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'Totok' (like 'Perankan') is used in relation not just to Europeans, but Arabs and Chinese too. And this is still current today, not just during the colonial period
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[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Nieuwjaarsgroet vanuit Nederlands-Indië van de in traditionele Hollandse klederdracht gestoken Salomon Gerrit Fukken en zijn echtgenote Guurtje Bakker TMnr 60053805.jpg|thumb|Dutch Totok couple wearing Dutch traditional clothing on New Year's Day]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Nieuwjaarsgroet vanuit Nederlands-Indië van de in traditionele Hollandse klederdracht gestoken Salomon Gerrit Fukken en zijn echtgenote Guurtje Bakker TMnr 60053805.jpg|thumb|Dutch Totok couple wearing Dutch traditional clothing on New Year's Day]]


'''Totok''' is an Indonesian term of unknown origin colloquially used in [[Indonesia]] to refer to individuals of European origin who lived in the [[Dutch East Indies]] until [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian independence]] in 1945.<ref name="Dutch">{{cite book | last = Ulbe Bosma & Remco Raben| authorlink = | title = Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920|edition= 11 April 1996|pages= 186–286 | publisher = National University of Singapore Press| isbn= 978-0-89680-261-2}}</ref><ref>Charles A. Coppel, "Diaspora and hybridity: ''Peranakan'' Chinese culture in Indonesia", in ''Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora'', edited by Chee-Beng Tan, pp. 346-347</ref><!-- the declaration of independence was in 1945 --> In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was popularised among colonists in [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]], who initially coined the term to describe the foreign born and new immigrants of "pure blood" – as opposed to [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]]s or [[Indo people|Indo]]s.<ref>Willems, Wim "Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver" Chapter: Een Totok als vader (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) P.45 {{ISBN|9789035133099}}</ref> When more Dutchmen were born in the East Indies, the term gained significance in describing those of exclusive European ancestry, or local creoles closer to that side of the racial spectrum.<ref name="Dutch"/>
'''Totok''' is an Indonesian term of [[Javanese language|Javanese]] origin, used in [[Indonesia]] to refer to recent migrants of [[Arab Indonesians|Arab]], [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] or European origins.<ref name="Dutch">{{cite book | last = Ulbe Bosma & Remco Raben| authorlink = | title = Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920|edition= 11 April 1996|pages= 186–286 | publisher = National University of Singapore Press| isbn= 978-0-89680-261-2}}</ref><ref>Charles A. Coppel, "Diaspora and hybridity: ''Peranakan'' Chinese culture in Indonesia", in ''Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora'', edited by Chee-Beng Tan, pp. 346-347</ref><ref name="Mobini-Kesheh (1999)">{{cite book |last1=Mobini-Kesheh |first1=Natalie |title=The Hadrami Awakening: Community and Identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942 |date=1999 |publisher=SEAP Publications |location=Singapore |isbn=978-0-87727-727-9 |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=c45Xvsq2q4UC&pg=PA134&dq=%22totok%22+peranakan+arabs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC-YfphZrmAhUSbisKHXSqC20Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22totok%22%20peranakan%20arabs&f=false |accessdate=3 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rush (2007)">{{cite book |last1=Rush |first1=James R. |title=Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910 |date=2007 |publisher=Equinox Publishing |location=Sheffield |isbn=978-979-3780-49-8 |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=SE6EbKaCR2gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=opium+to+java&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisp9qqhZrmAhVaT30KHXo8CXwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=opium%20to%20java&f=false |accessdate=3 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was popularised among colonists in [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]], who initially coined the term to describe the foreign born and new immigrants of "pure blood" – as opposed to people of mixed indigenous and foreign descent, such as the ''[[Peranakan]]'' Arabs, Chinese or Europeans (the latter being better known as the [[Indo people]]).<ref>Willems, Wim "Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver" Chapter: Een Totok als vader (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) P.45 {{ISBN|9789035133099}}</ref>


When more pure-blooded Arabs, Chinese and Dutchmen were born in the East Indies, the term gained significance in describing those of exclusive or almost exclusive foreign ancestry.<ref name="Dutch"/><ref name="Mobini-Kesheh (1999)" /><ref name="Rush (2007)" />
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An [[antonym]] of ''Totok'' is ''Peranakan'', meaning simply "descendants", which is used for other races that mixed with indigenous Asian peoples.<ref name="Tan">Tan, Mely G. (2008) (in English and Indonesian), Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan [Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia: Collected Writings] (Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2008) {{ISBN|978-979-461-689-5}} P.1</ref>

⚫
'Peranakan' is the [[antonym]] of 'Totok', the former meaning simply 'descendants' (of mixed roots), and the latter meaning 'pure'.<ref name="Rush (2007)" /><ref name="Tan">Tan, Mely G. (2008) (in English and Indonesian), Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan [Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia: Collected Writings] (Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2008) {{ISBN|978-979-461-689-5}} P.1</ref>


==Notable Dutch Totoks and descendants==
==Notable Dutch Totoks and descendants==

Revision as of 18:05, 3 December 2019

Dutch Totok couple wearing Dutch traditional clothing on New Year's Day

Totok is an Indonesian term of Javanese origin, used in Indonesia to refer to recent migrants of Arab, Chinese or European origins.[1][2][3][4] In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was popularised among colonists in Batavia, who initially coined the term to describe the foreign born and new immigrants of "pure blood" – as opposed to people of mixed indigenous and foreign descent, such as the Peranakan Arabs, Chinese or Europeans (the latter being better known as the Indo people).[5]

When more pure-blooded Arabs, Chinese and Dutchmen were born in the East Indies, the term gained significance in describing those of exclusive or almost exclusive foreign ancestry.[1][3][4]

'Peranakan' is the antonym of 'Totok', the former meaning simply 'descendants' (of mixed roots), and the latter meaning 'pure'.[4][6]

Notable Dutch Totoks and descendants

Totok father with Indo wife and children and Indigenous nanny

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ulbe Bosma & Remco Raben. Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920 (11 April 1996 ed.). National University of Singapore Press. pp. 186–286. ISBN 978-0-89680-261-2.
  2. ^ Charles A. Coppel, "Diaspora and hybridity: Peranakan Chinese culture in Indonesia", in Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora, edited by Chee-Beng Tan, pp. 346-347
  3. ^ a b Mobini-Kesheh, Natalie (1999). The Hadrami Awakening: Community and Identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942. Singapore: SEAP Publications. ISBN 978-0-87727-727-9. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Rush, James R. (2007). Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing. ISBN 978-979-3780-49-8. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  5. ^ Willems, Wim "Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver" Chapter: Een Totok als vader (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) P.45 ISBN 9789035133099
  6. ^ Tan, Mely G. (2008) (in English and Indonesian), Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan [Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia: Collected Writings] (Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2008) ISBN 978-979-461-689-5 P.1
  7. ^ Rubber by Madelon Szekely-Lulofs on DBNL website.
  8. ^ Koelie by Madelon Szekely-Lulofs on DBNL website.

Bibliography

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