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See also Reuters report and direct quotation from Bolton on December 6, 2006.


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"John Bolton" redirects here. For other people named "John Bolton", see John Bolton (disambiguation).
John Bolton
U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations
Incumbent
Assumed office
August 1, 2005
Preceded byAnne W. Patterson
Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security
In office
2001–2005
Preceded bynew position
Succeeded byRobert Joseph
Personal details
BornNovember 20, 1948
Baltimore, Maryland

John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948) is an American diplomat, currently serving as the U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He submitted his letter of resignation from the Bush Administration on December 4, 2006, effective when his recess appointment ends at the formal adjournment of the 109th Congress.[1][2]

Biography

President George W. Bush appoints Bolton as the U.S. Ambassador to UN as Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice looks on.

Background and education

Bolton was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and raised as a Lutheran. The son of a fireman, he grew up in the working-class neighborhood of Yale Heights and won a scholarship to the McDonogh School in Owings Mills, Maryland, graduating in 1966. He also ran the school's Students For Goldwater campaign in 1964. He then attended Yale University, earning a B.A. summa cum laude in 1970 and a J.D. in 1974. Though Bolton supported the Vietnam War, he enlisted in the National Guard and did not serve in Vietnam. He wrote in his Yale 25th reunion book "I confess I had no desire to die in a Southeast Asian rice paddy. I considered the war in Vietnam already lost."[3]

Personal life

He is married to Gretchen Smith Bolton, who was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and went to high school in Scarsdale, New York. She has degrees from Wellesley College and New York University. The couple's home is currently in Bethesda, Maryland. They have one daughter, Jennifer Sarah Bolton, who graduated from the Holton-Arms School and currently attends Yale University in the same residential college as her father, Calhoun College.

From 1983 to 1985, Bolton was an associate at the Washington office of Covington & Burling (he returned to the firm again from 1993 to 1999). Bolton was also a partner in the law firm of Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus.[4][5]

Public policy career

Between 1997 and 2000, Bolton served pro bono as an assistant to James Baker in Baker's capacity as Kofi Annan's personal envoy to the Western Sahara.[6] Before joining the George W. Bush administration, Bolton was Senior Vice President for Public Policy Research at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank.

During the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, he served in several positions within the State Department, the Justice Department and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

His Justice Department position required him to advance Reagan administration positions, including opposition to financial reparations to Japanese-Americans held in World War II era internment camps; the insistence of executive privilege by President Reagan during William Rehnquist's chief justice confirmation hearings, when Congress asked for memos written by Rehnquist as a Nixon Justice Department official; the framing of a bill to control illegal immigration as an essential drug war measure; and, issues related to the investigation of the Iran-Contra affair.

Bolton's government service included such positions as:

Bolton is also the former executive director of the Committee on Resolutions in the Republican National Committee.[4]

Under the administration of George W. Bush, Bolton has been the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security (since May 11, 2001) and, since August 1, 2005, U.S. Ambassador to the UN (He was nominated on March 7, 2005).

Bolton has been a prominent participant in some neoconservative groups such as the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), and the Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf (CPSG). But Bolton disputes the label "neo-conservative," pointing out that he was a conservative since high school, when he worked on the 1964 Goldwater campaign.

Nobel Peace Prize nomination

Bolton was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize along with Ken Timmerman on February 7, 2006 by Sweden's former deputy prime minister and Liberal party leader Per Ahlmark "for their repeated warnings and documentation of Iran's secret nuclear buildup and revealing Iran's "repeated lying" and false reports to the International Atomic Energy Agency."[7][8][9][10]

Undersecretary of State for Arms Control

Bolton served as the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, sworn in to this position on May 11, 2001. In this role, a key area of his responsibility was the prevention of proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction.

Bolton also led the Bush administration's opposition on constitutional grounds[11] to the International Criminal Court, placing heavy pressure on many countries to sign agreements with the U.S. to exempt Americans from any possible prosecution by the Court; around 70 have signed such agreements so far.

