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==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
Several species of ''Linnaea'' are in cultivation. In the UK, plants are widely listed under the name ''Abelia''. Though not fully hardy, they are easy to grow in a sheltered, sunny position. The [[cultivar]] ‘Edward Goucher’ has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95223/i-Abelia-i-Edward-Goucher/Details | title = ''Abelia'' ‘Edward Goucher’ | publisher = RHS | website = www.rhs.org | accessdate = 6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 1 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | website = www.rhs.org | accessdate = 6 August 2019}}</ref>
Several species of ''Linnaea'' are in cultivation. In the UK, plants are widely listed under the name ''Abelia''. Though not fully hardy, they are easy to grow in a sheltered, sunny position. The [[cultivar]] ‘Edward Goucher’ has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95223/i-Abelia-i-Edward-Goucher/Details | title = ''Abelia'' 'Edward Goucher' | publisher = RHS | website = www.rhs.org | accessdate = 6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 1 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | website = www.rhs.org | accessdate = 6 August 2019}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 54: Line 54:
<ref name=iNat>{{cite web |title=Beauty bush (''Linnaea amabilis'') |work=iNaturalist |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/472975-Linnaea-amabilis |accessdate=2018-01-22}}</ref>
<ref name=iNat>{{cite web |title=Beauty bush (''Linnaea amabilis'') |work=iNaturalist |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/472975-Linnaea-amabilis |accessdate=2018-01-22}}</ref>


<ref name=Landrein>{{Citation |last1=Landrein, S. |first1= Prenner, G. |date=2013 |title=Unequal twins? Inflorescence evolution in the twinflower tribe Linnaeeae (Caprifoliaceae sl). |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences| volume=174 |issue= 2|pages=200-233|doi=10.1086/668251}}</ref>
<ref name=Landrein>{{Citation |last1=Landrein, S. |first1= Prenner, G. |date=2013 |title=Unequal twins? Inflorescence evolution in the twinflower tribe Linnaeeae (Caprifoliaceae sl). |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences| volume=174 |issue= 2|pages=200–233|doi=10.1086/668251}}</ref>


<ref name=Wang>{{Citation |last1=Wang, H.-F.|date=2015 |title= Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae s.l.) disjunctly distributed in Eurasia, North America and Mexico.|journal =PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=3|pages= e0116485. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116485}}</ref>
<ref name=Wang>{{Citation |last1=Wang, H.-F.|date=2015 |title= Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae s.l.) disjunctly distributed in Eurasia, North America and Mexico.|journal =PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=3|pages= e0116485 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116485}}</ref>


<ref name=COL>{{citation |title=''Linnea'' |work=Hassler, M. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (2019). |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all/key/Linnaea|publisher=Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi, J., Penev L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life|accessdate=2019-08-16}}}</ref>
<ref name=COL>{{citation |title=''Linnea'' |work=Hassler, M. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (2019). |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all/key/Linnaea|publisher=Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi, J., Penev L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life|accessdate=2019-08-16}}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:33, 11 December 2019

For the female given name, see Linnéa.
"Twin Flower" redirects here. For the 2018 film, see Twin Flower (film).

Linnaea borealis
Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora in flower, near the Matanuska Glacier in Alaska
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Subfamily: Linnaeoideae
Genus: Linnaea
L.
Type species
Linnaea borealis
Species

See text.

Linnaea is a plant genus in the family Caprifoliaceae (the honeysuckle family). Until 2013, the genus included a single species, Linnaea borealis. In 2013, on the basis of molecular phylogenetic evidence, the genus was expanded to include species formerly placed in Abelia (excluding section Zabelia), Diabelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia and Vesalea. However, this is rejected by the majority of subsequent scientific literature and flora.

Linnaea borealis was a favorite of Carl Linnaeus, founder of the modern system of binomial nomenclature, for whom the genus was named.

