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==Economic importance==
==Economic importance==
Although no significant accumulations of oil or gas have been found in the Franciscan, other opportunities have been exploited over the years. During the 19th century when [[gold mining]] was one of the main industries in California, [[cinnabar]] associated with serpentine in the Franciscan was mined for [[mercury (element)|quicksilver]] (mercury) needed to process gold ore and gold-bearing gravels. Some of the more important mines were those at [[New Idria]] and [[New Almaden]], the [[Sulphur Bank Mine]] at [[Clearlake Oaks, California|Clearlake Oaks]], and the Knoxville Mine (cf. [[McLaughlin Mine]]) and others at Knoxville. The Franciscan also contains large bodies of limestone pure enough for making [[cement]], and the [[Permanente Quarry]] near [[Cupertino, California]] is a giant [[open-pit mine]] in a body of Franciscan limestone that supplied most of the cement for building the [[Shasta Dam]] across the [[Sacramento River]].<ref name="kaiser-permanente" /> The [[Rockaway Beach, Pacifica, California|Rockaway Beach Quarry at Pacifica]] is another example of a major limestone quarry in the Franciscan.
Although no significant accumulations of oil or gas have been found in the Franciscan, other opportunities have been exploited over the years. During the 19th century when [[gold mining]] was one of the main industries in California, [[cinnabar]] associated with serpentine in the Franciscan and Great Valley Group was mined for [[mercury (element)|quicksilver]] (mercury) needed to process gold ore and gold-bearing gravels. Some of the more important mines were those at [[New Idria]] and [[New Almaden]], the [[Sulphur Bank Mine]] at [[Clearlake Oaks, California|Clearlake Oaks]], and the Knoxville Mine (cf. [[McLaughlin Mine]]) and others at Knoxville. The Franciscan also contains large bodies of limestone pure enough for making [[cement]], and the [[Permanente Quarry]] near [[Cupertino, California]] is a giant [[open-pit mine]] in a body of Franciscan limestone that supplied most of the cement for building the [[Shasta Dam]] across the [[Sacramento River]].<ref name="kaiser-permanente" /> The [[Rockaway Beach, Pacifica, California|Rockaway Beach Quarry at Pacifica]] is another example of a major limestone quarry in the Franciscan.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 03:17, 19 November 2019

Franciscan Assemblage
Stratigraphic range: Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous
Chevron folds in ribbon chert of the Marin Headlands, California. Geologist Christie Rowe for scale.
Typevaried; primarily metamorphic (low grade), but also sedimentary, igneous and high-pressure metamorphic
Underliesvarious
Overliesbasement; Coast Range Ophiolite in some areas
Lithology
Primaryschist (incl. serpentinite), sandstone, basalt, greywackes
Othershale, chert
Location
RegionCalifornia Coast Ranges, northern Transverse Ranges
CountryUnited States
Type section
Named forSan Francisco, California

Franciscan Assemblage or Franciscan Complex is a geologic term for a late Mesozoic terrane of heterogeneous rocks found throughout the California Coast Ranges, and particularly on the San Francisco Peninsula. It was named by geologist Andrew Lawson, who also named the San Andreas fault that defines the western extent of the assemblage.[1]

The Franciscan Complex is dominated by greywacke sandstones, shales and conglomerates which have experienced low-grade metamorphism.  Other important lithologies include chert, basalt, limestone, serpentinite, and high-pressure, low-temperature metabasites (blueschists and eclogites) and meta-limestones. Fossils like radiolaria are found in chert beds of the Franciscan Complex. These fossils have been used to provide age constraints on the different terranes that constitute the Franciscan. The mining opportunities within the Franciscan is restricted to deposits of cinnabar and limestone.

