Werner Krauss

For the professor of Romance studies, see Werner Krauss (academic).

Werner Krauss
Krauss about 1920
Born	Werner Johannes Krauß (1884-06-23)23 June 1884 Gestungshausen, Bavaria, German Empire
Died	20 October 1959(1959-10-20) (aged 75) Vienna, Austria
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1902–1959
Spouse(s)	Paula Saenger ​ ​ (m. 1908; div. 1930)​ Maria Bard ​ ​ (m. 1931; div. 1940)​ Liselotte Graf ​ ​ (m. 1940)​
Awards	Staatsschauspieler (1934) Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft (1938) Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1954) Iffland-Ring (1954) Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1955)

Werner Johannes Krauss (Krauß in German; 23 June 1884 – 20 October 1959) was a German stage and film actor. Krauss dominated the German stage of the early 20th century. However, his participation in the antisemitic propaganda film Jud Süß and his collaboration with the Nazis made him a controversial figure.

Early life

Krauss was born at the parsonage of Gestungshausen bei Sonnefeld in Upper Franconia, where his grandfather was a Protestant pastor. He spent his childhood in Breslau and from 1901 attended the teacher's college at Kreuzburg. After it became known that he worked as an extra at the Breslau Lobe-Theater, he was suspended from classes and decided to join a travelling theatre company.

Acting career

Werner Krauß in 'Dantons Tod'

In 1903 he debuted at the Guben municipal theatre. Although never trained as an actor, he continued to play in Magdeburg, in Bromberg at the Theater Aachen, in Nuremberg and in Munich.

By the agency of Alexander Moissi, in 1913 he met the theatre director Max Reinhardt, who took Krauss to his Deutsches Theater in Berlin. However, Krauss initially only gained minor and secondary roles like King Claudius in Shakespeare's Hamlet or Mephistopheles in Goethe's Faust, wherefore after his military discharge as a midshipman of the Imperial German Navy in 1916 he also pursued a career as a film actor.

Krauss' first film role was in Richard Oswald's 1916 Tales of Hoffmann. Committed to playing sinister characters, he became a worldwide sensation for his demonic portrayal of the titular character in Robert Wiene's film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), considered a milestone of German Expressionism. Krauss also played the title role of Shakespeare's Othello in a 1920 adaption, and played Iago in a 1922 film adaptation. He was prominently featured in Paul Leni's Waxworks (1924), F.W. Murnau's Tartuffe, and The Student of Prague (1926).

In 1924 Krauss continued his theatre career by joining the ensemble of the Prussian State Theatre in Berlin. He again appeared on stage of the Deutsches Theater from 1926, as in Strindberg's A Dream Play filling five roles or as Wilhelm Voigt in the 1931 premiere of Carl Zuckmayer's The Captain of Köpenick. He also performed at the Vienna Burgtheater, and guest performances even brought him to London and on Broadway in New York City, where Max Reinhardt staged Karl Vollmöller's The Miracle in 1924.

Krauss' consummate skills in characterization earned him the title of "the man with a thousand faces". His fellow actress Elisabeth Bergner called him "the greatest actor of all time" and a "demonic genius" in her memoirs. Oskar Werner, born Oskar Josef Bschließmayer, chose his stage name in Krauss' honour.

Nazi Germany

Werner Krauss

Krauss was an unapologetic antisemite who supported the Nazi Party and its ideology. While the Nazis seized power in Berlin in January 1933, Krauss joined the Vienna Burgtheater ensemble to perform as Napoleon in 100 Tage (Campo di maggio), a drama written by Giovacchino Forzano together with Benito Mussolini, whereafter he was received by the Italian dictator and also made the acquaintance of Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. In the course of the totalitarian Gleichschaltung process, Krauss was appointed Vice President of the Reichskulturkammer theatre department and served in that capacity from 1933 to 1935. In 1934, Krauss was designated as a Staatsschauspieler ('State Actor', i.e. an actor of national importance). Upon the death of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg in August, he signed the Aufruf der Kulturschaffenden to merge of the offices of President and Chancellor in the person of Adolf Hitler. Goebbels and Hitler rated Krauss as a cultural ambassador of Nazi Germany.

Krauss and Max Reinhardt worked together for the last time at the 1937 Salzburg Festival, staging Goethe's Faust (with Krauss as Mephistopheles) in the Felsenreitschule theatre, shortly before Reinhardt emigrated to the United States. In 1940, Krauss simultaneously played the roles of six stereotypical Jewish characters – among them Rabbi Loew and Sekretar Levy – in Veit Harlan's antisemitic propaganda film Jud Süß, implementing Harlan's concept of a common Jewish root. When asked by Wolfgang Liebeneiner about the devastating effects of his performance, he replied: "that's no concern of mine - I'm an actor!" Krauss also played Shylock in Lothar Müthel's defamatory production of The Merchant of Venice staged at the Burgtheater in 1943. In 1944, Krauss was added to the "Gottbegnadeten list" of indispensable German artists, which exempted him from military service in the Wehrmacht forces, including service on the home front.

Postwar

After the war, Krauss had to leave his home in Mondsee near Salzburg and was expelled from Austria. He also was banned from performing on stage and in films in Germany. His films were proscribed and he was ordered to undergo a denazification program from 1947 to 1948, whereafter he could return to Austria to become a naturalized citizen. In 1950, he again performed as King Lear at the Ruhr Festival in Recklinghausen. However, in December his performance with the Burgtheater ensemble at the Kurfürstendamm Theatre in Berlin met with protest.

