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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{short description|number of chemicals which remove color, whiten, or disinfect, often via oxidation}}
{{Infobox football biography
{{other uses}}
| name = Mark Viduka
[[File:Clorox Bleach products.jpg|thumb|[[Clorox]] brand bleach]]
| image = Mark Viduka 2005 WCQ.jpg
'''Bleach''' is the generic name for any chemical product which is used [[industrial chemicals|industrially]] and [[household chemicals|domestically]] to clean, to lighten hair color and to remove [[stain]]s. It often refers, specifically, to a dilute solution of [[sodium hypochlorite]], also called "liquid bleach".
| image_size = 200
| caption = Viduka playing for [[Australia national soccer team|Australia]] in 2005
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|10|9}}
| birth_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia
| height = {{height|meters=1.88}}
| fullname = Mark Anthony Viduka<ref>{{Hugman|20179|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1 = 1992–1993
| youthclubs1 = [[Australian Institute of Sport - Football (soccer)|AIS]]
| years1 = 1993–1995
| years2 = 1995–1998
| years3 = 1998–2000
| years4 = 2000–2004
| years5 = 2004–2007
| years6 = 2007–2009
| clubs1 = [[Melbourne Knights]]
| clubs2 = [[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]]
| clubs3 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]
| clubs4 = [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]]
| clubs5 = [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]]
| clubs6 = [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]
| caps1= 48 | goals1 = 40
| caps2= 84 | goals2 = 40
| caps3= 37 | goals3 = 30
| caps4= 130 | goals4 = 59
| caps5= 72 | goals5 = 26
| caps6= 38 | goals6 = 7
| caps7= 27 | goals7 = 16
| totalcaps = 409
| totalgoals = 202
| nationalyears1 = 1993–1994
| nationalyears2 = 1994–1996
| nationalyears3 = 1994–2007
| nationalteam1 = [[Australia national under-20 soccer team|Australia U20]]
| nationalteam2 = [[Australia national under-23 soccer team|Australia U23]]
| nationalteam3 = [[Australia national soccer team|Australia]]
| nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 =
| nationalcaps2 = 18 | nationalgoals2 = 17
| nationalcaps3 = 43 | nationalgoals3 = 11
| pcupdate = 09:12, 14 August 2009 (BST)
| ntupdate = 12:00, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
}}


'''Mark Anthony Viduka''' ({{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|ˈ|d|uː|k|ə}} {{respell|vih|DOOK|ə}}; born 9 October 1975)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espnfc.com/england/players/vidukamark.html|title=Mark Viduka|date=14 August 2002|work=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/nov/19/championsleague.sport1|title=Viduka leaves the asylum|date=20 November 2000|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12434332.VIDUKA_from_tantrum_to_talisman__Cartoon_strips__dressing_room_rows_and_a_name_change_______Australia_apos_s_captain_has_come_a_long_way_since_he_walked_out_on_Celtic__Mark_Wilson_reports|title=VIDUKA from tantrum to talisman Cartoon strips, dressing room rows and a name change . . . Australia's captain has come a long way since he walked out on Celtic. Mark Wilson reports|date=5 June 2006|work=Herald Scotland}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/scottish_premier/229586.stm|title=Celtic consider Viduka legal move|date=7 December 1998|work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/sp-hrvatska-reprezentacija/viduka-progovorio-nakon-duge-sutnje-kovac-je-dobar-covjek-igraci-ce-ga-pratiti-943110|title=Viduka progovorio nakon duge šutnje: Kovač je dobar čovjek, igrači će ga pratiti|date=6 June 2014|work=Večernji list|language=Serbo-Croatian}}</ref> is an Australian retired [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[centre forward]]. He captained the [[Australia national soccer team|Australia national team]] to the Round of 16 at the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] which remains their best ever performance to date. His four goals in the [[UEFA Champions League]] are the most scored by any Australian player.
Many bleaches have broad spectrum [[bactericide|bactericidal]] properties, making them useful for disinfecting and sterilizing and are used in [[swimming pool sanitation]] to control bacteria, viruses, and algae and in many places where sterile conditions are required. They are also used in many industrial processes, notably in the [[bleaching of wood pulp]]. Bleaches also have other minor uses like removing [[mildew]], killing [[weed]]s, and increasing the longevity of [[cut flowers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rd.com/home/cleaning-organizing/12-smart-ways-to-use-bleach/|title=12 Smart Ways to Use Bleach - Reader's Digest|date=9 March 2010|publisher=}}</ref>


==Club career==
Bleaches work by reacting with many colored organic compounds, such as natural pigments, and turning them into colorless ones. While most bleaches are [[oxidizing agent]]s (chemicals that can remove electrons from other molecules), some are [[reducing agents]] (that donate electrons).
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2018}}


===Melbourne Knights===
[[Chlorine]], a powerful oxidizer, is the active agent in many household bleaches. Since pure chlorine is a toxic corrosive gas, these products usually contain [[hypochlorite]] which releases chlorine when needed. "Bleaching powder" usually means a formulation containing [[calcium hypochlorite]].
In 1993, Viduka started his professional football career in Australia for Croatian-based club [[Melbourne Knights FC|Melbourne Knights]] (which up until the 1993 season was known as Melbourne Croatia) and became an Australian international in June of the following year. In his two seasons with the Knights, he was top goal scorer in the [[National Soccer League]] (NSL) and was twice awarded the [[Johnny Warren Medal]] for NSL Best Player of the Year<ref>[http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/NSL/NSLawards.html Player Of The Year Awards – OzFootball], accessed 8 July 2006 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427114512/http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/NSL/NSLawards.html|date=27 April 2006}}</ref> in [[National Soccer League 1993-94|1993–94]] and [[National Soccer League 1994-95|1994–95]]. His time at Melbourne Knights included one NSL title in the 1994–95 season. The grandstand at [[Mansion Stadium|Knights' Stadium]], home of the Knights, was renamed the ''"Mark Viduka Stand"'' in his honour and paid for with his transfer money.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/former-socceroo-captain-mark-viduka-will-never-forget-his-roots-20150619-ghs5c1.html|title=Former Socceroo captain Mark Viduka will never forget his roots|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2019-06-19|language=en}}</ref>


===Dinamo Zagreb===
Oxidizing bleaching agents that do not contain chlorine are usually based on [[peroxide]]s such as [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[sodium percarbonate]], and [[sodium perborate]]. These bleaches are called 'non-chlorine bleach,' '[[oxygen bleach]]' or 'color-safe bleach.'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/oxygen-bleach-vs-chlorine-bleach-6571838.html|title=Oxygen Bleach Vs. Chlorine Bleach|website=Sciencing|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref>
In 1995, Viduka moved to Croatia to play with [[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Croatia Zagreb]] (now Dinamo Zagreb). He spent three-and-a-half seasons with the club, helping it to win three [[Double (association football)|doubles]] in Croatia between 1996 and 1998. He was also part of the Croatia Zagreb team that reached the third round of the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] in [[1997–98 UEFA Cup|1997]] and went on to make his [[UEFA Champions League]] group stage debut with the club a year later. He won the Best Foreigner Footballer Award in the [[Croatian First Football League|Croatian League]] in his time at Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.socceroos.com.au/news/mark-viduka-interview | title=Mark Viduka Interview | publisher=Socceroos.com | date=3 May 2000 | accessdate=13 May 2019}}</ref>


===Celtic===
Reducing bleaches have niche uses, such as [[sulfur dioxide]] used to bleach wool, either as gas or from solutions of [[sodium dithionite]];<ref name=phil>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1478-4408.1938.tb01992.x |title=The Bleaching of Wool with Sulphur Dioxide and with Solutions of Sulphites |journal=Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists |volume=54 |issue=11 |pages=503–512 |year=2008 |last1=Phillips |first1=H. }}</ref> and [[sodium borohydride]].
[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] bought Viduka in December 1998 for [[Pound sterling|£]]3.5&nbsp;million. In the same month as his signing, Celtic announced that Viduka had quit the club without kicking a ball for them, citing stress as his reason.<ref>{{cite news|title=Viduka rejected Celtic|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=bbc.co.uk|date=10 July 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/celtic/3882507.stm|accessdate=6 May 2008|quote=Viduka enjoyed a successful spell at Parkhead, despite a rocky start which saw him walk out four days after signing due to stress.}}</ref>


A week later, Croatia Zagreb complained that it had not received the agreed fee for the player. These issues were eventually resolved and Viduka made his first appearance in a Celtic shirt on 16 February 1999, scoring for the under-21 team as an over-age player in a 4–2 victory against [[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]]. After making his first team debut against [[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]] on 27 February 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/football/scottishpremier/celtic/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/99/02/27/SOCCER_Celtic_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=celtic&DIV=scotsprem&TEAM=CELTIC&RH=Celtic&PREV_SEASON=1997|title=Celtic 2 Dundee United 1|publisher=Sporting Life|date=27 February 1999|accessdate=21 August 2010}}</ref> his first goals for the club came when he scored a brace against [[Greenock Morton F.C.|Greenock Morton]] in the [[Scottish Cup]] on 8 March 1999.<ref>{{cite news
Bleaches generally react with many other organic substances besides the intended colored pigments, so they can weaken or damage natural materials like fibers, cloth, and leather, and intentionally applied dyes such as the [[indigo dye|indigo]] of [[denim]]. For the same reason, ingestion of the products, breathing of the fumes, or contact with skin or eyes can cause health damage.
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-viduka-goals-send-celtic-cruising-through-1079444.html|title=Viduka goals send Celtic cruising through|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=8 March 1999|accessdate=21 August 2010|location=London, UK|first=David|last=McKinney}}</ref> He was voted [[SPFA Players' Player of the Year|Scottish Player of the Year]] for [[1999–00 in Scottish football|1999–2000]] after scoring 27 goals in his first full season at [[Celtic Park]]. He was regarded as a skilled player, with [[Josip Šimunić]] noting his ability to hold the ball up well and bring other players into the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theroar.com.au/2010/12/09/viduka-to-be-honoured-with-alex-tobin-medal/|title=Viduka to be honoured with Alex Tobin medal|date=9 December 2010|website=Theroar.com.au|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>


