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'''''The Phenomenon of Man''''' (''Le phénomène humain'') is a 1955 book written by the [[French people|French]] [[philosopher]], [[paleontologist]] and [[Jesuit]] priest [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]]. In this work, Teilhard describes [[evolution]] as a process that leads to increasing complexity, culminating in the unification of [[consciousness]].
'''''The Phenomenon of Man''''' (''Le phénomène humain'') is a 1955 book written by the [[French people|French]] [[philosopher]], [[paleontologist]] and [[Jesuit]] priest [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]]. In this work, Teilhard describes [[evolution]] as a process that leads to increasing complexity, culminating in the unification of [[consciousness]].


The book was finished in the 1930s, growing out of a shorter essay with the same title published in 1930,<ref>
⚫
The book was finished in the 1930s, but was published [[List of works published posthumously|posthumously]] in 1955, and translated into English in 1959. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] initially prohibited the publication of some of Teilhard's writings on the grounds that they contradicted [[orthodoxy]].
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, "Le phénomène humain", ''Revue des questions scientifiques'', 1930, pp. 390&ndash;406, [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/817070/filename/phenomenehumain.pdf halshs-00817070].</ref> but it was published only posthumously, in 1955.

An English translation was published in 1959.
The foreword to the book was written by one of the key advocates for [[natural selection]] and evolution of the 20th century, and a co-developer of the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]] in biology, [[Julian Huxley]].
The foreword to the English version was written by one of the key advocates for [[natural selection]] and evolution of the 20th century, and a co-developer of the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]] in biology, [[Julian Huxley]].


== Summary ==
== Summary ==
Line 41: Line 42:


== Reception ==
== Reception ==
⚫
In 1961, [[Peter Medawar]], a British immunologist and Nobel Prize-winner, wrote a scornful review of the book for the journal ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |author= P.B. Medawar|year= 1961 |title= Critical Notice |journal= [[Mind (journal)|Mind]]| publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |volume=LXX |issue= |pages=99–106 |url= http://bactra.org/Medawar/phenomenon-of-man.html |doi= 10.1093/mind/LXX.277.99 |pmid= |pmc= |authorlink= Peter Medawar }}</ref> calling it "a bag of tricks" and saying that the author had shown "an active willingness to be deceived": "the greater part of it, I shall show, is nonsense, tricked out with a variety of metaphysical conceits, and its author can be excused of dishonesty only on the grounds that before deceiving others he has taken great pains to deceive himself".
{{expand section|date=July 2010}}
⚫
[[Richard Dawkins]] in ''[[Unweaving the Rainbow]]'' (1998) references Medawar's review as "devastating", and characterises ''The Phenomenon of Man'' as "the quintessence of bad poetic science".<ref name="Dawkins2000">{{cite book|author=Richard Dawkins|title=Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA320|date=5 April 2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-547-34735-9|pages=320–}}</ref>
⚫
In 1961, the Nobel Prize-winner [[Peter Medawar]], a British immunologist, wrote a scornful review of the book for the journal ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |author= P.B. Medawar|year= 1961 |title= Critical Notice |journal= [[Mind (journal)|Mind]]| publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |volume=LXX |issue= |pages=99–106 |url= http://bactra.org/Medawar/phenomenon-of-man.html |doi= 10.1093/mind/LXX.277.99 |pmid= |pmc= |authorlink= Peter Medawar }}</ref> calling it "a bag of tricks" and saying that the author had shown "an active willingness to be deceived": "the greater part of it, I shall show, is nonsense, tricked out with a variety of metaphysical conceits, and its author can be excused of dishonesty only on the grounds that before deceiving others he has taken great pains to deceive himself".

⚫
The evolutionary biologist [[Richard Dawkins]] called Medawar's review "devastating", and ''The Phenomenon of Man'' "the quintessence of bad poetic science".<ref name="Dawkins2000">{{cite book|author=Richard Dawkins|title=Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA320|date=5 April 2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-547-34735-9|pages=320–}}</ref>


In the June 1995 issue of ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', Jennifer Cobb Kreisberg said, "Teilhard saw the [[Internet|Net]] coming more than half a century before it arrived":<ref>{{cite web| title=A Globe, Clothing Itself With a Brain | publisher= [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=June 1995 | url= https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.06/teilhard_pr.html | author=Jennifer Cobb Kreisberg | accessdate=2010-07-31}}</ref>
In the June 1995 issue of ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', Jennifer Cobb Kreisberg said, "Teilhard saw the [[Internet|Net]] coming more than half a century before it arrived":<ref>{{cite web| title=A Globe, Clothing Itself With a Brain | publisher= [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=June 1995 | url= https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.06/teilhard_pr.html | author=Jennifer Cobb Kreisberg | accessdate=2010-07-31}}</ref>
<blockquote>Teilhard imagined a stage of evolution characterized by a complex membrane of information enveloping the globe and fueled by human consciousness. It sounds a little off-the-wall, until you think about the Net, that vast electronic web encircling the Earth, running point to point through a nerve-like constellation of wires.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Teilhard imagined a stage of evolution characterized by a complex membrane of information enveloping the globe and fueled by human consciousness. It sounds a little off-the-wall, until you think about the Net, that vast electronic web encircling the Earth, running point to point through a nerve-like constellation of wires.</blockquote>


