Lady Day: Difference between revisions
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==Non-religious significance== |
==Non-religious significance== |
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[[File:Leonardo da Vinci - Annunciazione (dettaglio).jpg|left|thumb|400px|Detail of ''The Annunciation'']] |
[[File:Leonardo da Vinci - Annunciazione (dettaglio).jpg|left|thumb|400px|Detail of ''The Annunciation'']] |
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In England, Lady Day was [[New Year's Day]] from 1155 until 1752, when the Gregorian calendar was adopted and with it the first of January as the official start of the year.<ref>Catholic Encyclopedia, [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#beginning General Chronology (Beginning of the Year)].</ref> A vestige of this remains in the United Kingdom's [[Fiscal year|tax year]], which starts on 6 April, or "New Lady Day", i.e., Lady Day adjusted for the 11 ''lost days'' of the calendar change. Until this change Lady Day had been used as the start of the legal year. This should be distinguished from the liturgical and historical year. It appears that in England and Wales, from at least the late 14th century, New Year's Day was celebrated on 1 January as part of [[Yule]].<ref name = Yule>See [[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]] Fytte Three</ref> |
In England, Lady Day was [[New Year's Day]] from 1155 until 1752, when the Gregorian calendar was adopted and with it the first of January as the official start of the year.<ref>Catholic Encyclopedia, [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#beginning General Chronology (Beginning of the Year)].</ref> A vestige of this remains in the United Kingdom's [[Fiscal year|tax year]], which starts on 6 April, or "New Lady Day", i.e., Lady Day adjusted for the 11 ''lost days'' of the calendar change (making it 5th April) and then moved on a day to 6th April after 1800 (but not moved on again after 1900 for some reason). Until this change Lady Day had been used as the start of the legal year. This should be distinguished from the liturgical and historical year. It appears that in England and Wales, from at least the late 14th century, New Year's Day was celebrated on 1 January as part of [[Yule]].<ref name = Yule>See [[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]] Fytte Three</ref> |
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As a year-end and [[quarter day]] that conveniently did not fall within or between the seasons for ploughing and harvesting, Lady Day was a traditional day on which year-long contracts between landowners and [[tenant farmer]]s would begin and end in England and nearby lands (although there were regional variations). Farmers' time of "entry" into new farms and onto new fields was often this day.<ref>Adams, Leonard P. "Agricultural Depression and Farm Relief in England, 1813–1852" Reviewed in ''[[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society]]'', 95(4):735–737 (1932)</ref><ref>"The Tenant League v. Common Sense" ''Irish Quarterly Review'' 1(1):25–45 (March, 1851)</ref> As a result, farming families who were changing farms would travel from the old farm to the new one on Lady Day. In 1752 England finally followed western Europe in switching to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. The Julian lagged 11 days behind the Gregorian, and hence 25 March ("Old Lady Day") became 6 April ("New Lady Day"), which assumed the role of fiscal and contractual year-beginning. (The date is significant in some of the works of [[Thomas Hardy]], such as ''[[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]]'' and ''[[Far from the Madding Crowd]]'', and is discussed in his 1884 essay "The Dorset Farm Labourer"). |
As a year-end and [[quarter day]] that conveniently did not fall within or between the seasons for ploughing and harvesting, Lady Day was a traditional day on which year-long contracts between landowners and [[tenant farmer]]s would begin and end in England and nearby lands (although there were regional variations). Farmers' time of "entry" into new farms and onto new fields was often this day.<ref>Adams, Leonard P. "Agricultural Depression and Farm Relief in England, 1813–1852" Reviewed in ''[[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society]]'', 95(4):735–737 (1932)</ref><ref>"The Tenant League v. Common Sense" ''Irish Quarterly Review'' 1(1):25–45 (March, 1851)</ref> As a result, farming families who were changing farms would travel from the old farm to the new one on Lady Day. In 1752 England finally followed western Europe in switching to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. The Julian lagged 11 days behind the Gregorian, and hence 25 March ("Old Lady Day") became 6 April ("New Lady Day"), which assumed the role of fiscal and contractual year-beginning. (The date is significant in some of the works of [[Thomas Hardy]], such as ''[[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]]'' and ''[[Far from the Madding Crowd]]'', and is discussed in his 1884 essay "The Dorset Farm Labourer"). |
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Revision as of 23:49, 26 November 2019
| Lady Day | |
|---|---|
_(cropped).jpg) | |
| Official name | Feast of the Annunciation |
| Observed by | Anglophone Christians internationally |
| Type | Religious, with later secular effects |
| Date | 25 March |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Related to | Christmas |
In the western liturgical year, Lady Day is the traditional name in some English-speaking countries of the Feast of the Annunciation, which is celebrated on 25 March, and commemorates the visit of the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, during which he informed her that she would be the mother of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.