In February 2000, lower league team [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] defeated Celtic in a shock upset in the third round of the [[Scottish Cup]]. During half time Viduka reportedly threw his boots in the bin and refused to play in the second half after an altercation with assistant coach, [[Eric Black]]. The match ended 3-1 with Celtic fans in uproar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/2000-02-08:+Celtic+1-3+Inverness+Caledonian+Thistle,+Scottish+Cup|title=2000-02-08: Celtic 1-3 Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Scottish Cup - The Celtic Wiki|website=Thecelticwiki.com|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
== History ==
The earliest form of bleaching involved spreading fabrics and cloth out in a [[bleachfield]] to be whitened by the action of the [[sun]] and [[water]].<ref name=encyc>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bleaching}}</ref><ref name="Cotton">{{Cite book|title=The Cotton Industry |last=Aspin |first=Chris |publisher=Shire Publications |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-85263-545-2 |page=24}}</ref> By the 17th century, there was a significant cloth bleaching industry in Western Europe, using alternating alkaline baths (generally [[lye]]) and acid baths (such as [[lactic acid]] from sour milk, and later diluted [[sulfuric acid]]). The whole process lasted up to six months.<ref name=encyc/>


In March 2000, Viduka assisted Celtic to win Scotland's second most prestigious football knockout competition the [[1999-2000 Scottish League Cup]]. He left after his first full season at the club.
Chlorine-based bleaches, which shortened that process from months to hours, were invented in [[Europe]] in the late 18th century. [[Swedish people|Swedish]] chemist [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele|Scheele]] discovered chlorine in 1774,<ref name=encyc/> and in 1785 [[French people|French]] scientist [[Claude Berthollet]] recognized that it could be used to bleach fabrics.<ref name=encyc/> Berthollet also discovered [[sodium hypochlorite]], which became the first commercial bleach, named ''Eau de Javel'' ("Javel water") after the borough in Paris where it was produced. [[Scottish people|Scottish]] chemist and industrialist [[Charles Tennant]] proposed in 1798 a solution of [[calcium hypochlorite]] as an alternative for Javel water, and patented bleaching powder (solid [[calcium hypochlorite]]) in 1799.<ref name=encyc/>{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Around 1820, French chemist [[Antoine Germain Labarraque|Labarraque]] discovered the disinfecting and deodorizing ability of hypochlorites, and was instrumental in popularizing their use for such purpose.<ref name=scott>Scott, James, transl. (1828). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pD0XAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false On the disinfecting properties of Labarraque's preparations of chlorine]'' Published by S. Highley.</ref> His work greatly improved medical practice, public health, and the sanitary conditions in hospitals, [[slaughterhouse]]s, and all industries dealing with animal products.<ref name="nbu">[https://archive.org/stream/nouvellebiograph28hoef#page/n173/mode/1up Labarraque, Antoine-Germain], ''[[Nouvelle biographie générale]]'', volume 28 (1859), columns 323-324.</ref>


===Leeds United===
[[Louis Jacques Thénard]] first produced [[hydrogen peroxide]] in 1818 by reacting [[barium peroxide]] with [[nitric acid]].<ref>{{Cite journal
[[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] manager [[David O'Leary]] signed Viduka just before the [[2000–01 in English football|2000–01 season]] for £6&nbsp;million. At Leeds, he was expected to line up in a three-pronged attack alongside the previous season's top scorer [[Michael Bridges]] and Australia teammate [[Harry Kewell]], but injuries to those two saw him form a partnership with [[Alan Smith (footballer, born 1980)|Alan Smith]] in Leeds' Champions League matches, while [[Robbie Keane]] – signed on loan from [[Inter Milan]] as cover for Bridges – also benefited in their [[Premier League]] matches together in the second half of the season. In his first season, Viduka scored 22 goals, including all four in a memorable 4–3 win over [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] at [[Elland Road]]. He signed a five-year deal in the summer of 2001 and would star in both domestic competitions and Europe, with Leeds finishing in the country's top four in 2000–01, and fifth in 2001–02.
| title = Observations sur des nouvelles combinaisons entre l'oxigène et divers acides
| author = L. J. Thénard
| journal = [[Annales de chimie et de physique]] |series=2nd Series
| volume = 8
| year =1818
| pages = 306–312
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-N43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Hydrogen peroxide was first used for bleaching in 1882, but did not become commercially important until after 1930.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/90597292/9/History-of-bleaching-with-hydrogen-peroxide|title=Catalytic Bleaching Of Cotton: Molecular and Macroscopic Aspects p 16|author=Tatjana Topalović|publisher=Thesis, University of Twente, the Netherlands |isbn=978-90-365-2454-4|accessdate=8 May 2012|year=2007}}</ref> [[Sodium perborate]] as a laundry bleach had been used in Europe since the early twentieth century, but did not become popular in North America until the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Milne |first1=Neil |year=1998 |title=Oxygen bleaching systems in domestic laundry |journal=J. Surfactants and Detergents |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=253–261 |doi=10.1007/s11743-998-0029-z }}</ref>


In the [[2002–03 in English football|2002–03 campaign]], Viduka scored another 22 goals, including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/2895709.stm | work=BBC News | title=Leeds thrash Charlton | date=5 April 2003}}</ref> and the winner in a 3–2 victory at [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] on the penultimate day of the season that effectively saved United from relegation. His hat-trick in the Charlton game is the most recent hat-trick to date by a Leeds United player in the Premier League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leedsunited-mad.co.uk/feat/edy3/hattrick_heroes_286630/index.shtml|title=Hat-Trick Heroes - LeedsUtdMAD|website=Leedsunited-mad.co.uk|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
== Mechanism of action ==


However, the club's financial crisis continued, and resulted in the sale of key players including Harry Kewell and Robbie Keane. In the 2003–04 season, Viduka was again top scorer at Leeds, finishing the season strongly as was the case in the previous season, as interim manager [[Eddie Gray (footballer, born 1948)|Eddie Gray]] attempted to steer the club away from the Premier League trap door following the departure of [[Peter Reid]] in November after eight months as manager.
=== Whitening ===
Colors of natural organic materials typically arise from organic [[pigment]]s, such as [[beta carotene]]. Chemical bleaches work in one of two ways:
*An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the [[chemical bond]]s that make up the [[chromophore]]. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb [[visible light]]. This is the mechanism of bleaches based on [[chlorine]] but also of oxygen-anions which react through initial nucleophilic attack.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Robert J.|last2=Ofial|first2=Armin R.|date=2018-02-22|title=Nucleophilic Reactivities of Bleach Reagents|journal=Organic Letters|volume=20|issue=10|pages=2816–2820|doi=10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00645|pmid=29741385}}</ref>
*A reducing bleach works by converting [[double bond]]s in the chromophore into [[single bond]]s. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light. This is the mechanism of bleaches based on [[sulfur dioxide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/bleach.html| title=Ingredients – Bleach| work=Science Toys| year=2006| accessdate=2006-03-02|author=Field, Simon Q}}</ref>


However, during his final appearance in the jersey, Leeds were relegated in a 4–1 loss to [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] at [[Reebok Stadium]]. After scoring a penalty, Viduka was sent off following two yellow cards. He was sold to [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]] in the summer of 2004 as United's financial difficulties deepened.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
Sunlight acts as a bleach through a process leading to similar results: high energy [[photon]]s of light, often in the [[violet (color)|violet]] or [[ultraviolet]] range, can disrupt the bonds in the chromophore, rendering the resulting substance colorless. Extended exposure often leads to massive discoloration usually reducing the colors to white and typically very faded blue.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.howeverythingworks.org/pages_fm.php?topic=all&page=150| title=Sunlight| work=How Things Work Home Page| year=2006| accessdate=2012-02-23| author=Bloomfield, Louis A| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511065317/http://www.howeverythingworks.org/pages_fm.php?topic=all&page=150| archive-date=11 May 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Middlesbrough===
=== Antimicrobial efficacy ===
Viduka's debut season at Middlesbrough was initially impressive, albeit frustrated by injuries. In the [[2005–06 in English football|2005–06 season]], however, Viduka was in sensational form in all competitions for Middlesbrough, reaching double figures early on in the season. He also played an important part in spearheading Middlesbrough's campaign in the [[2005–06 UEFA Cup]] where the club twice had to score four goals in a game to proceed. Middlesbrough eventually lost in the [[2006 UEFA Cup Final|final]] to [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] on 10 May 2006.
The broad-spectrum effectiveness of most bleaches is due to their general chemical reactivity against organic compounds, rather than the selective inhibitory or toxic actions of [[antibiotic]]s. They irreversibly [[denaturation (biochemistry)|denature]] or destroy many [[protein]]s, making them extremely versatile disinfectants.