⚫
The [[Roman Catholic Church]] initially{{year needed}} prohibited the publication of some of Teilhard's writings on the grounds that they contradicted orthodoxy.
⚫
In July 2009, during a [[vespers]] service in [[Aosta Cathedral]] in northern Italy, [[Pope Benedict XVI]], reflecting on the [[Epistle to the Romans]] in which "St. Paul writes that the world itself will one day become a form of living worship", commented on Teilhard:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ncronline.org/print/14207 | title=Pope cites Teilhardian vision of the cosmos as a 'living host' | date=28 July 2009| author=John L. Allen Jr. | publisher= |work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]| accessdate=24 September 2009}}</ref>
In 2009, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] made an approving reference to Teilhard's concept of the [[Omega Point]],
in a reflection on the [[Epistle to the Romans]] during a [[vespers]] service in [[Aosta Cathedral]].
⚫
Saying "St. Paul writes that the world itself will one day become a form of living worship", the pope commented on Teilhard:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ncronline.org/print/14207 | title=Pope cites Teilhardian vision of the cosmos as a 'living host' | date=28 July 2009| author=John L. Allen Jr. | publisher= |work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]| accessdate=24 September 2009}}</ref>
<blockquote>It's the great vision that later Teilhard de Chardin also had: At the end we will have a true cosmic liturgy, where the cosmos becomes a living host. Let's pray to the Lord that he help us be priests in this sense, to help in the transformation of the world in adoration of God, beginning with ourselves.</blockquote>
<blockquote>It's the great vision that later Teilhard de Chardin also had: At the end we will have a true cosmic liturgy, where the cosmos becomes a living host. Let's pray to the Lord that he help us be priests in this sense, to help in the transformation of the world in adoration of God, beginning with ourselves.</blockquote>


The evolutionary biologist [[David Sloan Wilson]] finds the book "scientifically prophetic in many ways", and considers his own latest book as "an updated version of ''The Phenomenon of Man''."<ref>{{cite book|author=David Sloan Wilson|title=This View of Life: Completing the Darwinian Revolution|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=_qZbDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=26 February 2019|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=1101870214}}</ref> :
Evolutionary biologist [[David Sloan Wilson]] in his 2019 ''This View of Life: Completing the Darwinian Revolution''
praises Teilhard's book as "scientifically prophetic in many ways", and considers his own work as "an updated version of ''The Phenomenon of Man''."<ref>{{cite book|author=David Sloan Wilson|title=This View of Life: Completing the Darwinian Revolution|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=_qZbDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=26 February 2019|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=1101870214}}</ref> :
<blockquote>Modern evolutionary theory shows that what Teilhard meant by the Omega Point is achievable in the foreseeable future.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Modern evolutionary theory shows that what Teilhard meant by the Omega Point is achievable in the foreseeable future.</blockquote>


Revision as of 09:05, 26 November 2019

The Phenomenon of Man
AuthorPierre Teilhard de Chardin
Original titleLe phénomène humain
TranslatorBernard Wall[1]
LanguageFrench
SubjectsSpeculative philosophy, evolution
PublisherÉditions du Seuil[2] (France)
Harper & Brothers[1] (US)
William Collins (UK)
Publication date
1955[2]
Publication placeFrance
Published in English
1959[1]
Media typePrint
Pages347 (French)[2]
318 (English)[1]
LC ClassBD512.T413

The Phenomenon of Man (Le phénomène humain) is a 1955 book written by the French philosopher, paleontologist and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. In this work, Teilhard describes evolution as a process that leads to increasing complexity, culminating in the unification of consciousness.

The book was finished in the 1930s, growing out of a shorter essay with the same title published in 1930,[3] but it was published only posthumously, in 1955. An English translation was published in 1959. The foreword to the English version was written by one of the key advocates for natural selection and evolution of the 20th century, and a co-developer of the modern synthesis in biology, Julian Huxley.