The outcrops of the formation have a very large range, extending from Douglas County, Oregon to Santa Barbara County, California.[2] Franciscan-like formations may be as far south as Santa Catalina Island. The formation lends its name to the term describing high-pressure regional metamorphic facies, the Franciscan facies series.[3]

Geologic history

Map modified from Irwin (1990) [4] showing distribution of Great Valley Sequence and Franciscan Assemblage (in blue).
Diagram (modified from Fig 3.11 in Irwin, 1990) showing the depositional setting of the Franciscan Assemblage and the contemporaneous Great Valley Sequence,.[5]

The Franciscan Complex is an assemblage of metamorphosed and deformed rocks, associated with east-dipping subduction zone at the western coast of North America.[6] Although most of the Franciscan is Early/Late Jurassic through Cretaceous in age (150-66 Ma),[7] some Franciscan rocks are as old as early Jurassic (180-190 Ma) age and as young as Miocene (15 Ma).[8] The different age distribution represents the temporal and spatial variation of mechanisms that operated within the subduction zone.[9] Franciscan rocks are thought to have formed prior to the creation of the San Andreas Fault when an ancient deep-sea trench existed along the California continental margin. This trench, the remnants of which are still active in the Cascadia and Cocos subduction zone, resulted from subduction of oceanic crust of the Farallon tectonic plate beneath continental crust of the North American Plate. As oceanic crust descended beneath the continent, ocean floor basalt and sediments were subducted and then tectonically underplated to the upper plate.[10] This resulted in widespread deformation with the generation of thrust faults and folding, and caused high pressure-low temperature regional metamorphism.[10] In the Miocene, the Farallon-Pacific spreading center reached the Franciscan trench and the relative motion between Pacific-North America caused the initiation of the San Andreas Fault. Transform motion along the San Andreas Fault obscured and displaced the subduction related structures, resulting in overprinting of two generations of structures.[11]

Shale matrix mélange with clasts of sandstone and greenstone on Marshall's Beach, San Francisco, USA

Description

Ribbon Chert of the Marin Headlands Terrane, exposed at Marshall's Beach, San Francisco.
Pillow structures preserved in greenschist-facies metamorphosed basalts of the Franciscan Complex, Black Sands Beach, Marin Headlands, California. Field of view is approximately 2 m wide.
Folded blue metacherts with glaucophane-rich layers, exposed in outcrops on Kayak Beach, Angel Island, northern San Francisco Bay.
Sheared block-in-matrix fabric composed of serpentinite blocks in serpentinite matrix, exposed on Perles Beach, Angel Island, Marin County, California. Pencil for scale. The strong anastomosing foliation is folded, sub-vertical in the lower part of the photo and more gently dipping in the upper part of the photo.
Shale matrix mélange of the Franciscan Complex at Marshall's Beach, San Francisco, California. Sandstone blocks (light grey) contain white mineral veins. Dark grey shale matrix displays strongly foliated anastomosing scaly fabric. Geologist John Wakabayashi for scale.

The units of the Franciscan complex are aligned parallel to the active margin between the North American and Pacific plates.[12] The Franciscan Complex is in contact with the Great Valley Sequence, which was deposited on the Coast Range Ophiolite, along its eastern side.[13][14] The type area of Franciscan rocks in San Francisco consists of metagraywackes, gray claystone and shale, thin bedded ribbon chert with abundant radiolarians, altered submarine pillow basalts (greenstone) and blueschists.[15] Broadly, the Franciscan can be divided into two groups of rocks. Coherent terranes are internally consistent in metamorphic grade and includes folded and faulted clastic sediments, cherts and basalts, ranging from sub-metamorphic to prehnite-pumpellyite or low-temperature blueschist (jadeite-bearing) grades of metamorphism. Mélange terranes are much smaller, found between or within the larger coherent terranes and sometimes contain large blocks of metabasic rocks of higher metamorphic grade (amphibolite, eclogite, and garnet-blueschist).[10] The mélange zones in the Franciscan usually have a block in matrix appearance with higher grade metamorphic blocks (blueschist, amphibolite, greenschist, eclogite) embedded within the mélange matrix.[16] The matrix material of the mélanges are mudstone or serpentinite. Geologists have argued for either a tectonic or olistostormal origin.[17] In the northern Coast Ranges, the Franciscan has been divided into the Eastern, Central and Coastal Belts based on metamorphic age and grade, with the rocks younging and the metamorphic grade decreasing to the west.[18][19][10] The Franciscan varies along strike, because individual accreted elements (packets of trench sediment, seamounts, etc.) did not extend the full length of the trench. Different depths of underplating, distribution of post-metamorphic faulting, and level of erosion produced the present-day surface distribution of high P/T metamorphism.[9][10]