With his contract due to expire at the end of the [[2006–07 in English football|2006–07 season]], Middlesbrough manager [[Gareth Southgate]] expressed his interest in retaining Viduka. In August 2006, he was awarded the number 9 shirt at Middlesbrough, his preferred number at all his previous clubs. Following another successful season in which he scored 19 goals, Viduka attracted interest from other clubs who were hoping to sign him on a free transfer as he became out-of-contract. Southgate reiterated his wish to retain Viduka's services and revealed he would offer him a new contract. Viduka joined [[North East England|north-east]] rivals [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] on a [[Free transfer (football)|free transfer]] on 7 June 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/6729863.stm|title=Viduka makes switch to Newcastle|accessdate=17 January 2018|date=7 June 2007|publisher=bbc.co.uk|work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref>
However, hypochlorite bleaches in low concentration were found to also attack bacteria by interfering with [[heat shock protein]]s on their walls.<ref name=Winter>{{cite journal
| last = Jakob
| first = U.
|author2=J. Winter |author3=M. Ilbert |author4=P.C.F. Graf |author5=D. Özcelik
| title = Bleach Activates A Redox-Regulated Chaperone by Oxidative Protein Unfolding
| journal = [[Cell (journal)|Cell]]
| volume = 135
| issue = 4
| pages = 691–701
| date = 14 November 2008
| url = http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(08)01181-1
| doi =10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.024
| id =
| accessdate =2008-11-19
| pmid = 19013278
| pmc = 2606091 }}</ref>


===Newcastle United===
==Classes of bleaches==
[[File:Mark Viduka in pink scarf.JPG|thumb|170px|Viduka warming up for Newcastle]]
In signing for Newcastle, Viduka became manager [[Sam Allardyce]]'s first signing at the club. His contract was for two years, with the option of a third year. He made his Newcastle debut in a Premier League match at Bolton on 11 August and scored his first goal on 26 August against his former club Middlesbrough.


On 23 September, he scored a further two goals against [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] to bring his tally up to three for Newcastle. On 23 December, he again scored two goals against [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]]. After an injury lay off over the new year, Viduka was brought back into the side by new manager [[Kevin Keegan]], where he played as part of a 4–3–3 formation along with [[Michael Owen]] and [[Obafemi Martins]]. This new formation brought about a change of fortune for Newcastle as the three strikers rescued them from a relegation battle, with Viduka scoring two more goals over the rest of the season and setting up others for Martins and Owen before picking up an [[Achilles' heel]] injury before the last game of the season.
Most industrial and household bleaches belong to three broad classes:
* [[Chlorine-based bleach]]es, whose active agent is [[chlorine]], usually from the decomposition of some chlorine compound like [[hypochlorite]] or [[monochloramine|chloramine]].
* [[Peroxide-based bleach]]es, whose active agent is [[oxygen]], almost always from the decomposition of a [[peroxide]] compound like [[hydrogen peroxide]].
* Sulfur dioxide based bleaches, whose active agent is [[sulfur dioxide]], possibly from the decomposition of some oxosulfur anion.


Viduka made his return to the first team after six months out injured at former club Middlesbrough, coming on for Martins as a substitute on 29 November 2008. This was a great relief for manager [[Joe Kinnear]], who stated that he had previously feared the Australian's career might have been prematurely ended by his injury woes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11095_4596801,00.html|title=Kinnear feared for Viduka|website=Skysports.com|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Later, Kinnear suggested to reporters that Viduka might call time on his career at the end of the [[2008–09 Newcastle United F.C. season|2008–09 season]]. Viduka, however, later expressed his desire to continue playing past this season after acquiring a groin injury in late December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11095_4682429,00.html|title=Viduka aims to play on|website=Skysports.com|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> After returning from injury, he was immediately used by newly appointed coach [[Alan Shearer]] in an attempt to prevent the team's relegation. After playing a [[man of the match]] performance in the 3–1 victory against his former team Middlesbrough, Mark appeared to have scored his first goal of the season against [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]]. Match referee [[Howard Webb]], however, ruled that [[Kevin Nolan]] impeded goalkeeper [[Mark Schwarzer]] disallowing the goal. He was released following Newcastle's relegation.
===Chlorine-based bleaches===
[[Chlorine-based bleach]]es are found in many household "bleach" products, as well as in specialized products for hospitals, public health, [[water chlorination]], and industrial processes.


==International career==
The grade of chlorine-based bleaches is often expressed as [[percent active chlorine]]. One gram of a 100% active chlorine bleach has the same bleaching power as one gram of elemental [[chlorine]].
Viduka began his international career in a friendly series against [[South Africa]] at the age of 18 in June 1994. The first game was played in Adelaide and the second game was played in Sydney. Australia won both games 1-0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/feature/how-dukes-made-his-mark-255929/page4|title=How Dukes Made His Mark|website=FourFourTwo.com.au|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> He scored his first international goal in October 1997 in the 23rd minute of a friendly game against [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/tunisia-v-australia-01-october-1997-264477/|title=Tunisia v Australia, 01 October 1997|website=11v11.com|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>


In 1996, Viduka joined the [[Olyroos]] as they competed in the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]. In Australia's first group game they lost to France 2-0. In their second group match they defeated Saudi Arabia 2-1. Viduka scored Australia's second goal in the 63rd minute with a clever back flick past the goalkeeper. In Australia's final group game Viduka made a contribution early in the game with an assist to [[Aurelio Vidmar]] in the 3rd minute. Despite Australia's early 0-2 lead, Spain made a spirited comeback and won 3-2. Due to the losses to France and Spain the Olyroos did not progress further in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Olympics/1996.html|title=Olyroos 1996 Matches|website=Ozfootball.net|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
The most common chlorine-based bleaches are:
* [[Sodium hypochlorite]] ({{chem|NaClO}}), usually as a 3–6% solution in water, usually called "liquid bleach" or just "bleach". Historically called "Javel water". It is used in many households to whiten laundry, disinfect hard surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms, treat water for drinking and [[Swimming pool sanitation|keep swimming pools free of infectious agents]].
* Bleaching powder (formerly known as "chlorinated lime"), usually a mixture of [[calcium hypochlorite]] ({{chem|Ca|(|ClO|)|2}}), [[calcium hydroxide]] (lime, {{chem|Ca|(|OH|)|2}}), and [[calcium chloride]] ({{chem|CaCl|2}}) in variable amounts.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a06_483.pub2|chapter=Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2010|last1=Vogt|first1=Helmut|last2=Balej|first2=Jan|last3=Bennett|first3=John E.|last4=Wintzer|first4=Peter|last5=Sheikh|first5=Saeed Akbar|last6=Gallone|first6=Patrizio|last7=Vasudevan|first7=Subramanyan|last8=Pelin|first8=Kalle|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref> Sold as a white powder or in tablets, is used in many of the same applications as sodium hypochlorite, but is more stable and contains more available chlorine.
* [[Chlorine]] gas ({{chem|Cl|2}}). It is used as a disinfectant in [[water treatment]], especially to make [[drinking water]] and in large public [[swimming pools]]. It was used extensively to [[Bleaching of wood pulp|bleach wood pulp]], but this use has decreased significantly due to environmental concerns.
* [[Chlorine dioxide]] ({{chem|ClO|2}}). This unstable gas is generated in situ or stored as dilute aqueous solutions. It finds large-scale applications for the [[bleaching of wood pulp]], [[fat]]s and [[oil]]s, [[cellulose]], [[flour]], [[textile]]s, [[beeswax]], [[skin]], and in a number of other industries.


Viduka featured in the two World Cup qualifiers against Iran in 1997. Australia failed to qualify.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/989739/rewind-iran-stun-australia-to-reach-1998-world-cup|title=Socceroos suffer a shock|website=Espnfc.com|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Viduka was also a part of the [[Australia national soccer team]] that competed in the 1997 [[Confederations Cup]]. He scored Australia's opening goal in a 3-1 win over [[Mexico]] in Australia's first group game. However, in the final against [[Brazil]] he was sent off in the 24th minute after receiving a red card. Australia went on to lose the encounter 6-0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/archive/saudiarabia1997/teams/team=43976/index.html|title=FIFA Confederations Cup Saudi Arabia 1997 - Teams - Australia - FIFA.com|first=|last=FIFA.com|website=FIFA.com|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
Other examples of chlorine-based bleaches, used mostly as disinfectants, are [[monochloramine]], [[halazone]], and [[sodium dichloroisocyanurate]].<ref name=WHO19th>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 December 2016}}</ref>


In 1999, Viduka featured in a friendly against Brazil. The game was played at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] and concluded with a 2-2 draw. Viduka assisted [[Paul Agostino]] with the first goal of the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.fi/detail/news-photo/australias-mark-viduka-sets-up-the-socceroos-first-goal-news-photo/540002421?#australias-mark-viduka-sets-up-the-socceroos-first-goal-against-17-picture-id540002421|title=Australia's Mark Viduka sets up the Socceroos' first goal against Brazil, 17 Nov|publisher=[[Getty Images]]|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> He also appeared in friendly matches against [[Hungary]] and [[Czech Republic]] in 2000. Defeating Hungary 3-0 and losing to Czech Republic 3-1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Socceroo/2000A.html|title=Socceroo 2000 Matches|website=Ozfootball.net|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> That same here Viduka once again joined the Olyroos in the [[2000 Olympic Games]] in his home country of Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/premier-league/4772173/Leeds-look-for-Olympic-flame-from-Viduka.html|title=Leeds look for Olympic flame from Viduka|first=John|last=Ley|date=24 September 2000|accessdate=17 January 2018|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> In 2001, he played alongside Australia as they competed against [[Uruguay]] in a two leg World Cup Qualifier. Australia lost on aggregate 3-1. This meant Viduka and Australia spent another World Cup on the sidelines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Socceroo/2001A.html|title=Socceroo 2001 Matches|website=Ozfootball.net|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
===Peroxide-based bleaches===
[[Peroxide-based bleach]]es are characterized by the [[peroxide]] chemical [[moiety (chemistry)|group]], namely two [[oxygen]] atoms connected by a [[covalent bond|single bond]], (–O–O–). This bond is easily broken, giving rise to very reactive oxygen species, which are the active agents of the bleach.


