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Coordinates: 49°27′14″N 103°25′31″W / 49.45389°N 103.42528°W / 49.45389; -103.42528
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[[Image:Barringer-Arial.jpg|thumb|[[Barringer Slough]] in [[Geology of Iowa|Iowa]], a remnant of the extensive prairie wetlands that once covered the region.]]
[[Image:Barringer-Arial.jpg|thumb|[[Barringer Slough]] in [[Geology of Iowa|Iowa]], a remnant of the extensive prairie wetlands that once covered the region.]]


== History ==
The '''Prairie Pothole Region''' (PPR) is an expansive area of the northern [[Great Plains]] that is surrounded by natural grassland vegetation and agriculture. The potholes are a result of the [[Quaternary glaciation|Pleistocene Glaciation]], otherwise known as the Wisconsin Glaciation, that changed the landscape as the glaciers thawed and moved over time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=JOHNSON|first=W. CARTER|last2=MILLETT|first2=BRUCE V.|last3=GILMANOV|first3=TAGIR|last4=VOLDSETH|first4=RICHARD A.|last5=GUNTENSPERGEN|first5=GLENN R.|last6=NAUGLE|first6=DAVID E.|date=2005|title=Vulnerability of Northern Prairie Wetlands to Climate Change|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0863:vonpwt]2.0.co;2|journal=BioScience|volume=55|issue=10|pages=863|doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0863:vonpwt]2.0.co;2|issn=0006-3568}}</ref> One result of the glaciers receding was they left behind millions of shallow depressions that resulted in wetlands, known as the prairie pothole region. These depressions are called potholes because of their shallow depth and how they have pockmarked almost 800,000 sq. km of the region.<ref name=":0" /> The region expands across five U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. The climate of the PPR is variable resulting in seasonal or semipermanent wetlands.<ref name=":0" /> The region relies on the dynamic weather conditions for its long term productivity and biodiversity for it is a prime spot during breeding and nesting season for millions of ducks and geese as they migrate. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ducks.org/conservation/where-ducks-unlimited-works/prairie-pothole-region|title=Prairie Pothole Region|website=www.ducks.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>
The '''Prairie Pothole Region''' (PPR) is an expansive area of the northern [[Great Plains]] that is surrounded by natural grassland vegetation and agriculture. The potholes are a result of the [[Quaternary glaciation|Pleistocene Glaciation]], otherwise known as the Wisconsin Glaciation, that changed the landscape as the glaciers thawed and moved over time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=JOHNSON|first=W. CARTER|last2=MILLETT|first2=BRUCE V.|last3=GILMANOV|first3=TAGIR|last4=VOLDSETH|first4=RICHARD A.|last5=GUNTENSPERGEN|first5=GLENN R.|last6=NAUGLE|first6=DAVID E.|date=2005|title=Vulnerability of Northern Prairie Wetlands to Climate Change|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0863:vonpwt]2.0.co;2|journal=BioScience|volume=55|issue=10|pages=863|doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0863:vonpwt]2.0.co;2|issn=0006-3568}}</ref> One result of the glaciers receding was they left behind millions of shallow depressions that resulted in wetlands, known as the prairie pothole region. These depressions are called potholes because of their shallow depth and how they have pockmarked almost 800,000 sq. km of the region.<ref name=":0" /> The region expands across five U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. The climate of the PPR is variable resulting in seasonal or semipermanent wetlands.<ref name=":0" /> The region relies on the dynamic weather conditions for its long term productivity and biodiversity for it is a prime spot during breeding and nesting season for millions of ducks and geese as they migrate. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ducks.org/conservation/where-ducks-unlimited-works/prairie-pothole-region|title=Prairie Pothole Region|website=www.ducks.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>


Revision as of 13:46, 6 December 2019

Map of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America (U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center)
Barringer Slough in Iowa, a remnant of the extensive prairie wetlands that once covered the region.

The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is an expansive area of the northern Great Plains that is surrounded by natural grassland vegetation and agriculture. The potholes are a result of the Pleistocene Glaciation, otherwise known as the Wisconsin Glaciation, that changed the landscape as the glaciers thawed and moved over time.[1] One result of the glaciers receding was they left behind millions of shallow depressions that resulted in wetlands, known as the prairie pothole region. These depressions are called potholes because of their shallow depth and how they have pockmarked almost 800,000 sq. km of the region.[1] The region expands across five U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. The climate of the PPR is variable resulting in seasonal or semipermanent wetlands.[1] The region relies on the dynamic weather conditions for its long term productivity and biodiversity for it is a prime spot during breeding and nesting season for millions of ducks and geese as they migrate. [2]

Hydrology

The Prairie Pothole Region is made up of ephemeral and semipermanent wetlands. Few natural surface water drainage systems occur in the region as pothole wetlands are not connected by surface streams. They receive most of their water from spring snowmelt, and precipitation[3]. Some pothole wetlands also receive groundwater inflow, so they typically last longer each year than those that only receive water from precipitation. Shorter-duration wetlands fed only by precipitation typically are sources of groundwater recharge.[4] Many of the potholes absorb rain runoff and snowmelt drainage, in turn helping to prevent flooding. [5] The variable hydrology of the Prairie Pothole Region allows for an abundant seed bank under the soil. This allows for different vegetation to grow depending on the amount of water.[6] During times of drought when the basins dry up the vegetation does not die off, but in fact the seeds and root systems remain intact in the basin. When the water returns the plants grow and thrive once again [6]. However, during particularly dry seasons, the deeper and larger wetlands retain water.