Weapons of mass destruction

Bolton was instrumental in derailing a 2001 bio-weapons conference in Geneva convened to endorse a UN proposal to enforce the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. "U.S. officials, led by Bolton, argued that the plan would have put U.S. national security at risk by allowing spot inspections of suspected U.S. weapons sites, despite the fact that the U.S. claims not to have carried out any research for offensive purposes since 1969."[12]

Also in 2002, Bolton is said to have flown to Europe to demand the resignation of Jose Bustani, head of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), and to have orchestrated his removal at a special session of the organization. The United Nations' highest administrative tribunal later condemned the action as an "unacceptable violation" of principles protecting international civil servants. Bustani had been unanimously re-elected for a four-year term—with strong U.S. support—in May 2000, and in 2001 was praised for his leadership by Colin Powell.[13]

He also pushed for reduced funding for the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program to halt the proliferation of nuclear materials.[14]

Diplomacy

According to an article in the The New Republic, he has been highly successful in pushing his agenda, but his bluntness has won him many enemies. "Iran's Foreign Ministry has called Bolton 'rude' and 'undiplomatic'".[15] In response to critics, Bolton states that his record "demonstrates clear support for effective multilateral diplomacy." Bush administration officials have stated that his past statements would allow him to negotiate from a powerful position. "It's like the Palestinians having to negotiate with [Israeli Prime Minister] Ariel Sharon. If you have a deal, you know you have a deal," an anonymous official told CNN.[16] He also "won widespread praise for his work establishing the Proliferation Security Initiative,[17] a voluntary agreement supported by 60 countries".[18]

He was part of the State Department's delegation to six-party talks on the North Korean nuclear program in 2003. He was removed from the delegation after describing Kim Jong-il as a "tyrannical dictator" of a country where for many, "life is a hellish nightmare." [19] In response, a North Korean spokesman said "such human scum and bloodsucker is not entitled to take part in the talks." [20] American Democrats argued that Bolton's words at the time were undiplomatic and endangered the talks. Critics argue that Bolton's record of allegedly politicizing intelligence will harm U.S. credibility with the United Nations[21] which has many current problems. [22] [23] President Bush wants the organization reformed and said he wants John Bolton because he "can get the job done at the United Nations."[24]

Criticism

File:Bolton.png
John R. Bolton

Critics allege Bolton tried to spin intelligence to support his views and political objectives on a number of occasions. Greg Thielmann, of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), was assigned as the daily intelligence liaison to Bolton. Thielmann stated to Seymour Hersh that, "Bolton seemed troubled because INR was not telling him what he wanted to hear ... I was intercepted at the door of his office and told, 'The Undersecretary doesn't need you to attend this meeting anymore.'" According to former coworkers, Bolton withheld information that ran counter to his goals from Secretary of State Colin Powell on multiple occasions, and from Powell's successor Condoleezza Rice on at least one occasion. [25]

The Borgen Project has criticized Bolton for removing all mention of the Millennium Development Goals from a U.N. treaty aimed at cutting hunger in half by 2015. Other poverty-reduction groups have expressed concern that Bolton will undercut efforts to eradicate severe poverty.

In 2002, Bolton accused Cuba of transfers of biological weapons technology to rogue states and called on it "to fully comply with all of its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention."[26] According to a Scripps Howard News Service article, Bolton "wanted to say that Cuba had a biological weapons capacity and that it was exporting it to other nations. The intelligence analysts seemed to want to limit the assessment to a declaration that Cuba 'could' develop such weapons."[27] Bolton attempted to have the chief bioweapons analyst in the State Department's bureau of intelligence and research and the CIA's national intelligence officer for Latin America reassigned. Under oath at his Senate hearings for confirmation as Ambassador, he denied trying to have the men fired, but seven intelligence officials contradicted him.[14] Ultimately, "intelligence officials refused to allow Bolton to make the harsh criticism of Cuba he sought to deliver,"[27] and were able to keep their positions. Bolton claims that the issue was procedural rather than related to the content of his speech and that the officers, who did not work under him, behaved unprofessionally.

Bolton is alleged by Democratic Congressman Henry Waxman to have played a role in encouraging the inclusion of statement that British Intelligence had determined Iraq attempted to procure yellowcake uranium from Niger in President Bush's 2003 State of the Union Address.[28] These statements were claimed by critics of the President to be partly based on documents later found to be forged.[29] Waxman's allegations have no visible means of support as they are based on classified documents.[28]

Bolton stated in June 2004 congressional testimony Iran was lying about enriched uranium contamination: "Another unmistakable indicator of Iran's intentions is the pattern of repeatedly lying to ... the IAEA, ... when evidence of uranium enriched to 36 percent was found, it attributed this to contamination from imported centrifuge parts." However later isotope analysis supported Iran’s explanation of foreign contamination for most of the observed enriched uranium.[30] At their August 2005 meeting the IAEA's Board of Governors concluded: "Based on the information currently available to the Agency, the results of that analysis tend, on balance, to support Iran’s statement about the foreign origin of most of the observed HEU contamination."[31]