Taxonomy

The genus Linnaea was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus. The name had been used earlier by the Dutch botanist Jan Frederik Gronovius, and was given in honour of Linnaeus. Linnaeus adopted the name in 1753 in Species Plantarum for the then sole species Linnaea borealis, because it was his favourite plant.[1]

Although most botanists placed other species in the genus, treating Linnaea as a monotypic genus until 2013. Molecular phylogenetic studies from 2001 onwards showed that a number of genera were related to Linnaea (the "Linnaea clade"), although one of them, Abelia, was not monophyletic. In 2013, to maintain monophyletic genera, Maarten Christenhusz proposed merging Abelia (excluding section Zabelia), Diabelia, Dipelta, Kolkwitzia and Vesalea into Linnaea.[1] This proposal has been adopted by some secondary sources, mainly the Plants of the World Online.[2][3] However, the majority of scientific literature reject Maarten Christenhusz and prefer to maintain the segregation of Linnaeoideae into the traditional genera on grounds of morphology, biogeography and nomenclatural simplicity for example Landrein, S. & Prenner, G. (2013)[4] and Wang et al. (2015)[5] and this is supported by other secondary literature, such as Catalogue of Life[6].

Species

The following species are accepted by PWO (2019), but not by Hassler (2019) as of 2019[2][6]

  • Linnaea amabilis (Graebn.) Christenh. – China (Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi); rare in the wild but widely cultivated in China, Japan, Europe and North America
  • Linnaea borealis L. – circumboreal and subarctic (Canada, northern and central USA, Greenland, northern Britain, Fennoscandia, Baltic States, Mainland Europe south to the Alps, and the Balkans, Ukraine, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, northern China, Korea, northern Japan)
  • Linnaea chinensis (R.Br.) A.Braun & Vatke – China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), northern Vietnam, Taiwan; commonly cultivated in China and Japan, occasionally in Europe and North America
  • Linnaea coriacea (Hemsl.) Christenh. – Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí)
  • Linnaea dipelta Christenh. – China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan)
  • Linnaea elegans (Batalin) Christenh. – China (Gansu, Sichuan)
  • Linnaea engleriana Graebn.
  • Linnaea floribunda (M.Mart. & Galeotti) – Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz)
  • Linnaea forrestii Diels – south-central China (southwestern Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan)
  • Linnaea × grandiflora (André) Christenh. – garden hybrid of L. chinensis and L. uniflora, only known from cultivation
  • Linnaea grandifolia (Villareal) Christenh. – Central Mexico (Querétaro)
  • Linnaea macrotera Graebn. & Buchw.
  • Linnaea mexicana (Villareal) Christenh. – south-central Mexico (Oaxaca)
  • Linnaea occidentalis (Villareal) Christenh. – Mexico (Durango)
  • Linnaea parvifolia (Hemsl.) Graebn.
  • Linnaea serrata (Siebold & Zucc.) Graebner – China (Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)
  • Linnaea spathulata (Siebold & Zucc.) Graebner – China (Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku)
  • Linnaea tetrasepala (Koidz.) Christenh. – Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)
  • Linnaea uniflora (R.Br.) A.Br. & Vatke – China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); frequently cultivated
  • Linnaea yunnanensis (Franch.) Christenh. – China (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), and adjacent Burma

Cultivation

Several species of Linnaea are in cultivation. In the UK, plants are widely listed under the name Abelia. Though not fully hardy, they are easy to grow in a sheltered, sunny position. The cultivar ‘Edward Goucher’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.[7][8]

References

  1. ^ a b Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. (2013), "Twins are not alone: a recircumscription of Linnaea (Caprifoliaceae)", Phytotaxa, 125 (1): 25–32, doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.125.1.4
  2. ^ a b "Linnea", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2018-01-22
  3. ^ "Beauty bush (Linnaea amabilis)". iNaturalist. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  4. ^ Landrein, S., Prenner, G. (2013), "Unequal twins? Inflorescence evolution in the twinflower tribe Linnaeeae (Caprifoliaceae sl).", International Journal of Plant Sciences, 174 (2): 200–233, doi:10.1086/668251{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Wang, H.-F. (2015), "Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae s.l.) disjunctly distributed in Eurasia, North America and Mexico.", PLoS ONE, 10 (3): e0116485, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116485{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b "Linnea", Hassler, M. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (2019)., Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi, J., Penev L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, retrieved 2019-08-16}
  7. ^ "Abelia 'Edward Goucher'". www.rhs.org. RHS. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  8. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
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