Fossils

Franciscan sediments contain a sparse, but diverse assemblage of fossils. The most abundant fossils by far are microfossils, particularly in the cherts, which contain single-celled organisms called radiolarians that have exoskeletons of silica. There are also in some of the shales microfossils of planktonic foraminifera that have exoskeletons of carbonate. These microfossils, by and large, indicate deposition in an open-water setting where deep-water conditions exist.[20] Vertebrate fossils in the Franciscan are extremely rare, but include three Mesozoic marine reptiles that are shown in the table below.[21] Again, these indicate an open-water, and therefore deep-marine setting. Although rare, a few shallow-marine fossils have been found as well, and include extinct oysters (Inoceramus) and clams (Buchia).[20] Microfossils in the Calera Limestone member of the Franciscan exposed at the Permanente and Pacifica cement quarries also indicate a shallow-marine setting, with deposition on top of a seamount in the tropical Pacific Ocean and subsequent transport and accretion by the Pacific Plate onto the California continental margin.[22] Thus, even though most of the Franciscan appears to have been deposited in a deep-water setting, it is a complex and diverse assemblage of rocks, and shallow-water settings, though not the norm, existed as well.

Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossils of the Franciscan Assemblage
Genus Species Notes
Ichthyosaurus californicus[23] Name means "fish-lizard of California." Found in 1935 in Stanislaus County in a piece of Franciscan chert from the Coast Ranges washed into the Great Valley.
franciscanus[23] Name means "fish-lizard of the Franciscan." Found in 1940 in San Joaquin County in a piece of Franciscan chert from the Coast Ranges washed into the Great Valley.
Plesiosaurus hesternus[23] Name means "one who is near to being a lizard of the West coast." Found in 1949 in San Luis Obispo County in a limestone concretion in Franciscan-Knoxville shales.