In 2003, Viduka scored his third international goal in a friendly against Ireland. Australia would go on to lose the match 2-1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/republic-of-ireland-v-australia-19-august-2003-251747/|title=Republic of Ireland v Australia, 19 August 2003|website=11v11.com|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
The main products in this class are:
* [[Hydrogen peroxide]] itself ({{chem|H|2|O|2}}). It is used, for example, to bleach wood pulp and hair or to prepare other bleaching agents like the perborates, percarbonates, peracids, etc.
* [[Sodium percarbonate]] ({{chem|Na|2|H|3|CO|6}}), an adduct of hydrogen peroxide and [[sodium carbonate]] ("soda ash" or "washing soda", {{chem|Na|2|CO|3}}). Dissolved in water, it yields a solution of the two products, that combines the [[saponification|degreasing]] action of the carbonate with the bleaching action of the peroxide.
* [[Sodium perborate]] ({{chem|Na|2|H|4|B|2|O|8}}). Dissolved in water it forms some hydrogen peroxide, but also the perborate anion ({{chem|B(OOH)(OH)|3|-}}) which can perform [[nucleophile|nucleophilic]] oxidation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/oxidations/sodiumperborate.shtm|author=Douglass F. Taber|title=Oxidizing agents: Sodium perborate|accessdate=2012-06-07}}</ref>
* [[Peracetic acid|Peracetic (peroxoacetic) acid]] ({{chem|H|3|C|C(O)OOH}}). Generated in situ by some laundry detergents, and also marketed for use as industrial and agricultural disinfection and water treatment.<ref name=peracepa>V. Namboodiri and A. Garg (2017): "[https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336885 Evaluation of Combined Peracetic acid and UV treatment for Disinfection of Secondary Wastewater Effluent]". document EPA/600/R-17/172, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,</ref>
* [[benzoyl peroxide]] ({{chem|(C|6|H|5|COO)|2}}). It is used in topical medications for [[acne]]<ref name=WHO19th/> and to bleach [[flour]].<ref name=fao1>(2004) "[http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/jecfa_additives/docs/Monograph1/Additive-054.pdf Benzoyl peroxide]" FAO Publication FNP 52 Addendum 12.</ref>
* [[Ozone]] ({{chem|O|3}}). While not properly a peroxide, its mechanism of action is similar. It is used in the manufacture of paper products, especially [[newsprint]] and white [[Kraft paper]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ozonesolutions.com/Ozone_Color_Removal.html | work = Ozone Information | title = Ozo formulas}}</ref>
*[[Potassium persulfate]] ( [[Potassium|K<sub>2</sub>]][[Sulfate|S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>]]) and other persulfate salts. It, alongside ammonium and sodium persulfate, are common in hair lightening products.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research|journal = International Journal of Toxicology|volume = 20|issue = 3_suppl|pages = 7–21|language=en|doi=10.1080/10915810152630710|year = 2001}}</ref>
*[[Permanganate]] salts such as [[Potassium permanganate]] (KMnO<sub>4</sub>).


Viduka began captaining the [[Australia national soccer team|Australia national team]] in September 2005 in place of the injured [[Craig Moore]], the regular captain. His first game as captain was in a [[World Cup Qualifier]] against [[Solomon Islands]] in Sydney, in which Australia won 7-0. He scored 2 goals on the occasion including a spectacular bicycle-kick goal. Viduka would go on to score a third goal only to be denied a hat-trick after being ruled offside. It was his first time playing against a team from the Oceana region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-09-03/viduka-stars-in-easy-win-for-socceroos/2096106|title=Viduka stars in easy win for Socceroos|date=3 September 2005|website=Abc.net.au|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> In October 2005, he continued his captaincy when he led Australia to a 5-0 crushing of [[Jamaica]] at Craven Cottage in a friendly game. In the 47th minute of the game [[Archie Thompson]] crossed to Viduka, who controlled the ball, thought about appealing for handball but then had time to crash the ball into the net.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/soccer/australia-crushes-jamaica/2005/10/10/1128796413238.html|title=Australia crushes Jamaica - Soccer - Sport|website=Theage.com.au|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
In the [[food industry]], other oxidizing products like [[bromate]]s are used as [[flour bleaching agent|flour bleaching]] and [[maturing agent]]s.


Viduka thrived under [[Guus Hiddink]]'s tenure as coach of the national squad and led Australia as it qualified for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] in Germany over a [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (play-off CONMEBOL-OFC)|two-leg qualifier against Uruguay]]. In the second leg, during the first half a swift flick kick from Viduka found [[Harry Kewell]] inside the box. Kewell scuffed his shot but the ball bounced kindly to [[Mark Bresciano]] who went on to score the goal that forced the Qualifier to go to a penalty shoot out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socceroos.com.au/article/greatest-socceroos-moments-in-australia---bresciano-stuns/9byuxj8gwgrh11c7cdz0gqye7|title=Greatest Socceroos moments in Australia – Bresciano stuns Uruguay|website=Socceroos|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Viduka would go on to miss his penalty, however Australia went on to win the shootout anyway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-11-16/socceroos-qualify-for-world-cup/742402|title=Socceroos qualify for World Cup|date=16 November 2005|website=Abc.net.au|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>
===Reducing bleaches===
[[Sodium dithionite]] (also known as '''sodium hydrosulfite''') is one of the most important reductive bleaching agents. It is a white crystalline powder with a weak [[sulfur]]ous odor. It can be obtained by reacting [[sodium bisulfite]] with [[zinc]]


It was the first time in 32 years that Australia qualified to participate in the World Cup. On 21 May 2006, he was named as the Australian captain for the World Cup.<ref>
:2 NaHSO<sub>3</sub> + Zn → Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + Zn(OH)<sub>2</sub>
{{cite news
| publisher = [[Fairfax Media]]
| work = [[The Age]]
| author = AAP
| date = 21 May 2006
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/soccer/viduka-named-socceroos-captain/2006/05/21/1148150115118.html
| title = Viduka named Socceroos captain
| accessdate = 21 May 2006
| quote =
| location=Melbourne
| authorlink = Australian Associated Press}}</ref>


In a lead up to the World Cup, Viduka captained Australia to friendly matches against the [[Netherlands]] and [[Greece]]. The Greece game was played at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. Australia won 1-0.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/ftimages/2006/05/25/1148524822682.html|title=Australia v Greece - World Cup 2006 - Sport|website=Smh.com.au|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Australia's game with the Netherlands ended with a 1-1 draw. After trailing 1-0 Australia earned a penalty in the second half. Viduka took the spot kick, only to hit the top bar. However [[Tim Cahill]] scored of the rebound.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/australia-has-never-lost-to-netherlands-before-in-three-previous-meetings/news-story/8f672c43c9a243eb2d2c5f252a5daf23|title=History says: Socceroos 3, Holland 0|date=17 June 2014|website=Foxsports.com.au|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Viduka also led Australia's national team to their first World Cup finals victory with a 3–1 win over [[Japan national football team|Japan]] in June 2006, as well as guiding them through an encounter with [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], losing 2–0, and a controversial bout with [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]], ending with a 2–2 draw. He then led Australia into the second round, where they lost their round of 16 match to [[Italy national football team|Italy]]. Although a regular scorer in the Premier League, Viduka has struggled to score any significant goals for the ''Socceroos'', and the 2006 World Cup was no different.
It is used as such in some industrial dyeing processes to eliminate excess dye, residual oxide, and unintended pigments and for [[Bleaching of wood pulp#Bleaching mechanical pulps|bleaching wood pulp]].


Viduka considered retiring from international competition after the 2006 World Cup, citing increasing family commitments as the primary reason. In September 2006, however, he confirmed that he would continue playing for Australia and intended to compete in the 2007 [[Asian Cup]].<ref>
Reaction of sodium dithionite with [[formaldehyde]] produces [[Rongalite]],
{{cite news
:Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + 2 CH<sub>2</sub>O + H<sub>2</sub>O → NaHOCH<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> + NaHOCH<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>2</sub>
| publisher = [[Fairfax Media]]
which is used in bleaching [[wood pulp]], [[cotton]], [[wool]], [[leather]] and [[kaolinite|clay]].<ref>{{cite book
| work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald|Sydney Morning Herald]]
| title = Organic building blocks of the chemical industry
| author = Herman Harry Szmant
| author = AAP | date = 26 September 2006
| url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/Sport/Socceroos-squad-named-for-Paraguay-clash/2006/09/26/1159036522043.html
| publisher = John Wiley and Sons
| title = Viduka pledges to play on for Australia
| year = 1989
| accessdate = 7 May 2007
| isbn = 978-0-471-85545-3
| page = 113
| quote =
| authorlink = Australian Associated Press
}}</ref>
}}</ref> In a [[friendly match|friendly]] against [[Singapore national football team|Singapore]], a week before the start of the [[2007 AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]], Viduka scored two headed goals in a 3–0 victory for Australia; former Leeds teammate Harry Kewell scored the third. It was the second time he scored two goals in an international match, having previously done so against the [[Solomon Islands national football team|Solomon Islands]] in 2005.