The event being commemorated is known in the 1549 Prayer Book of Edward VI and the 1662 Book of Common Prayer as "The Annunciation of the (Blessed) Virgin Mary" but more accurately (as in the modern Calendar of the Church of England) termed "The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin Mary". It is the first of the four traditional English quarter days. The "(Our) Lady" is the Virgin Mary. The term derives from Middle English, when some nouns lost their genitive inflections. "Lady" would later gain an -s genitive ending, and therefore the name means "(Our) Lady's day". The day commemorates the tradition of archangel Gabriel's announcement to Mary that she would give birth to the Christ.
It is celebrated on 25 March each year. In the Roman Catholic Church, when 25 March falls during the Paschal Triduum, it is transferred forward to the first suitable day during Eastertide.[1] In Eastern Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism, it is never transferred, even if it falls on Pascha (Easter). The concurrence of these two feasts is called Kyriopascha.
The Feast of the Annunciation is observed almost universally throughout Christianity, especially within Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Lutheranism.[2] It is a major Marian feast, classified as a solemnity in the Catholic Church, a Festival in the Lutheran Churches, and a Principal Feast in the Anglican Communion. In Orthodox Christianity, because it announces the incarnation of Christ, it is counted as one of the 8 great feasts of the Lord, and not among the 4 great Marian feasts, although some prominent aspects of its liturgical observance are Marian.[3][4][better source needed] Two examples in liturgical Christianity of the importance attached to the Annunciation are the Angelus prayer, and especially in Roman Catholicism, the event's position as the first Joyful Mystery of the Dominican Rosary.[5]
Non-religious significance
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In England, Lady Day was New Year's Day from 1155 until 1752, when the Gregorian calendar was adopted and with it the first of January as the official start of the year.[6] A vestige of this remains in the United Kingdom's tax year, which starts on 6 April, or "New Lady Day", i.e., Lady Day adjusted for the 11 lost days of the calendar change (making it 5th April) and then moved on a day to 6th April after 1800 (but not moved on again after 1900 for some reason). Until this change Lady Day had been used as the start of the legal year. This should be distinguished from the liturgical and historical year. It appears that in England and Wales, from at least the late 14th century, New Year's Day was celebrated on 1 January as part of Yule.[7]
As a year-end and quarter day that conveniently did not fall within or between the seasons for ploughing and harvesting, Lady Day was a traditional day on which year-long contracts between landowners and tenant farmers would begin and end in England and nearby lands (although there were regional variations). Farmers' time of "entry" into new farms and onto new fields was often this day.[8][9] As a result, farming families who were changing farms would travel from the old farm to the new one on Lady Day. In 1752 England finally followed western Europe in switching to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. The Julian lagged 11 days behind the Gregorian, and hence 25 March ("Old Lady Day") became 6 April ("New Lady Day"), which assumed the role of fiscal and contractual year-beginning. (The date is significant in some of the works of Thomas Hardy, such as Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, and is discussed in his 1884 essay "The Dorset Farm Labourer").
The logic of using Lady Day as the start of the year is that it roughly coincides with Equinox (when the length of day and night is equal); many ancient cultures still use this time as the start of the new year, for example, the Iranian new year and the original Hebrew new year.
In Ireland, however, Lady's Day means 15 August, the Feast of the Assumption of Mary, and is a day when fairs are celebrated in many country towns.[10]
See also
- International Women's Day — 8 March
- Mother's Day
- Mothering Sunday
- National Women's Day
- New Year
- Quarter Days
References
- ^ "The Feast of the Annunciation", BBC -Religions
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (13 September 2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 39. ISBN 9781598842067.
- ^ Feast of the Annunciation at EWTN
- ^ Annunciation#Eastern Christianity
- ^ n.d. "Solemity of the Annunciation of the Lord," Catholic News Agency. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, General Chronology (Beginning of the Year).
- ^ See Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Fytte Three
- ^ Adams, Leonard P. "Agricultural Depression and Farm Relief in England, 1813–1852" Reviewed in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 95(4):735–737 (1932)
- ^ "The Tenant League v. Common Sense" Irish Quarterly Review 1(1):25–45 (March, 1851)
- ^ "Aug 15 - The Assumption of the Bl. Virgin Mary". Catholicireland.net. Retrieved 30 September 2019.