Praise for Bolton

Bolton has many supporters. On Dec. 4, 2006, the Heritage Foundation published on its website quotations praising Bolton's work at the UN from supporters of a cross-section of political persuasions and from a variety of different publications. During his confirmation hearings in 2005, letters with signatures of more than 100 co-workers and professional colleagues were sent to Senator Lugar, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in praise of Bolton and contradicting other criticisms and allegations concerning his diplomatic style and his treatment of colleagues and staff. In the fall of 2006, when his nomination was again before the Committee, another letter signed by more than 56 supporters was sent to Senator Lugar. [1]

Nomination for Ambassador to the UN

On March 7, 2005 Bolton was nominated to the post of U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations by President George W. Bush. As a result of a Democratic filibuster he was never confirmed by the Senate. Bolton's nomination initially received strong support from Republicans but faced heavy opposition from Democrats due initially to concerns about his strongly expressed views on the United Nations,[32] and later, alleged actions while at the State Department.[33]

Holding a 10-8 majority in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (tasked with vetting ambassadorial nominees), the Republican leadership hoped to send Mr. Bolton's nomination to the full Senate with a positive recommendation. Concern among some Republicans on the committee however prompted the leadership to not risk losing such a motion and to instead send the nomination forward with no recommendation. In the full Senate, Republican support for the nomination remained uncertain, with the most vocal Republican critic, Ohio Senator George V. Voinovich, circulating a letter urging his Republican colleagues to oppose the nomination.[34] Democrats insisted that a vote on the nomination was premature, given the resistance of the White House to share classified documents related to Bolton's alleged actions. The Republican leadership moved on two occasions to end debate, but because a supermajority of 60 votes is needed to end debate, the leadership was unable to muster the required votes with only a 55-44 majority in the body. An earlier agreement between moderates in both parties to prevent filibustering of nominees related only to judicial nominees,[35] not ambassadorships although the leader of the effort, Sen. John McCain, said the spirit of the agreement was to include all nominees.

Senator Voinovich has since amended his views and determined that John Bolton is doing a "good job" as UN Ambassador praising him by saying "I spend a lot of time with John on the phone. I think he is really working very constructively to move forward."[36]

On Nov. 9 2006 President George W. Bush, only days after losing both houses to a Democrat majority, sent the nomination[37] for John Robert Bolton to continue as representative for the USA at the United Nations.[38] Quote: "I believe that the leaders of both political parties must try to work through our differences. And I believe we will be able to work through differences. I reassured the House and Senate leaders that I intend to work with the new Congress in a bipartisan way to address issues confronting this country."

Views on the United Nations

Bolton has been a strong critic of the United Nations for much of his career. In a 1994 Global Structures Convocation hosted by the World Federalist Association (now Citizens for Global Solutions), he stated, "There is no such thing as the United Nations. There is only the international community, which can only be led by the only remaining superpower, which is the United States."[39] He also stated that "The Secretariat building in New York has 38 stories. If it lost ten stories, it wouldn't make a bit of difference." [40] Both Bolton's opponents[41] and supporters[42] use the same video of his remarks at the 1994 event in support of their efforts.

When pressed on the statement during the confirmation process, he responded "There's not a bureaucracy in the world that couldn't be made leaner."[43] Despite these comments, in a paper on U.S. participation in the UN, John Bolton stated "the United Nations can be a useful instrument in the conduct of American foreign policy."[44]

A member of the Project for the New American Century, Bolton was also one of the signers of the January 26, 1998 PNAC letter sent to President Clinton urging him to remove Saddam Hussein from power using U.S. diplomatic, political and military power.[45] The letter also stated "American policy cannot continue to be crippled by a misguided insistence on unanimity in the UN Security Council."[46]

The Nov. 15, 2005 Washington Times article Can the U.S. find a substitute for the U.N.? noted that Bolton advocates "a revolution of reform" at the UN. Specifically, he called for:

  • The five permanent members of the UN Security Council to work more closely to craft powerful resolutions and make sure they are enforced, and to address the underlying causes of conflicts, rather than turning them over to the Secretariat and special envoys;
  • A focus on administrative skills in choosing the next secretary-general; and
  • A more credible and responsible Human Rights Council.