On Australia's first ever Asian Cup participation, Viduka captained the side and he scored their solitary goal against [[Iraq national football team|Iraq]], a game which they ultimately lost 1–3. In the next match, he scored two goals against co-host team [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]], defeating them 4–0; other goals scored by [[Michael Beauchamp]] and Harry Kewell and making them fall out of the remaining competition. At one stage, he led the goalscoring at the Asian Cup tournament, although his team was eliminated in the quarter-finals in a penalty shootout against Japan. Subsequent to that loss, question marks hang over whether Viduka will continue his international career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/6910619.stm|title=Viduka faces Australia decision|date=22 July 2007|website=News.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=17 January 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>"Viduka mulls over Australia decision", Australian Broadcasting Corporation news website, 23 July 2007; [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/23/1985099.htm?section=sport]</ref> Two years on from the 2007 Asian Cup, he was still yet to return for the ''Socceroos'', either stating he had injuries or club commitments. He missed World Cup Qualifiers against [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]], [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] and Japan, even though fully fit and asked to play by ''Socceroo'' manager [[Pim Verbeek]]. Questions were raised over his commitment to the national team, even by other members of the squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,25660120-5014539,00.html|title=FOX SPORTS - Live Sports Scores - NRL, AFL, Cricket Scores|website=FOX SPORTS|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Viduka was not selected in the final squad for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010 World Cup]], having retired from football a year previously.
== Environmental impact ==
A Risk Assessment Report (RAR) conducted by the European Union on sodium hypochlorite conducted under Regulation EEC 793/93 concluded that this substance is safe for the environment in all its current, normal uses.<ref>European Union Risk Assessment Report. 2007. Sodium Hypochlorite (CAS No: 7681-52-9; EINECS No: 231-668-3): Final report, November 2007 (Final Approved Version); see [http://ec.europa.eu/health/archive/ph_risk/committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_082.pdf Risk Assessment Report on Sodium Hypochlorite], Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks, 12 March 2008.</ref> This is due to its high reactivity and instability. Disappearance of hypochlorite is practically immediate in the natural aquatic environment, reaching in a short time concentration as low as 10<sup>−22</sup> μg/L or less in all emission scenarios. In addition, it was found that while volatile chlorine species may be relevant in some indoor scenarios, they have negligible impact in open environmental conditions. Further, the role of hypochlorite pollution is assumed as negligible in soils.


==Honours==
Industrial bleaching agents can also be sources of concern. For example, the use of elemental chlorine in the [[bleaching of wood pulp]] produces [[organochlorine]]s and [[persistent organic pollutant]]s, including [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxin]]s. According to an industry group, the use of [[chlorine dioxide]] in these processes has reduced the dioxin generation to under detectable levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aet.org/epp/ecf_brochure.pdf|title=ECF: The Sustainable Technology|accessdate=2007-09-19|publisher=Alliance for Environmental Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414143537/http://www.aet.org/epp/ecf_brochure.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, respiratory risk from chlorine and highly toxic chlorinated byproducts still exists.
===Club===
'''[[Melbourne Knights FC|Melbourne Knights]]'''
A recent European study indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g., [[surfactant]]s, [[fragrance]]s) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Odabasi|first1=Mustafa|title=Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach-Containing Household Products|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|date=March 2008|volume=42|issue=5|pages=1445–1451|doi=10.1021/es702355u|pmid=18441786|bibcode=2008EnST...42.1445O}}</ref> These chlorinated compounds are emitted during cleaning applications, some of which are toxic and probable human [[carcinogen]]s. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8–52 times for [[chloroform]] and 1–1170 times for [[carbon tetrachloride]], respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach containing products. The increase in chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations was the lowest for plain bleach and the highest for the products in the form of “thick liquid and [[gel]]”. The significant increases observed in indoor air concentrations of several chlorinated VOCs (especially carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) indicate that the bleach use may be a source that could be important in terms of inhalation exposure to these compounds. While the authors suggested that using these cleaning products may significantly increase the cancer risk,<ref>Odabasi, M., [http://www.slideworld.org/ViewSlides.aspx?URL=5092 Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach- Containing Household Products, Slide presentation] (2008)</ref> this conclusion appears to be hypothetical:
*[[National Soccer League]] (1): [[1994–95 National Soccer League|1994–95]]
'''[[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]]'''
*[[Prva HNL|Croatian First Football League]] (3): [[1995–96 Prva HNL|1995–96]], [[1996–97 Prva HNL|1996–97]], [[1997–98 Prva HNL|1997–98]]
*[[Croatian Football Cup|Croatian Cup]] (3): [[1995–96 Croatian Football Cup|1995–96]], [[1996–97 Croatian Football Cup|1996–97]], [[1997–98 Croatian Football Cup|1997–98]]
'''[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]'''
*[[Scottish League Cup]] (1): [[1999–2000 Scottish League Cup|1999–00]]


===International===
:* The highest level cited for concentration of carbon tetrachloride (seemingly of highest concern) is 459 micrograms per cubic meter, translating to 0.073 ppm (part per million), or 73 ppb (part per billion). The [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]]-allowable time-weighted average concentration over an eight-hour period is 10 ppm,<ref name="OSHA_CCl4">{{cite web|url=http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_225800.html |title=Chemical Sampling Information: Carbon Tetrachloride |publisher=OSHA |date=2004-06-16 |accessdate=2009-12-04}}</ref> almost 140 times higher;
'''[[Australia national under-20 soccer team|Australia U20]]'''
:* The [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] highest allowable peak concentration (5 minute exposure for five minutes in a 4-hour period) is 200 ppm,<ref name="OSHA_CCl4"/> twice as high as the reported highest peak level (from the [[headspace technology|headspace]] of a bottle of a sample of bleach plus detergent).
*[[OFC U-20 Championship]]: [[1994 OFC U-20 Championship|1994]]


'''[[Australia national under-23 soccer team|Australia U23]]'''
== Disinfection ==
*[[OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|OFC U-23 Championship]]: [[1996 OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|1996]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Olympics/1996.html | title=Olyroos Matches for 1996 | publisher=Oz Football | accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
Sodium hypochlorite solution, 3–6%, (common household bleach) is typically diluted for safe use when disinfecting surfaces and when used to treat drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRM/resources/Disinfectants/Disinfection101Feb2005.pdf|title=Disinfection|last=Dvorak|first=Glenda|date=February 2005|work=Center for Food Security and Public Health|publisher=Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University|page=12|accessdate=7 February 2011|location=Ames, IA|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619114657/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRM/resources/Disinfectants/Disinfection101Feb2005.pdf|archivedate=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vahealth.org/childadolescenthealth/EarlyChildhoodHealth/HealthyChildCareVA/documents/2009/doc/Disinfectionguidelines-childcare_8_14_09_FINAL.doc |title=Guidelines for the Use of Sanitizers and Disinfectants in Child Care Facilities |publisher=Virginia Department of Health |accessdate=2010-03-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614021743/http://www.vahealth.org/childadolescenthealth/EarlyChildhoodHealth/HealthyChildCareVA/documents/2009/doc/Disinfectionguidelines-childcare_8_14_09_FINAL.doc |archivedate=14 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


===Individual===
A weak solution of 2% household bleach in warm water is typical for sanitizing smooth surfaces prior to brewing of beer or wine.
*[[Oceania Footballer of the Year]]: 2000
*[[SPFA Players' Player of the Year]]: 2000
*NSL Top Goalscorer: 1993–94, 1994–95
*NSL U21 Player of the Year: 1993–94, 1994–95
*[[Johnny Warren Medal]]: 1993–94, 1994–95
*SPL Top Goalscorer: 1999–00
* [[Australian Institute of Sport]] 'Best of the Best':<ref>[http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/history/awards/best_of_the_best Australian Institute of Sport 'Best of the Best'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117224704/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/history/awards/best_of_the_best |date=17 November 2012 }} </</ref> 2001.
*[[PFA Footballer of the Year Awards#Alex Tobin OAM Medal|Alex Tobin OAM Medal]]: 2011


==Personal life==
US Government regulations (21 CFR Part 178) allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water).
Viduka and his wife Ivana have three sons together: Joseph (born November 2002), Lucas (born September 2006) and Oliver (born May 2008).<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Viduka leaving his mark
|url = http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/viduka-leaving-his-mark/story-e6frf9if-1226000563274
| publisher = [[News Limited]]
| work = [[Herald Sun]]
| date = 5 February 2011
| accessdate = 3 June 2012
}}</ref> His father Joe was from Croatia, from where he immigrated to Australia in the 1960s. [[Croatia|Croatian]] footballer and [[Ballon d'Or]] winner [[Luka Modrić]] is his cousin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BLNg_4jTzrwC&pg=PA46&dq=bask+gradjanski&hl=pt-PT&sa=X&ei=vqJ7T7P3GYrd8gP0tZTeCA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bask%20gradjanski&f=false The Away Game] by Matthew Hall, pag. 45</ref>


Viduka had a song written about him by English singer/songwriter and Middlesbrough fan [[Alistair Griffin]] (who also previously co-wrote the football song recorded by [[Terry Venables]]). The song lyrics were written to the tune of [[Leonard Cohen]]'s "[[Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)|Hallelujah]]".<ref>
A 1-in-5 dilution of household bleach with water (1 part bleach to 4 parts water) is effective against many [[bacteria]] and some [[virus]]es, and is often the disinfectant of choice in cleaning surfaces in hospitals (primarily in the United States). Even "scientific-grade", commercially produced disinfection solutions such as Virocidin-X usually have sodium hypochlorite as their sole '''active''' ingredient, though they also contain [[surfactants]] (to prevent beading) and fragrances (to conceal the bleach smell).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamscientific.com/|title=KAM Scientific|publisher=}}</ref>
{{cite news
|title = Hallelujah Mark Viduka
|url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/football/hallelujah-mark-viduka/2007/02/27/1172338595066.html-name_page.html?
| publisher = [[Fairfax Media]]
| work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]]
| date = 27 February 2007
| accessdate = 24 April 2007
}}</ref> Middlesbrough manager Gareth Southgate embraced the tune as a way of raising money for his chosen charity, [[Macmillan Cancer Support]]. Leonard Cohen gave permission for the song to be released as a charity download single.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alistair Griffin produces song for Middlesbrough star |url=http://www.broadbandtvchannel.co.uk/clip.asp?clipid=93 |publisher=Broadband TV channel |date=1 March 2007 |accessdate=7 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824060449/http://www.broadbandtvchannel.co.uk/clip.asp?clipid=93 |archivedate=24 August 2007 }}</ref>
Viduka has been a member of [[Melbourne City FC]] since its inaugural season.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} He is affectionately referred to by his nicknames "V-Bomber"<ref>
{{cite news
| title = V-Bomber
| url = http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/articles/viduka.html
| publisher = OzFootball Webzine
}}</ref> and "Big Dukes"<ref>
{{cite news
|title = Mark Viduka Player Profile for Newcastle United
|url = http://www.nufc.co.uk/articles/mark-viduka-not-yet-known_2241082_5732
|publisher = [[Newcastle United]]
}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in Australia.