Vegetation

The vegetation of the PPR is emergent plants, and tall grasses. The prairie land surrounding the region has dense grassland vegetation. As mentioned previously the vegetation heavily effected by the amount of water available. In particularly wetter wetlands, that retain water through the summer, the common plant is hard-stem bulrush[7]. Along with soft-stem bulrush and common threesquare in slightly more drier regions of the wetlands[7]. The vegetation of in permanently flooded wetlands is more aquatic such as, duckweeds, pondweeds, aquatic buttercups, or aquatic smartweeds are some of the most common[7]. And in drier wetlands of the PPR, the vegetation varies from spikerush, which is the more wetter areas of the wetland, to foxtail barley and wheatgrass on the outer edges of the wetland [7].

Wildlife

The Prairie Pothole Region are important habitats for migratory waterfowl and other wildlife, supporting more than 50% of North America's migratory waterfowl.[8] The Prairie Pothole Region is one of North America's most important areas for duck reproduction. Although the region contains only about one-tenth of the continent's habitat area for breeding of waterfowl, roughly half the primary species of game ducks on the continent breed there. The region accounts for more than 60% of the breeding populations of mallard, gadwall, blue-winged teal, northern shoveler, northern pintail, redhead, and canvasback ducks.[9] The waterfowl time their breeding around the wetlands in this region. They use the wetland as their primary breeding grounds.

Threats

The location of the PPR is the main reason as to why the wetlands are in danger. More than half of the potholes have been drained and converted to agriculture[4][8] causing pothole loss upwards to 90% or more in places.[10] As agriculture has expanded around the area the potholes were drained. The remaining wetlands of the region are feeling the effects from the surrounding agriculture. The runoff from chemicals, excess sediment, and nutrients flow into the potholes causing irreparable damage. [11] Climate change is another big culprit for the decline of the PPR. Climate change has caused more of the wetlands to dry earlier in the year. This effects the migration pattern for waterfowl that base their breeding off of the ephemeral wetlands in the PPR. Climate change has caused more wetlands to become seasonal wetlands as the increase in temperature is drying more and more wetlands. This has caused ripple effect within the migratory waterfowl breeding pattern as they use the wetlands as their primary breeding grounds. Decline in the Prairie Pothole Region, due to climate change and agriculture, will affect the migrating and breeding habits of waterfowl in that area.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b c JOHNSON, W. CARTER; MILLETT, BRUCE V.; GILMANOV, TAGIR; VOLDSETH, RICHARD A.; GUNTENSPERGEN, GLENN R.; NAUGLE, DAVID E. (2005). "Vulnerability of Northern Prairie Wetlands to Climate Change". BioScience. 55 (10): 863. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0863:vonpwt]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
  2. ^ "Prairie Pothole Region". www.ducks.org. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
  3. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Great Plains Prairie Pothole". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  4. ^ a b Euliss, Ned H., Jr., David M. Mushet, and Dale A. Wrubleski. 1999-09-02. Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region: Invertebrate Species Composition, Ecology, and Management. Pages 471-514 in D. P. Batzer, R. B. Rader and S. A. Wissinger, eds. Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: Ecology and Management, Chapter 21. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. Accessed on 2008-05-20.
  5. ^ US EPA, OW (2015-04-09). "Prairie Potholes". US EPA. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  6. ^ a b "prairie potholes". forestandrange.org. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  7. ^ a b c d Webmaster, David Ratz. "Montana Field Guide". fieldguide.mt.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  8. ^ a b The Prairie Pothole Region, archived copy of page from former National Biological Information Infrastructure website
  9. ^ Austin, Jane E. 1998. Highlight Box: Waterfowl in the Prairie Pothole Region. Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine Pages 456-457 in M. J. Mac, P. A. Opler, C. E. Puckett Haecker, and P. D. Doran, eds. Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources, Vol. 2. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-02-13. Retrieved 2011-02-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (Version 21JAN2000).
  10. ^ "Wetlands". Fact Sheets. Minnesota River Basin Data Center, Minnesota State University, Mankato. 2004-11-15. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  11. ^ "Prairie Potholes". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  12. ^ Niemuth, Neal D.; Fleming, Kathleen K.; Reynolds, Ronald E. (2014-06-17). "Waterfowl Conservation in the US Prairie Pothole Region: Confronting the Complexities of Climate Change". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e100034. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0034N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100034. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4061047. PMID 24937641.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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