Bolton warned that the U.S. had the option of relying on regional or other international organizations to advance its goals if the U.N. proves inadequate[47]

The New York Times in an editorial The Shame of the United Nations has praised Bolton's stance on "reforming the disgraceful United Nations Human Rights Commission" [48], saying "John Bolton, is right; Secretary General Kofi Annan is wrong." The Times also said that the current commission is composed of "some of the world's most abusive regimes" who use their membership as cover to continue their abusiveness.

Senate confirmation hearing

Day 1

On April 11, 2005, The Senate Foreign Relations Committee reviewed Bolton's qualifications. Bolton said that he and his colleagues "view the U.N. as an important component of our diplomacy" and will work to solve its problems and enhance its strengths.

Republican committee chairman Richard Lugar of Indiana criticized Bolton for ignoring the "policy consequences" of his statements, diplomatic speech "should never be undertaken simply to score international debating points to appeal to segments of the U.S. public opinion or to validate a personal point of view." [49] The committee's top Democrat, Joe Biden of Delaware compared sending Bolton to the UN to sending a "bull into a china shop," and expressed "grave concern" about Bolton's "diplomatic temperament" and his record: "In my judgment," Biden said, "your judgment about how to deal with the emerging threats have not been particularly useful."

Meanwhile, the Republican George Allen of Virginia said that Bolton had the "experience," "knowledge," "background," "and the right principles to come into the United Nations at this time," calling him "the absolute perfect person for the job."

Russ Feingold, a Democrat on the committee from Wisconsin, asked Bolton about what he would have done had the Rwandan genocide occurred while he was ambassador to the United Nations, and criticized his answer – which focused on logistics – as "amazingly passive."

According to Newsday, Lincoln Chafee a Republican from Rhode Island "may be pivotal for Bolton's nomination."[50] His initial remarks were cautiously favorable: "You said all the right things in your opening statement," he said. Chafee stated that he will probably support Bolton "unless something surprising shows up," but in 2006 Chafee refused to vote for Bolton in the second attempt by the Bush administration to gain his confirmation. Chafee was in a difficult re-election battle that subsequently ended in his loss.

According to an Associated Press story on the hearing, "[t]hree protesters briefly interrupted the proceedings, standing up in succession with pink T-shirts and banners, one reading: 'Diplomat for hire. No bully please.'" These protesters were part of a group advocating representation in the Senate for residents of the District of Columbia that is known for such demonstrations at a variety of hearings.

On the whole, Bolton "displayed not the slightest bit of energy, one way or the other, when discussing the challenges facing international organizations," according to Fred Kaplan of Slate Magazine.[21]

Day 2

On April 12, 2005, the Senate panel focused on allegations discussed above that Bolton pressured intelligence analysts. "I've never seen anybody quite like Secretary Bolton. ... I don't have a second, third or fourth in terms of the way that he abuses his power and authority with little people," former State Department intelligence chief Carl W. Ford Jr., said, calling Bolton a "serial abuser." Ford contradicted Bolton's earlier testimony, saying: "I had been asked for the first time to fire an intelligence analyst for what he had said and done."

Lugar, who criticized Bolton at his April 11 hearing, said that the "paramount issue" was supporting the president's nominee. He conceded that "[b]luntness may be required," even though it is not "very good diplomacy."

Chafee, the key member for Bolton's approval, said that "the bar is very high" for rejecting the president's nominees, suggesting that Bolton would make it to the Senate.

Marginal erosion of Republican support

Wikinews has related news:

On April 19, Democrats, with the unexpected support of Senator George V. Voinovich, Republican of Ohio, forced Senator Lugar to delay the committee vote on Mr. Bolton's nomination until May. The debate concerning his nomination raged in the Senate prior to the Memorial Day recess. Two other Republicans on the Foreign Relations Committee, Senators Lincoln Chafee and Chuck Hagel, also expressed serious concerns about the Bolton nomination.

Asked on April 20 if he was now less inclined to support the nomination, Mr. Chafee said, "That would be accurate." He further elaborated that Mr. Bolton's prospects were "hard to predict" but said he expected that "the administration is really going to put some pressure on Senator Voinovich. Then it comes to the rest of us that have had some reservations."