Economic importance

Although no significant accumulations of oil or gas have been found in the Franciscan, other opportunities have been exploited over the years. During the 19th century when gold mining was one of the main industries in California, cinnabar associated with serpentine in the Franciscan and Great Valley Group was mined for quicksilver (mercury) needed to process gold ore and gold-bearing gravels. Some of the more important mines were those at New Idria and New Almaden, the Sulphur Bank Mine at Clearlake Oaks, and the Knoxville Mine (cf. McLaughlin Mine) and others at Knoxville. The Franciscan also contains large bodies of limestone pure enough for making cement, and the Permanente Quarry near Cupertino, California is a giant open-pit mine in a body of Franciscan limestone that supplied most of the cement for building the Shasta Dam across the Sacramento River.[24] The Rockaway Beach Quarry at Pacifica is another example of a major limestone quarry in the Franciscan.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bailey, Irwin and Jones (1964), p. 15-17.
  2. ^ Oregon Coast Range simplified geologic map
  3. ^ Tulane University - Regional Metamorphism
  4. ^ Irwin, William P. (1990). Wallace, Robert E. (ed.). "Geology and plate-tectonic Development". The San Andreas Fault System, California-U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 1515: 61–82.
  5. ^ Irwin, William P. (1990). Wallace, Robert E. (ed.). "Geology and plate-tectonic development". The San Andreas Fault System, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 1515: p.74. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  6. ^ HAMILTON, WARREN (1969). "Mesozoic California and the Underflow of Pacific Mantle". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 80 (12): 2409. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2409:mcatuo]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  7. ^ Bailey, Irwin and Jones (1964), p. 142-146; Blome and Irwin (1983), p. 77-89..
  8. ^ McLaughlin (1982), p. 595-605.
  9. ^ a b Mulcahy, Sean R.; Starnes, Jesslyn K.; Day, Howard W.; Coble, Matthew A.; Vervoort, Jeffrey D. (May 2018). "Early Onset of Franciscan Subduction". Tectonics. 37 (5): 1194–1209. doi:10.1029/2017tc004753. ISSN 0278-7407.
  10. ^ a b c d e Wakabayashi, John (1992-01-01). "Nappes, Tectonics of Oblique Plate Convergence, and Metamorphic Evolution Related to 140 Million Years of Continuous Subduction, Franciscan Complex, California". The Journal of Geology. 100 (1): 19–40. doi:10.1086/629569. ISSN 0022-1376.
  11. ^ Wentworth et al. (1984), p. 163-173; Irwin (1990), p. 61-82.
  12. ^ Wassmann, Sara; Stöckhert, Bernhard (2012-09-28). "Matrix deformation mechanisms in HP-LT tectonic mélanges — Microstructural record of jadeite blueschist from the Franciscan Complex, California". Tectonophysics. Chaos and Geodynamics: Melanges, Melange Forming Processes and Their Significance in the Geological Record. 568–569: 135–153. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.01.009. ISSN 0040-1951.
  13. ^ Ernst, W. G. (1970). "Tectonic contact between the Franciscan Mélange and the Great Valley Sequence—Crustal expression of a Late Mesozoic Benioff Zone". Journal of Geophysical Research (1896-1977). 75 (5): 886–901. doi:10.1029/JB075i005p00886. ISSN 2156-2202.
  14. ^ Turner, Francis J. (1981). Metamorphic petrology : mineralogical, field, and tectonic aspects (2d ed ed.). Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp. ISBN 0070655014. OCLC 5894059. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  15. ^ Wahrhaftig, Clyde (1984). A Streetcar to Subduction and Other Plate Tectonic Trips by Public Transport in San Francisco. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 0875902340.
  16. ^ Hsü, K. Jinghwa (1968-08-01). "Principles of Mélanges and Their Bearing on the Franciscan-Knoxville Paradox". GSA Bulletin. 79 (8): 1063–1074. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1063:POMATB]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  17. ^ Wakabayashi, John (August 2011), "Mélanges of the Franciscan Complex, California: Diverse structural settings, evidence for sedimentary mixing, and their connection to subduction processes", Geological Society of America Special Papers, Geological Society of America, pp. 117–141, ISBN 9780813724805, retrieved 2019-11-16
  18. ^ James O. Berkland (2), Loren A. Ray (1972). "What is Franciscan?". AAPG Bulletin. 56. doi:10.1306/819a421a-16c5-11d7-8645000102c1865d. ISSN 0149-1423.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Blake, M.C.; Howell, D.G.; Jones, David Lawrence (1982). "Preliminary tectonostratigraphic terrane map of California". Open-File Report. doi:10.3133/ofr82593. ISSN 2331-1258.
  20. ^ a b Bailey, Irwin and Jones (1965), p. 115-123; Blome and Irwin (1983), p. 77-89.
  21. ^ Hilton (2003), p. 223-225.
  22. ^ Tarduno et al. (1985), p. 345-347.
  23. ^ a b c Hilton (2003), "Appendix: Summary of the Mesozoic Reptilian Fossils of California," p. 272-273.
  24. ^ Austin, Donna (26 June 2009). "Kaiser dug for cement and hit aluminum foil". Cupertino News (newspaper - online edition). Retrieved 14 June 2013. Also see the following online anonymous article "Henry Kaiser's Legacy Woven into Rich California Tapestry". Kasier Permanente. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2013.