Summary

Teilhard views evolution as a process that leads to increasing complexity. From the cell to the thinking animal, a process of psychical concentration leads to greater consciousness.[4] The emergence of Homo sapiens marks the beginning of a new age, as the power acquired by consciousness to turn in upon itself raises mankind to a new sphere.[5] Borrowing Huxley’s expression, Teilhard describes humankind as evolution becoming conscious of itself.[6]

In Teilhard's conception of the evolution of the species, a collective identity begins to develop as trade and the transmission of ideas increases.[7] Knowledge accumulates and is transmitted in increasing levels of depth and complexity.[8] This leads to a further augmentation of consciousness and the emergence of a thinking layer that envelops the earth.[9] Teilhard calls the new membrane the “noosphere” (from the Greek “nous”, meaning mind), a term first coined by Vladimir Vernadsky. The noosphere is the collective consciousness of humanity, the networks of thought and emotion in which all are immersed.[10]

The development of science and technology causes an expansion of the human sphere of influence, allowing a person to be simultaneously present in every corner of the world. Teilhard argues that humanity has thus become cosmopolitan, stretching a single organized membrane over the Earth.[11] Teilhard describes the process by which this happens as a "gigantic psychobiological operation, a sort of mega-synthesis, the “super-arrangement” to which all the thinking elements of the earth find themselves today individually and collectively subject".[9] The rapid expansion of the noosphere requires a new domain of psychical expansion, which "is staring us in the face if we would only raise our heads to look at it".[12]

In Teilhard’s view, evolution will culminate in the Omega Point, a sort of supreme consciousness. Layers of consciousness will converge in Omega, fusing and consuming them in itself.[13] The concentration of a conscious universe will reassemble in itself all consciousnesses as well as all that we are conscious of.[14] Teilhard emphasizes that each individual facet of consciousness will remain conscious of itself at the end of the process.[15]

Reception

In 1961, Peter Medawar, a British immunologist and Nobel Prize-winner, wrote a scornful review of the book for the journal Mind,[16] calling it "a bag of tricks" and saying that the author had shown "an active willingness to be deceived": "the greater part of it, I shall show, is nonsense, tricked out with a variety of metaphysical conceits, and its author can be excused of dishonesty only on the grounds that before deceiving others he has taken great pains to deceive himself". Richard Dawkins in Unweaving the Rainbow (1998) references Medawar's review as "devastating", and characterises The Phenomenon of Man as "the quintessence of bad poetic science".[17]

In the June 1995 issue of Wired, Jennifer Cobb Kreisberg said, "Teilhard saw the Net coming more than half a century before it arrived":[18]

Teilhard imagined a stage of evolution characterized by a complex membrane of information enveloping the globe and fueled by human consciousness. It sounds a little off-the-wall, until you think about the Net, that vast electronic web encircling the Earth, running point to point through a nerve-like constellation of wires.

The Roman Catholic Church initially[year needed] prohibited the publication of some of Teilhard's writings on the grounds that they contradicted orthodoxy. In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI made an approving reference to Teilhard's concept of the Omega Point, in a reflection on the Epistle to the Romans during a vespers service in Aosta Cathedral. Saying "St. Paul writes that the world itself will one day become a form of living worship", the pope commented on Teilhard:[19]

It's the great vision that later Teilhard de Chardin also had: At the end we will have a true cosmic liturgy, where the cosmos becomes a living host. Let's pray to the Lord that he help us be priests in this sense, to help in the transformation of the world in adoration of God, beginning with ourselves.

Evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson in his 2019 This View of Life: Completing the Darwinian Revolution praises Teilhard's book as "scientifically prophetic in many ways", and considers his own work as "an updated version of The Phenomenon of Man."[20] :

Modern evolutionary theory shows that what Teilhard meant by the Omega Point is achievable in the foreseeable future.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "The phenomenon of man". Library of Congress Catalog Record. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  2. ^ a b c "Le phénomène humain". Library of Congress Catalog Record. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  3. ^ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, "Le phénomène humain", Revue des questions scientifiques, 1930, pp. 390–406, halshs-00817070.
  4. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 169.
  5. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 165.
  6. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 220.
  7. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 205.
  8. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 178.
  9. ^ a b The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 244.
  10. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 278.
  11. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 241.
  12. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 253.
  13. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 259.
  14. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 261.
  15. ^ The Phenomenon of Man, Harper Torchbooks, The Cloister Library, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961, p. 262.
  16. ^ P.B. Medawar (1961). "Critical Notice". Mind. LXX. Oxford University Press: 99–106. doi:10.1093/mind/LXX.277.99.
  17. ^ Richard Dawkins (5 April 2000). Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 320–. ISBN 0-547-34735-9.
  18. ^ Jennifer Cobb Kreisberg (June 1995). "A Globe, Clothing Itself With a Brain". Wired. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  19. ^ John L. Allen Jr. (28 July 2009). "Pope cites Teilhardian vision of the cosmos as a 'living host'". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  20. ^ David Sloan Wilson (26 February 2019). This View of Life: Completing the Darwinian Revolution. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 1101870214.
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