On April 20 it emerged that Melody Townsel, a former aid worker, had reported to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that Bolton had thrown objects at her when, in the course of her work activities in Moscow, she had expressed ideas with which Bolton had been in disagreement. According to Townsel, Bolton had also proceeded to make unsubstantiated claims of a sexual nature to her and voiced derogatory remarks regarding her figure. Townsel turned out to be a Democratic activist from Texas who had indeed worked for an organization giving aid in the former Soviet republics for which Bolton did legal consulting. She was investigated for careless use of funds and later dismissed. In private interviews with Senate Foreign Relation Committee staff she backed down on some of her accusations against Bolton, and it was determined that she was not a credible witness to testify against his nomination.

On April 22 the New York Times and other media reported that Bolton's former boss, former Secretary of State Colin Powell, is personally opposed to the nomination and had been in personal contact with Republican Senators Chafee and Hagel. This development was interpreted as a further rift between Powell and the Bush Administration. Reuters reported, also on April 22, that a spokesman for Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska) said that the Senator felt the committee "did the right thing delaying the vote on Bolton in light of the recent information presented to the committee."[51]

On 28 April The Guardian reported that Powell was "conducting a campaign" against Bolton because of the acrimonious battles they had had whilst working together, which among other things had resulted in Powell cutting Bolton out of talks with Iran and Libya after complaints about Bolton's involvement from the British. It added that "The foreign relations committee has discovered that Bolton made a highly unusual request and gained access to 10 intercepts by the National Security Agency... Staff members on the committee believe that Bolton was probably spying on Powell, his senior advisers and other officials reporting to him on diplomatic initiatives that Bolton opposed." [52] However Rich Lowry points out that "During the same four-year period, other State Department officials made roughly 400 similar requests."[53]

On May 11 Hustler publisher Larry Flynt, who once offered a considerable reward for any dirt on Bob Barr, published allegations that Bolton had forced his first wife, Christina Bolton, to engage in group sex at Plato's Retreat, a New York sex club popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[54] Steve Clemons' blog reported this allegation and others, but later Clemons spoke to Christina Bolton and apologized for these kinds of allegations. Clemons had stated in his blog that "I will do anything to defeat John Bolton."

Also on May 11 Newsweek reported allegations that the American position at the 7th Review Conference in May 2005[55] of the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty had been undercut by Bolton's "absence without leave" during the nomination fight, quoting anonymous sources "close to the negotiations".[56]

The Democrats' filibuster

On Thursday, May 26, 2005, the Senate Democrats postponed the vote on John Bolton's UN nomination. The Republican leadership failed to gain enough Republican or Democratic support to pass a cloture motion on the floor debate over Bolton, and minority leader Harry Reid conceded the move signalled the "first filibuster of the year." The Democrats claim key documents regarding Bolton and his career at the Department of Defense are being withheld by the Bush administration. Scott McClellan, White House press secretary, responded by saying, "Just 72 hours after all the good will and bipartisanship (over a deal on judicial nominees), it's disappointing to see the Democratic leadership resort back to such a partisan approach."[57]

The failure of the Senate to end debate on Bolton's nomination provided one surprise for some: Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist (R-TN) voted against cloture for procedural reasons, which was so that he could bring up a cloture vote in the future.[58] (Although Senator George Voinovich (R-OH) once spoke against confirming Bolton, he voted for cloture.) Senator John Thune (R-SD) voted to end debate but announced that he would vote against Bolton in the up-or-down vote as a protest against the government's plans to close a vital military base (Ellsworth) in South Dakota.

On June 20, 2005 the Senate voted again to pass cloture. The vote failed 54-38, six votes short of ending debate. That marked an increase of two "no" votes, including the defection of Republican Voinovich, who switched his previous "yes" vote and urged President Bush to pick another nominee (Democrats Mark Pryor, Mary Landrieu and Ben Nelson voted to end debate both times). Some speculated that Bush would install Bolton via recess appointment; the appointment would expire in 2007. On June 21, Frist expressed his view that attempting another vote would be pointless, but later that day, following a lunch at the White House, changed his position, saying that he would continue to push for an up-or-down vote.[59] Voinovich has since recanted his opposition and stated that if Bolton is renominated he will support the nomination.[60]

Accusations of false statement

On July 28, 2005 it was revealed that a statement made by Bolton on forms submitted to the Senate was false. Bolton indicated that in the prior five years he had not been questioned in any investigation, but in fact he had been interviewed by the State Department Inspector General on July 18, 2003 as part of an investigation into the sources of pre-war claims of weapons of mass destruction evidence in Iraq. After insisting for weeks that Bolton had testified truthfully on the form, the State Department reversed itself stating that Bolton had simply forgotten about the investigation.