References

  • Bailey, E.H.; Irwin, W.P.; Jones, D.L. (1964). "Franciscan and related rocks and their significance in the geology of western California". California Div. Mines and Geology Bull. 183: 177 p.
  • Berkland, J. O., Raymond, L. A., Kramer, J. C., Moores, E. M., & O'Day, M. (1972). "What is Franciscan?". AAPG Bulletin, 56(12), pp. 2295a-2302.
  • Blake, M. C., Howell, D. G., & Jones, D. L. (1982). "Preliminary tectonostratigraphic terrane map of California" (No. 82-593). US Government Printing Office. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82593
  • Blome, C.D.; Irwin, W.P. (1983). "Tectonic significance of late Paleozoic to Jurassic radiolarians from the North Fork terrane, Klamath Mountains, California". In Stevens, C.H. (ed.). Pre-Jurassic rocks in western North America suspect terranes. Pacific Section of the Society of Paleontologists and Mineralogists. pp. 77–89.
  • Ernst, W. G. (1970). "Tectonic contact between the Franciscan mélange and the Great Valley sequence—Crustal expression of a late Mesozoic Benioff zone". Journal of Geophysical Research, 75(5), pp. 886-901. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB075i005p00886
  • Hamilton, W. (1969). "Mesozoic California and the underflow of Pacific mantle". Geological Society of America Bulletin, 80(12), pp. 2409-2430.
  • Hilton, Richard P. (2003). Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California. Berkeley. University of California Press. 356 p. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  • Hsü, K. J. (1968). "Principles of melanges and their bearing on the Franciscan-Knoxville paradox". Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79(8), pp. 1063-1074. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79%5B1063:POMATB%5D2.0.CO;2
  • Irwin, William P. (1990). "Geology and plate-tectonic development". In Robert E. Wallace (ed.). The San Andreas Fault System, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515. pp. 61–82.
  • "Post-middle Miocene accretion of Franciscan rocks, northwestern California". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 93 (7): 595–605. 1982. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1982)93<595:pmaofr>2.0.co;2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  • Mulcahy, S. R., Starnes, J. K., Day, H. W., Coble, M. A., & Vervoort, J. D. (2018). "Early onset of Franciscan subduction". Tectonics, 37(5), 1194-1209. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017TC004753
  • "Franciscan Complex Calera limestones: accreted remnants of Farallon Plate oceanic plateaus". Nature. 317 (6035): 345–347. 1985. doi:10.1038/317345a0. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  • Turner, F. J. (1981). Metamorphic petrology: Mineralogical, field, and tectonic aspects. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5894059
  • Wahrhaftig, C. (1984). A streetcar to subduction and other plate tectonic trips by public transport in San Francisco. American Geophysical Union. DOI:10.1029/SP022
  • Wakabayashi, J. (1992). "Nappes, tectonics of oblique plate convergence, and metamorphic evolution related to 140 million years of continuous subduction, Franciscan Complex, California". The Journal of Geology, 100(1), pp. 19-40. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/629569
  • Wakabayashi, J., & Dilek, Y. (2011). "Mélanges of the Franciscan Complex, California: Diverse structural settings, evidence for sedimentary mixing, and their connection to subduction processes". Mélanges: processes of formation and societal significance: Geological Society of America Special Paper, 480, pp. 117-141. doi:10.1130/2011.2480(05)
  • Wassmann, S., & Stöckhert, B. (2012). "Matrix deformation mechanisms in HP-LT tectonic mélanges—microstructural record of jadeite blueschist from the Franciscan Complex, California". Tectonophysics, 568, pp. 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.01.009
  • Wentworth, C. M.; Blake, M. C. Jr.; Jones, D. L.; Walter, A. W.; Zoback, M. D. (1984). "Tectonic wedging associated with emplacement of the Franciscan assemblage, California Coast Ranges". In Blake, M.C. (ed.). Franciscan geology of northern California. Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Field Trip Guidebook 43, p. 163–173. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
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