== Career statistics ==
See [[Hypochlorous acid#Mode of disinfectant action|Hypochlorous acid]] for a discussion of the mechanism for disinfectant action.


===Club career===
'''Treatment of gingivitis'''<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = De Nardo | first1 = R. | last2 = Chiappe | first2 = V. N. | last3 = Gómez | first3 = M. | last4 = Romanelli | first4 = H. | last5 = Slots | first5 = J. R. | title = Effects of 0.05% sodium hypochlorite oral rinse on supragingival biofilm and gingival inflammation | doi = 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00111.x | journal = International Dental Journal | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 208–212 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23017003| pmc = }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=3 | Club performance
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | Continental
! colspan=3 | Total
|-
! Season
! Club
! League
! App
! Gls
! App
! Gls
! App
! Gls
! App
! Gls
! App
! Gls
|-
| [[National Soccer League 1992-93|1992–93]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Melbourne Knights FC|Melbourne Knights]]
| rowspan=3 | [[National Soccer League|NSL]]
| 4
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 4
! 2
|-
| [[National Soccer League 1993-94|1993–94]]
| 20
| 17
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 22
! 18
|-
| [[National Soccer League 1994-95|1994–95]]
| 24
| 21
| 3
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 27
! 27
|-
| [[1995–96 Prva HNL|1995–96]]
| rowspan=4 | [[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Croatia Zagreb]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Prva HNL]]
| 27
| 12
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 29
! 12
|-
| [[1996–97 Prva HNL|1996–97]]
| 25
| 18
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 3
! 30
! 23
|-
| [[1997–98 Prva HNL|1997–98]]
| 25
| 8
| 5
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 4
| 6
! 31
! 16
|-
| [[1998–99 Prva HNL|1998–99]]
| 7
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 2
! 9
! 4
|-
| [[1998–99 Scottish Premier League|1998–99]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Scottish Premier League|SPL]]
| 9
| 5
| 2
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 11
! 8
|-
| [[1999–2000 Scottish Premier League|1999–00]]
| 28
| 25
| 1
| 0
| 4
| 1
| 4
| 1
! 37
! 27
|-
| [[2000–01 FA Premier League|2000–01]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]]
| rowspan=9 | [[Premier League]]
| 34
| 17
| 2
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 16
| 4
! 53
! 22
|-
| [[2001–02 FA Premier League|2001–02]]
| 33
| 11
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 7
| 3
! 42
! 16
|-
| [[2002–03 FA Premier League|2002–03]]
| 33
| 20
| 4
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 2
| 0
! 40
! 22
|-
| [[2003–04 FA Premier League|2003–04]]
| 30
| 11
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 31
! 12
|-
| [[2004–05 FA Premier League|2004–05]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]]
| 16
| 5
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 4
| 2
! 21
! 7
|-
| [[2005–06 FA Premier League|2005–06]]
| 27
| 7
| 5
| 2
| 2
| 1
| 9
| 6
! 43
! 16
|-
| [[2006–07 FA Premier League|2006–07]]
| 29
| 14
| 7
| 5
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 37
! 19
|-
| [[2007–08 FA Premier League|2007–08]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]
| 26
| 7
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 28
! 7
|-
| [[2008–09 Premier League|2008–09]]
| 12
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
! 12
! 0
|-
! colspan=3 | Career Totals
! 409
! 202
! 37
! 26
! 11
! 3
! 50
! 27
! 507
! 258
|}


===International career===
Diluted sodium hypochlorite at a rate of 2000–1 (0.05% concentration) may represent an efficacious, safe and affordable antimicrobial agent in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.


<ref>{{NFT player|id=421|accessdate=}}</ref>
==Color safe bleach==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Color safe bleach is a chemical that uses hydrogen peroxide as the active ingredient (to help remove stains) rather than sodium hypochlorite or chlorine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clorox.com/blogs/dr-laundry/2008/06/10/your-questions-disinfecting-laundry/ |title=Dr Laundry - Clorox |date=28 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609033024/http://www.clorox.com/blogs/dr-laundry/2008/06/10/your-questions-disinfecting-laundry/ |archivedate=9 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> It also has chemicals in it that help brighten colors.<ref name="clorox.com">[http://www.clorox.com/products/clorox2/faq/ Non Chlorine Bleach – Stain Fighter & Color Booster Liquid | Clorox<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Hydrogen peroxide is also used for sterilization purposes and water treatment, but its disinfectant capabilities may be limited due to the concentration in the colorsafe bleach solution as compared to other applications.<ref name="clorox.com"/>
! colspan=3 | [[Australia national football team|Australia national team]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||10||2
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||3||1
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||7||3
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||6||5
|-
!Total||43||11
|}


'''International goals'''
==Health hazards==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
The safety of bleaches depends on the compounds present, and their concentration. Generally speaking, ingestion of bleaches will cause damage to the [[esophagus]] and [[stomach]], possibly leading to death. On contact with the skin or eyes, it causes irritation, drying, and potentially burns. Inhalation of bleach fumes can damage the lungs. [[Personal protective equipment]] should always be used when using bleach. Bleach should never be mixed with vinegar or products containing ammonia as this will create highly toxic chlorine gas and can cause severe burns internally and externally.
|-
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 1 October 1997 || [[Stade El Menzah]], [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]] || {{fb|Tunisia}} || 0–'''2''' || 0–'''3''' || Friendly
|-
| 2 || 12 December 1997 || [[King Fahd Stadium]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]] || {{fb|Mexico}} || '''1'''–0 || '''3'''–1 || [[1997 FIFA Confederations Cup]]
|-
| 3 || 19 August 2003 || [[Lansdowne Road]], [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland]] || {{fb|Republic of Ireland}} || 0–'''1''' || 2–'''1''' || Friendly
|-
| 4 || rowspan="2"| 3 September 2005 || rowspan="2"| [[Sydney Football Stadium]], [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] || rowspan="2"| {{fb|Solomon Islands}} || '''2'''–0 || rowspan="2"| '''7'''–0 || rowspan="2"| [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| 5 || '''3'''–0
|-
| 6 || 9 October 2005 || [[Craven Cottage]], [[London]], [[England]] || {{fb|Jamaica}} || '''3'''–0 || '''5'''–0 || Friendly
|-
| 7 || rowspan="2"| 30 June 2007 || rowspan="2"| [[National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]], Singapore City, [[Singapore]] || rowspan="2"| {{fb|Singapore}} || 0–'''1''' || rowspan="2"|0–'''3''' || rowspan="2"|Friendly
|-
| 8 || 0–'''3'''
|-
| 9 || 13 July 2007 || [[Rajamangala National Stadium]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] || {{fb|Iraq|2004}} || '''1'''–1 || '''1'''–3 || [[2007 AFC Asian Cup]]
|-
| 10 || rowspan="2"| 21 July 2007 || rowspan="2"| [[Rajamangala National Stadium]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] || rowspan="2"| {{fb|Thailand}} || 0–'''2''' || rowspan="2"| 0–'''4''' || rowspan="2"| [[2007 AFC Asian Cup]]
|-
| 11 ||0–'''3'''
|}


==References==
In rare instances, bleach can be an addictive substance for certain individuals.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBfw5NMgizU</ref> Fraudulent product [[Miracle Mineral Supplement]], whose main active ingredient is sodium chlorite, is sometimes dangerously promoted as a cure for a wide variety of health conditions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Food and Drug Administration |authorlink1=Food and Drug Administration |title=FDA warns consumers about the dangerous and potentially life threading side effects of Miracle Mineral Solution |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-consumers-about-dangerous-and-potentially-life-threating-side-effects-miracle-mineral |website=fda.gov |accessdate=16 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814102219/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-consumers-about-dangerous-and-potentially-life-threating-side-effects-miracle-mineral |archivedate=14 August 2019 |language=English |date=12 August 2019}}</ref>


== See also ==
* [[Tooth whitening]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Mark Viduka}}
* Bodkins, Dr. Bailey. ''Bleach''. Philadelphia: Virginia Printing Press, 1995. <!-- Can not find in the Library of Congress, British Library, or WorldCat catalogs, nor via Amazon.com, BookFinder.com, or Google. -->
* [http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Players/V/VE.html#VidukaMark OzFootball profile]
* Trotman, E.R. ''Textile Scouring and Bleaching''. London: Charles Griffin & Co., 1968. {{ISBN|0-85264-067-6}}.
* {{FIFA player|159597}}

* {{Soccerbase}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.footballdatabase.com/site/players/index.php?dumpPlayer=1116 Statistics] at footballdatabase.com
{{Commons category|Bleaches}}
* {{NFT player|id=421}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/69164/bleach Bleach in] [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170620190016/http://www.florakim.com/files/Regular-Bleach-msds.pdf Bleach (MSDS)]
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{Laundry navbox}}