Recess appointment

Template:Wikinewspar2

On August 1, 2005, President Bush officially made a recess appointment of Bolton, installing him as the interim U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations on a temporary basis. The Bolton recess appointment will last until 2007. During the announcement, Bush said, "This post is too important to leave vacant any longer, especially during a war and a vital debate about U.N. reform." Democrats criticized the appointment and Republican Sen. George Voinovich, whose opposition originally stalled a vote on the nominee, said Bolton would lack credibility in the U.N. because he lacked Senate confirmation. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan said, "We look forward to working with him as I do with the other 190 ambassadors and we will welcome him at a time when we are in the midst of major reform. I think it is the president's prerogative, and the president has decided to appoint him through this process."

Bolton began his term by laying out a list of wanted amendments to details of the 2005 World Summit to be held in New York City in September 2005. These included stopping the UN use of the term "Millennium Development Goals".

New nomination and attempts to gain full confirmation

On November 9, 2006, President Bush once again nominated Bolton for confirmation as U.N. ambassador in the hope of passing it before the expiration of his current term on December 31, 2006. [61][62]

Bolton gives up struggle for confirmation

It was reported December 4, 2006 that John Bolton will not seek a permanent appointment upon the expiration of his brief recess term.[63]

The announcement was characterized as Bolton's "resignation" by the Associated Press[64], United Press International[65], ABC News[66], and other news sources, as well as a White House press release[67] and President Bush himself.[68] The White House, however, later objected to the use of this language. Deputy Press Secretary Dana Perino told CBS News "it is not a resignation."[69] This was after President Bush had announced: "I received the resignation of Ambassador John Bolton. I accept it. I'm not happy about it. I think he deserved to be confirmed."[70]