In 1951 Krauss again received German citizenship. Ultimately, he was rehabilitated to the extent of being invited to German film festivals. In 1954, he received the Iffland-Ring, though not determined by the previous holder Albert Bassermann but by a committee of German-speaking actors. In the same year, Krauss was awarded the Order of the Federal Republic of Germany; in 1955, he received the High Decoration of the Republic of Austria. In 1958, Krauss published his autobiography titled Das Schauspiel meines Lebens (The Play of my Life).

Krauss died in relative obscurity in Vienna at the age of 75. He was cremated and buried in an Ehrengrab in the Vienna Zentralfriedhof.

Filmography

• Die Pagode (1914)
• Die geheimnisvolle Villa (1914)
• Die vertauschte Braut (1915)
• Nächte des Grauens (1916)
• Die Bettlerin von St. Marien (1916)
• Hoffmanns Erzählungen (1916)
• Zirkusblut (1916)
• Die Rache der Toten (1916)
• The Uncanny House (1916, 3 parts)
• Unheilbar (1917)
• Die schöne Prinzessin von China (1917)
• Das Bacchanal des Todes (1917)
• Die Pagode (1917)
• Die Fremde (1917)
• The Sea Battle (1917)
• Gesühnte Schuld (1917)
• E, der scharlachrote Buchstabe (1917)
• Die Tochter der Gräfin Stachowska (1917)
• Fräulein Pfiffikus (1917)
• Die schleichende Gefahr (1918)
• Wenn Frauen lieben und hassen (1918)
• Let There Be Light (1918)
• Der Prozeß Hauers (1918)
• Das verwunschene Schloß (1918)
• Diary of a Lost Woman (1918)
• The Story of Dida Ibsen (1918)
• Colomba (1918)
• Madame d'Ora (1918)
• Mazeppa, der Held der Ukraine (1918)
• Der Friedensreiter (1918)
• Opium (1919)
• Prostitution (1919)
• The Girl and the Men (1919)
• The Dance of Death (1919)
• The Woman with Orchids (1919)
• Die Insel der Glücklichen (1919)
• Das ewige Rätsel (1919)
• Rose Bernd (1919)
• Phantome des Lebens (1919)
• Opfer (1919)
• The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)
• The Woman Without a Soul (1920)
• Johannes Goth (1920)
• Eternal River (1920)
• Die Beichte einer Toten (1920)
• Sieger Tod (1920)
• Die Frau im Himmel (1920)
• Der Staatsanwalt (1920)
• Christian Wahnschaffe (1920, 2 parts)
• Die Kwannon von Okadera (1920)
• Das Medium (1921)
• Danton (1921) (dir. Dimitri Buchowetzki)
• Scherben (1921) (dir. Lupu Pick)
• Die Beute der Erinnyen (1921)
• The House in Dragon Street (1921)
• Sturmflut des Lebens (1921)
• Fledermäuse (1921)
• The Dance of Love and Happiness (1921)
• The Brothers Karamazov (1921)
• The Story of Christine von Herre (1921)
• Lady Hamilton (1921)
• Circus of Life (1921)
• Othello (1922) (dir. Dimitri Buchowetzki)
• The Burning Soil (1922)
• Luise Millerin (1922)
• The Earl of Essex (1922)
• Nathan the Wise (1922)
• Old Heidelberg (1923)
• Der Schatz (1923) (dir. G. W. Pabst)
• Fridericus Rex (1923)
• The Misanthrope (1923)
• Adam and Eve (1923)
• The Doll Maker of Kiang-Ning (1923)
• Between Evening and Morning (1923)
• The Merchant of Venice (1923)
• Fräulein Raffke (1923)
• The Unknown Tomorrow (1923)
• The Ancient Law (1923)
• Thou Shalt Not Kill (1923)
• I.N.R.I. (1923)
• Waxworks (1924) (dir. Paul Leni)
• Decameron Nights (1924)
• Wood Love (1925)
• Reveille: The Great Awakening (1925)
• Joyless Street (1925) (dir. G. W. Pabst)
• Tartuffe (1925) (dir. Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau)
• Jealousy (1925)
• The Dealer from Amsterdam (1925)
• The Morals of the Alley (1925)
• The Woman from Berlin (1925)
• Nana (1925) (dir. Jean Renoir)
• The House of Lies (1926)
• Secrets of a Soul (1926) (dir. G. W. Pabst)
• The Woman's Crusade (1926)
• Maria, die Geschichte eines Herzens / Das graue Haus (1926)
• The Student of Prague (1926) (dir. Henrik Galeen)
• Superfluous People (1926)
• One Does Not Play with Love (1926)
• Excluded from the Public (1927)
• The Vice of Humanity (1927)
• Da hält die Welt den Atem an / Maquillage (1927)
• The Trousers (1927)
• The Merry Farmer (1927)
• Radio Magic (1927)
• Die Hölle der Jungfrauen (1927)
• Looping the Loop (1928)
• Napoleon at Saint Helena (1929)
• Yorck (1931)
• Man Without a Name (1932)
• 100 Tage (1935)
• Court Theatre (1916) (dir. Willi Forst)
• Robert Koch (1939) (dir. Hans Steinhoff)
• Jud Süß (1940) (dir. Veit Harlan)
• Annelie (1941)
• Between Heaven and Earth (1942)
• Die Entlassung (1942)
• Paracelsus (1942) (dir. G. W. Pabst)
• Bonus on Death (1943)
• The Falling Star (1950)
• Son Without a Home (1955)
• Das verräterische Herz (1958, TV)

External links

• Werner Krauss at IMDb
• Werner Krauss at AllMovie
• Werner Krauss at the Internet Broadway Database
• Various pictures of Werner Krauss
• Werner Krauss at Find a Grave