{{S-start}}
{{Authority control}}
{{s-sports}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Australia national soccer team|Australia]] captain|before=[[Craig Moore]]|after=[[Lucas Neill]]|years=2005–2006}}
{{s-end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title = Awards
|bg = gold
|fg = navy
|list1 =
{{SPL topscorers}}
{{Oceania Footballer of the Year}}
{{SPFA Players' Player of the Year}}
{{Johnny Warren Medal}}
{{NSL awards}}
{{Football Federation Australia Hall of Fame}}
}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title = Australia squads
|bg = #FFE605
|fg = #005800
|list1 =
{{Australia Squad 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{{Australia Squad 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup}}
{{Australia Squad 2000 Summer Olympics}}
{{Australia Squad 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup}}
{{Australia Squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Australia Squad 2007 AFC Asian Cup}}
}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Viduka, Mark}}
[[Category:Bleaches| ]]
[[Category:Disinfectants]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Dyes]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Household chemicals]]
[[Category:1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players]]
[[Category:Laundry substances]]
[[Category:2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players]]
[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:2007 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:Australia youth international soccer players]]
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[[Category:Celtic F.C. players]]
[[Category:Croatian First Football League players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Croatia]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in England]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Scotland]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Leeds United F.C. players]]
[[Category:Melbourne Knights FC players]]
[[Category:Middlesbrough F.C. players]]
[[Category:National Soccer League (Australia) players]]
[[Category:Newcastle United F.C. players]]
[[Category:GNK Dinamo Zagreb players]]
[[Category:Olympic soccer players of Australia]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:Scottish Premier League players]]
[[Category:Australian Institute of Sport soccer players]]
[[Category:Scottish league football top scorers]]
[[Category:Football Federation Australia Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Melbourne City FC non-playing staff]]

Revision as of 09:52, 5 December 2019

Mark Viduka
Viduka playing for Australia in 2005
Personal information
Full name Mark Anthony Viduka[1]
Date of birth (1975-10-09) 9 October 1975 (age 49)
Place of birth Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Height 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
Position(s) Forward
Youth career
1992–1993 AIS
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
1993–1995 Melbourne Knights 48 (40)
1995–1998 Dinamo Zagreb 84 (40)
1998–2000 Celtic 37 (30)
2000–2004 Leeds United 130 (59)
2004–2007 Middlesbrough 72 (26)
2007–2009 Newcastle United 38 (7)
Total 409 (202)
International career‡
1993–1994 Australia U20
1994–1996 Australia U23 18 (17)
1994–2007 Australia 43 (11)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 09:12, 14 August 2009 (BST)
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 12:00, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Mark Anthony Viduka (/vɪˈduːkə/ vih-DOOK-ə; born 9 October 1975)[2][3][4][5][6] is an Australian retired footballer who played as a centre forward. He captained the Australia national team to the Round of 16 at the 2006 FIFA World Cup which remains their best ever performance to date. His four goals in the UEFA Champions League are the most scored by any Australian player.

Club career

Melbourne Knights

In 1993, Viduka started his professional football career in Australia for Croatian-based club Melbourne Knights (which up until the 1993 season was known as Melbourne Croatia) and became an Australian international in June of the following year. In his two seasons with the Knights, he was top goal scorer in the National Soccer League (NSL) and was twice awarded the Johnny Warren Medal for NSL Best Player of the Year[7] in 1993–94 and 1994–95. His time at Melbourne Knights included one NSL title in the 1994–95 season. The grandstand at Knights' Stadium, home of the Knights, was renamed the "Mark Viduka Stand" in his honour and paid for with his transfer money.[8]

Dinamo Zagreb

In 1995, Viduka moved to Croatia to play with Croatia Zagreb (now Dinamo Zagreb). He spent three-and-a-half seasons with the club, helping it to win three doubles in Croatia between 1996 and 1998. He was also part of the Croatia Zagreb team that reached the third round of the UEFA Cup in 1997 and went on to make his UEFA Champions League group stage debut with the club a year later. He won the Best Foreigner Footballer Award in the Croatian League in his time at Zagreb.[9]

Celtic

Celtic bought Viduka in December 1998 for £3.5 million. In the same month as his signing, Celtic announced that Viduka had quit the club without kicking a ball for them, citing stress as his reason.[10]

A week later, Croatia Zagreb complained that it had not received the agreed fee for the player. These issues were eventually resolved and Viduka made his first appearance in a Celtic shirt on 16 February 1999, scoring for the under-21 team as an over-age player in a 4–2 victory against Motherwell. After making his first team debut against Dundee United on 27 February 1999,[11] his first goals for the club came when he scored a brace against Greenock Morton in the Scottish Cup on 8 March 1999.[12] He was voted Scottish Player of the Year for 1999–2000 after scoring 27 goals in his first full season at Celtic Park. He was regarded as a skilled player, with Josip Šimunić noting his ability to hold the ball up well and bring other players into the game.[13]

In February 2000, lower league team Inverness Caledonian Thistle defeated Celtic in a shock upset in the third round of the Scottish Cup. During half time Viduka reportedly threw his boots in the bin and refused to play in the second half after an altercation with assistant coach, Eric Black. The match ended 3-1 with Celtic fans in uproar.[14]

In March 2000, Viduka assisted Celtic to win Scotland's second most prestigious football knockout competition the 1999-2000 Scottish League Cup. He left after his first full season at the club.

Leeds United

Leeds United manager David O'Leary signed Viduka just before the 2000–01 season for £6 million. At Leeds, he was expected to line up in a three-pronged attack alongside the previous season's top scorer Michael Bridges and Australia teammate Harry Kewell, but injuries to those two saw him form a partnership with Alan Smith in Leeds' Champions League matches, while Robbie Keane – signed on loan from Inter Milan as cover for Bridges – also benefited in their Premier League matches together in the second half of the season. In his first season, Viduka scored 22 goals, including all four in a memorable 4–3 win over Liverpool at Elland Road. He signed a five-year deal in the summer of 2001 and would star in both domestic competitions and Europe, with Leeds finishing in the country's top four in 2000–01, and fifth in 2001–02.

In the 2002–03 campaign, Viduka scored another 22 goals, including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Charlton Athletic[15] and the winner in a 3–2 victory at Arsenal on the penultimate day of the season that effectively saved United from relegation. His hat-trick in the Charlton game is the most recent hat-trick to date by a Leeds United player in the Premier League.[16]

However, the club's financial crisis continued, and resulted in the sale of key players including Harry Kewell and Robbie Keane. In the 2003–04 season, Viduka was again top scorer at Leeds, finishing the season strongly as was the case in the previous season, as interim manager Eddie Gray attempted to steer the club away from the Premier League trap door following the departure of Peter Reid in November after eight months as manager.

However, during his final appearance in the jersey, Leeds were relegated in a 4–1 loss to Bolton Wanderers at Reebok Stadium. After scoring a penalty, Viduka was sent off following two yellow cards. He was sold to Middlesbrough in the summer of 2004 as United's financial difficulties deepened.[citation needed]

Middlesbrough

Viduka's debut season at Middlesbrough was initially impressive, albeit frustrated by injuries. In the 2005–06 season, however, Viduka was in sensational form in all competitions for Middlesbrough, reaching double figures early on in the season. He also played an important part in spearheading Middlesbrough's campaign in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup where the club twice had to score four goals in a game to proceed. Middlesbrough eventually lost in the final to Sevilla on 10 May 2006.

With his contract due to expire at the end of the 2006–07 season, Middlesbrough manager Gareth Southgate expressed his interest in retaining Viduka. In August 2006, he was awarded the number 9 shirt at Middlesbrough, his preferred number at all his previous clubs. Following another successful season in which he scored 19 goals, Viduka attracted interest from other clubs who were hoping to sign him on a free transfer as he became out-of-contract. Southgate reiterated his wish to retain Viduka's services and revealed he would offer him a new contract. Viduka joined north-east rivals Newcastle United on a free transfer on 7 June 2007.[17]

Newcastle United

Viduka warming up for Newcastle

In signing for Newcastle, Viduka became manager Sam Allardyce's first signing at the club. His contract was for two years, with the option of a third year. He made his Newcastle debut in a Premier League match at Bolton on 11 August and scored his first goal on 26 August against his former club Middlesbrough.

On 23 September, he scored a further two goals against West Ham United to bring his tally up to three for Newcastle. On 23 December, he again scored two goals against Derby County. After an injury lay off over the new year, Viduka was brought back into the side by new manager Kevin Keegan, where he played as part of a 4–3–3 formation along with Michael Owen and Obafemi Martins. This new formation brought about a change of fortune for Newcastle as the three strikers rescued them from a relegation battle, with Viduka scoring two more goals over the rest of the season and setting up others for Martins and Owen before picking up an Achilles' heel injury before the last game of the season.

Viduka made his return to the first team after six months out injured at former club Middlesbrough, coming on for Martins as a substitute on 29 November 2008. This was a great relief for manager Joe Kinnear, who stated that he had previously feared the Australian's career might have been prematurely ended by his injury woes.[18] Later, Kinnear suggested to reporters that Viduka might call time on his career at the end of the 2008–09 season. Viduka, however, later expressed his desire to continue playing past this season after acquiring a groin injury in late December.[19] After returning from injury, he was immediately used by newly appointed coach Alan Shearer in an attempt to prevent the team's relegation. After playing a man of the match performance in the 3–1 victory against his former team Middlesbrough, Mark appeared to have scored his first goal of the season against Fulham. Match referee Howard Webb, however, ruled that Kevin Nolan impeded goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer disallowing the goal. He was released following Newcastle's relegation.

