] However, with the discovery of MRD, it suggests that A. afarensis did not result from anagenesis, but that the two hominin species lived side by side for at least 100,000 years.[4][5]
How it relates to other hominin species:
Australopithecus anamensis has multiple shared traits with apes and humans.[6] Fossil studies show that wrist morphology of the A. anamensis suggests knuckle-walking, which is derived from African apes. The A. anamensis hand portrays robust phalanges and metacarpals, and long middle phalanges, much like those shared by humans and apes. These characteristics show that the A. anamensis likely engaged in arboreal living but were largely bipedal, although not in an identical way to later Homo genus.[7] There are three major features of Australopithecus: all were bipedal, they were small-brained, and they had large teeth.[8] A. anamensis is often confused with Australopithecus afarensis due to their similar bone structure, apelike and humanlike traits, and their inhabitance of woodland areas.[9]
What era they lived
A. anamensis is the earliest known species of Australopithecus and the least studied because of lack of skeletal findings. The first fossils of the A. anamensis are dated to around 3.8 and 4.2 million years ago and were found in Kanapoi and Allia Bay in Northern Kenya.[10] They are the earliest Australopithecus species, living during the Plio-Pleistocene era.[8]
Diet (original article)
Studies of the microwear on Australopithecus anamensis molar fossils show a pattern of long striations. This pattern is similar to the microwear on the molars of gorillas; suggesting that Australopithecus anamensis had a similar diet to that of the modern gorilla.[11] The microwear patterns are consistent on all Australopithecus anamensis molar fossils regardless of location or time. This shows that their diet largely remained the same no matter what their environment.
The earliest dietary isotope evidence in Turkana Basin hominin species comes from the Australopithecus anamensis. This evidence suggests that their diet consisted primarily of C3 resources, possibly however with a small amount of C4 derived resources. Within the next 1.99- to 1.67-Ma time period, at least two distinctive hominin taxa shifted to a higher level of C4 resource consumption. At this point, there is no known cause for this shift in diet.[12]
More on diet
A. anamensis had thick, long, and narrow jaws with their side teeth arranged in parallel lines. [6]The palate, rows of teeth, and other characteristics of anamensis dentition suggests that they were omnivores and their diets were composed heavily on fruit, similar to chimpanzees.[10]
References
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1513-8
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6456/850.full
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_7
 | This is a user sandbox of Mirandaswinson. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^ Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; M. Melillo, Stephanie; Vazzana, Antonino; Benazzi, Stefano; Timothy, M. Ryan (2019). "A 3.8-million-year-old hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1513-8.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Dvorsky, George (28 August 2019). "Incredible Fossil Discovery Finally Puts a Face on an Elusive Early Hominin". Gizmodo. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ Greshko, Michael, 'Unprecedented' skull reveals face of human ancestor, National Geographic, August 28, 2019
- ^ a b c d e f g "A 3.8-million-year-old hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Revealing the new face of a 3.8-million-year-old early human ancestor".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Australopithecus anamensis". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
- ^ Richmond, Brian (23 March 2000). "Evidence that Humans Evolved from a Knuckle-walking Ancestor". Nature.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology.
- ^ "Australopithecus - Australopithecus afarensis and Au. garhi". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
- ^ a b Ward, Carol; Leakey, Meave; Walker, Alan (1999). "The new hominid species Australopithecus anamensis". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 7 (6): 197–205. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:63.0.CO;2-T. ISSN 1520-6505.
- ^ Ungar, Peter S.; Scott, Robert S.; Grine, Frederick E.; Teaford, Mark F. (20 September 2010). "Molar microwear textures and the diets of Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1556): 3345–3354. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0033. PMC 2981952. PMID 20855308.
- ^ Cerling, Thure E.; Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo; Mbua, Emma N.; Leakey, Louise N.; Leakey, Meave G.; Leakey, Richard E.; Brown, Francis H.; Grine, Frederick E.; Hart, John A.; Kalemeg, Prince; Roche, Hélène; Uno, Kevin T.; Wood, Bernard A. (June 25, 2013). "Stable isotope-based diet reconstructions of Turkana Basin hominins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10501–10506. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010501C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1222568110. PMC 3696807. PMID 23733966.