References

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  2. ^ "President Bush Accepts Ambassador John Bolton's Resignation as U.S. Representative to the United Nations". White House, Office of the Press Secretary. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ Ross Goldberg and Sam Kahn, "Bolton's conservative ideology has roots in Yale experience", Yale Daily News, April 28, 2005.
  4. ^ a b c http://www.results.gov/leadership/bio_44.html
  5. ^ a b http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/2976.htm
  6. ^ "Announcement of Nomination of John Bolton as U.S. Ambassador to the UN" (Press release). US Department of State. 2005-03-07. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Kamen, Al (2006-02-13). "What's Next for Bolton -- The Peace Prize?". The Washington Post. pp. A19. Retrieved 2006-09-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/2170/documentid/3307/history/3,2359,2167,2170,3307
  9. ^ http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=60668
  10. ^ http://nobelprize.org/peace/nomination/nominators.html
  11. ^ http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-311.html
  12. ^ Slavin, Barbara (2003-11-30). "Bolton a 'guided missile'". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/05/AR2005060500182.html
  14. ^ a b http://www.alternet.org/columnists/story/21841/
  15. ^ Kaplan, Lawrence F. (2004-03-29). "THE SECRETS OF JOHN BOLTON'S SUCCESS". The New Republic. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ "Bush nominates Bolton as U.N. ambassador". CNN. 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ http://www.state.gov/t/np/rls/other/34726.htm
  18. ^ "Profile: John Bolton". BBC News. 2005-08-01. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ Kralev, Nicholas (2003-08-04). "Bush backs Bolton's tough talk". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ Lee, Soo-Jeong (2003-08-04). "North Korea bans Bolton from talks". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ a b Kaplan, Fred (2005-04-11). "It's Time To Write a Dear John". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Clayton, Jonathan (2004-12-23). "Sex scandal in Congo threatens to engulf UN's peacekeepers". The Times. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Porteus, Liza (2005-04-15). "3 Indicted in U.N. Oil-for-Food Scandal". Fox News. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ http://usinfo.state.gov/eap/Archive/2005/Apr/29-239439.html
  25. ^ Linzer, Dafna (2005-04-18). "Bolton Often Blocked Information, Officials Say". The Washington Post. pp. A04. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ "U.S.: Cuba Developing Biological Weapons". Fox News. 2002-05-06. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ a b http://www.knoxstudio.com/shns/story.cfm?pk=BOLTON-04-11-05&cat=WW
  28. ^ a b http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/Documents/20050301112122-90349.pdf
  29. ^ http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_iraq&general_topic_areas=africaUraniumClaim
  30. ^ Linzer, Dafna (2005-08-23). "No Proof Found of Iran Arms Program". The Washington Post. pp. A01. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  31. ^ http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2005/gov2005-67.pdf
  32. ^ http://www.stopbolton.org/video.html
  33. ^ http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/bolton.pdf
  34. ^ Jehl, Douglas (2005-05-26). "Republican urges colleagues to reject UN". he International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ http://www.confirmthem.com/?p=588
  36. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060206/pl_nm/un_bolton_voinovich_dc_1
  37. ^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/11/20061109-1.html
  38. ^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/11/20061108-2.html
  39. ^ Watson, Roland (2005-03-08). "Bush deploys hawk as new UN envoy". The Times. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  40. ^ Applebaum, Anne (2005-03-09). "Defending Bolton". The Washington Post. pp. A21. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  41. ^ http://www.stopbolton.org
  42. ^ http://www.moveamericaforward.org/index.php/SpecialProjects/SupportBolton
  43. ^ http://www.cumberlink.com/articles/2005/04/11/ap/headlines/d89ddcug0.txt
  44. ^ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0597/ijpe/pj2bolt.htm
  45. ^ http://www.theindyvoice.com/pnac/
  46. ^ http://www.theindyvoice.com/index.blog?entry_id=417960
  47. ^ Pisik, Betsy (2005-11-15). "Can the U.S. find a substitute for the U.N.?". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  48. ^ "The Shame of the United Nations". 2006-02-26. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  49. ^ Borger, Julian (2005-04-12). "Democrats try to block Bush's man for UN job". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  50. ^ http://www.newsday.com/news/politics/wire/sns-ap-bush-un-ambassador-quotes,0,3383126.story?coll=sns-ap-politics-headlines
  51. ^ http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=topNews&storyID=8270328
  52. ^ Blumenthal, Sidney (2005-04-28). "The good soldier's revenge". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ http://www.townhall.com/columnists/richlowry/rl20050422.shtml
  54. ^ http://rawstory.com/exclusives/byrne/larry_flynt_bolton_511.htm
  55. ^ http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/
  56. ^ Hirsh, Michael (2005-05-11). "A Nuclear Blunder?". Newsweek. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ Jehl, Douglas (2005-05-27). "DEMOCRATS FORCE SENATE TO DELAY A VOTE ON BOLTON". The New York Times. pp. A1, Column 6. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ http://sayanythingblog.com/2005/05/26/bolton-nomination-stalled-2/
  59. ^ http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/06/21/frist_says_no_new_vote_planned_for_bolton/
  60. ^ Babington, Charles (2006-07-22). "Bolton's Nomination Revives After Senator Changes Mind". The Washington Post. pp. A02. Retrieved 2006-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  61. ^ U.S. Congress (2006). "Nominations". Congressional Record. 152 (126): S10843. Retrieved 2006-11-22. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  62. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/10/bolton.congress/
  63. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/12/04/bolton.resignation.ap/index.html
  64. ^ Terence Hunt (2006-12-04). "Bush Accepts Bolton's UN Resignation". CBS News. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
  65. ^ "Russians hope for better ties to U.S." United Press International. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.: "They were reacting to the resignation of U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. John Bolton earlier Monday, Bolton resigned after it became clear that the incoming Democratic-controlled Senate in the 110th Congress would not vote to confirm his appointment as ambassador."
  66. ^ Ben Feller (2006-12-04). "Bush Accepts Bolton's U.N. Resignation". ABC News. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
  67. ^ "President Bush Accepts Ambassador John Bolton's Resignation as U.S. Representative to the United Nations". Office of the Press Secretary, The White house. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
  68. ^ "President Bush Meets with United Nations Ambassador John Bolton". Office of the Press Secretary, The White House. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.: "I received the resignation of Ambassador John Bolton. I accepted."
  69. ^ "White House Contests Claim That Bolton 'Resigned'". CBS News. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
  70. ^ "President Bush Meets with United Nations Ambassador John Bolton". Office of the Press Secretary, The White House. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.: "I received the resignation of Ambassador John Bolton. I accepted." Some news organizations subsequently altered their language to phrases such as "to step down," "to leave," or "to exit."

See also Reuters report and direct quotation from Bolton on December 6, 2006.

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Preceded by
None
 Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security
2001 - 2005 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States order of precedence
as of 2006 		Succeeded by
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