International career

Viduka began his international career in a friendly series against South Africa at the age of 18 in June 1994. The first game was played in Adelaide and the second game was played in Sydney. Australia won both games 1-0.[20] He scored his first international goal in October 1997 in the 23rd minute of a friendly game against Tunisia.[21]

In 1996, Viduka joined the Olyroos as they competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics. In Australia's first group game they lost to France 2-0. In their second group match they defeated Saudi Arabia 2-1. Viduka scored Australia's second goal in the 63rd minute with a clever back flick past the goalkeeper. In Australia's final group game Viduka made a contribution early in the game with an assist to Aurelio Vidmar in the 3rd minute. Despite Australia's early 0-2 lead, Spain made a spirited comeback and won 3-2. Due to the losses to France and Spain the Olyroos did not progress further in the tournament.[22]

Viduka featured in the two World Cup qualifiers against Iran in 1997. Australia failed to qualify.[23] Viduka was also a part of the Australia national soccer team that competed in the 1997 Confederations Cup. He scored Australia's opening goal in a 3-1 win over Mexico in Australia's first group game. However, in the final against Brazil he was sent off in the 24th minute after receiving a red card. Australia went on to lose the encounter 6-0.[24]

In 1999, Viduka featured in a friendly against Brazil. The game was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and concluded with a 2-2 draw. Viduka assisted Paul Agostino with the first goal of the game.[25] He also appeared in friendly matches against Hungary and Czech Republic in 2000. Defeating Hungary 3-0 and losing to Czech Republic 3-1.[26] That same here Viduka once again joined the Olyroos in the 2000 Olympic Games in his home country of Australia.[27] In 2001, he played alongside Australia as they competed against Uruguay in a two leg World Cup Qualifier. Australia lost on aggregate 3-1. This meant Viduka and Australia spent another World Cup on the sidelines.[28]

In 2003, Viduka scored his third international goal in a friendly against Ireland. Australia would go on to lose the match 2-1.[29]

Viduka began captaining the Australia national team in September 2005 in place of the injured Craig Moore, the regular captain. His first game as captain was in a World Cup Qualifier against Solomon Islands in Sydney, in which Australia won 7-0. He scored 2 goals on the occasion including a spectacular bicycle-kick goal. Viduka would go on to score a third goal only to be denied a hat-trick after being ruled offside. It was his first time playing against a team from the Oceana region.[30] In October 2005, he continued his captaincy when he led Australia to a 5-0 crushing of Jamaica at Craven Cottage in a friendly game. In the 47th minute of the game Archie Thompson crossed to Viduka, who controlled the ball, thought about appealing for handball but then had time to crash the ball into the net.[31]

Viduka thrived under Guus Hiddink's tenure as coach of the national squad and led Australia as it qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany over a two-leg qualifier against Uruguay. In the second leg, during the first half a swift flick kick from Viduka found Harry Kewell inside the box. Kewell scuffed his shot but the ball bounced kindly to Mark Bresciano who went on to score the goal that forced the Qualifier to go to a penalty shoot out.[32] Viduka would go on to miss his penalty, however Australia went on to win the shootout anyway.[33]

It was the first time in 32 years that Australia qualified to participate in the World Cup. On 21 May 2006, he was named as the Australian captain for the World Cup.[34]

In a lead up to the World Cup, Viduka captained Australia to friendly matches against the Netherlands and Greece. The Greece game was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Australia won 1-0.[35] Australia's game with the Netherlands ended with a 1-1 draw. After trailing 1-0 Australia earned a penalty in the second half. Viduka took the spot kick, only to hit the top bar. However Tim Cahill scored of the rebound.[36] Viduka also led Australia's national team to their first World Cup finals victory with a 3–1 win over Japan in June 2006, as well as guiding them through an encounter with Brazil, losing 2–0, and a controversial bout with Croatia, ending with a 2–2 draw. He then led Australia into the second round, where they lost their round of 16 match to Italy. Although a regular scorer in the Premier League, Viduka has struggled to score any significant goals for the Socceroos, and the 2006 World Cup was no different.

Viduka considered retiring from international competition after the 2006 World Cup, citing increasing family commitments as the primary reason. In September 2006, however, he confirmed that he would continue playing for Australia and intended to compete in the 2007 Asian Cup.[37] In a friendly against Singapore, a week before the start of the Asian Cup, Viduka scored two headed goals in a 3–0 victory for Australia; former Leeds teammate Harry Kewell scored the third. It was the second time he scored two goals in an international match, having previously done so against the Solomon Islands in 2005.

On Australia's first ever Asian Cup participation, Viduka captained the side and he scored their solitary goal against Iraq, a game which they ultimately lost 1–3. In the next match, he scored two goals against co-host team Thailand, defeating them 4–0; other goals scored by Michael Beauchamp and Harry Kewell and making them fall out of the remaining competition. At one stage, he led the goalscoring at the Asian Cup tournament, although his team was eliminated in the quarter-finals in a penalty shootout against Japan. Subsequent to that loss, question marks hang over whether Viduka will continue his international career.[38][39] Two years on from the 2007 Asian Cup, he was still yet to return for the Socceroos, either stating he had injuries or club commitments. He missed World Cup Qualifiers against Qatar, Bahrain and Japan, even though fully fit and asked to play by Socceroo manager Pim Verbeek. Questions were raised over his commitment to the national team, even by other members of the squad.[40] Viduka was not selected in the final squad for the 2010 World Cup, having retired from football a year previously.

Honours

Club

Melbourne Knights

Dinamo Zagreb

Celtic

International

Australia U20

Australia U23

Individual

Personal life

Viduka and his wife Ivana have three sons together: Joseph (born November 2002), Lucas (born September 2006) and Oliver (born May 2008).[43] His father Joe was from Croatia, from where he immigrated to Australia in the 1960s. Croatian footballer and Ballon d'Or winner Luka Modrić is his cousin.[44]

Viduka had a song written about him by English singer/songwriter and Middlesbrough fan Alistair Griffin (who also previously co-wrote the football song recorded by Terry Venables). The song lyrics were written to the tune of Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah".[45] Middlesbrough manager Gareth Southgate embraced the tune as a way of raising money for his chosen charity, Macmillan Cancer Support. Leonard Cohen gave permission for the song to be released as a charity download single.[46] Viduka has been a member of Melbourne City FC since its inaugural season.[citation needed] He is affectionately referred to by his nicknames "V-Bomber"[47] and "Big Dukes"[48] in Australia.

Career statistics

Club career

Club performance League Cup League Cup Continental Total
Season Club League App Gls App Gls App Gls App Gls App Gls
1992–93 Melbourne Knights NSL 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2
1993–94 20 17 2 1 0 0 0 0 22 18
1994–95 24 21 3 6 0 0 0 0 27 27
1995–96 Croatia Zagreb Prva HNL 27 12 2 0 0 0 0 0 29 12
1996–97 25 18 3 2 0 0 2 3 30 23
1997–98 25 8 5 2 0 0 4 6 31 16
1998–99 7 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 9 4
1998–99 Celtic SPL 9 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 11 8
1999–00 28 25 1 0 4 1 4 1 37 27
2000–01 Leeds United Premier League 34 17 2 1 1 0 16 4 53 22
2001–02 33 11 1 1 1 1 7 3 42 16
2002–03 33 20 4 2 1 0 2 0 40 22
2003–04 30 11 1 1 0 0 0 0 31 12
2004–05 Middlesbrough 16 5 2 0 1 0 4 2 21 7
2005–06 27 7 5 2 2 1 9 6 43 16
2006–07 29 14 7 5 1 0 0 0 37 19
2007–08 Newcastle United 26 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 28 7
2008–09 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0
Career Totals 409 202 37 26 11 3 50 27 507 258

International career

[49]

Australia national team
Year Apps Goals
1994 2 0
1995 0 0
1996 0 0
1997 10 2
1998 2 0
1999 0 0
2000 2 0
2001 3 0
2002 0 0
2003 3 1
2004 2 0
2005 7 3
2006 6 0
2007 6 5
Total 43 11

International goals

# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1 1 October 1997 Stade El Menzah, Tunis, Tunisia  Tunisia 0–2 0–3 Friendly
2 12 December 1997 King Fahd Stadium, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia  Mexico 1–0 3–1 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup
3 19 August 2003 Lansdowne Road, Dublin, Republic of Ireland  Republic of Ireland 0–1 2–1 Friendly
4 3 September 2005 Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney, Australia  Solomon Islands 2–0 7–0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification
5 3–0
6 9 October 2005 Craven Cottage, London, England  Jamaica 3–0 5–0 Friendly
7 30 June 2007 National Stadium, Singapore City, Singapore  Singapore 0–1 0–3 Friendly
8 0–3
9 13 July 2007 Rajamangala National Stadium, Bangkok, Thailand  Iraq 1–1 1–3 2007 AFC Asian Cup
10 21 July 2007 Rajamangala National Stadium, Bangkok, Thailand  Thailand 0–2 0–4 2007 AFC Asian Cup
11 0–3

References

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  4. ^ "VIDUKA from tantrum to talisman Cartoon strips, dressing room rows and a name change . . . Australia's captain has come a long way since he walked out on Celtic. Mark Wilson reports". Herald Scotland. 5 June 2006.
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  6. ^ "Viduka progovorio nakon duge šutnje: Kovač je dobar čovjek, igrači će ga pratiti". Večernji list (in Serbo-Croatian). 6 June 2014.
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  44. ^ The Away Game by Matthew Hall, pag. 45
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  46. ^ "Alistair Griffin produces song for Middlesbrough star". Broadband TV channel. 1 March 2007. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
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  49. ^ Bleach at National-Football-Teams.com
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mark Viduka.
Sporting positions
Preceded by Australia captain
2005–2006 		Succeeded by
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