Music of Liberia: Difference between revisions
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[[Highlife]] music is very popular in Liberia, as elsewhere in West Africa. It is a combination of North American, West African and Latin American styles, and emerged in the 1950s in [[Ghana]], [[Sierra Leone]] and Liberia, especially among the Liberian [[Kru people]], who were sailors that played [[Classical guitar|Spanish guitar]], [[banjo]], [[pennywhistle]], [[harmonica]], [[accordion]], [[mandolin]] and [[concertina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberianforum.com/arts.htm|title=LiberianForum.Com ~ Liberian Information Online|website=www.liberianforum.com|access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref> |
[[Highlife]] music is very popular in Liberia, as elsewhere in West Africa. It is a combination of North American, West African and Latin American styles, and emerged in the 1950s in [[Ghana]], [[Sierra Leone]] and Liberia, especially among the Liberian [[Kru people]], who were sailors that played [[Classical guitar|Spanish guitar]], [[banjo]], [[pennywhistle]], [[harmonica]], [[accordion]], [[mandolin]] and [[concertina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberianforum.com/arts.htm|title=LiberianForum.Com ~ Liberian Information Online|website=www.liberianforum.com|access-date=2017-01-24}}</ref> |
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Past and present musicians include [[Princess Hawa Daisy Moore]], [[Fatu Gayflor]], [[Nimba Burr]], [[Tejajlu]], [[Morris Dorley]], [[Yatta Zoe]], [[Anthony "Experience" Nagbe]] [[Gebah Swaray]], [[Kandakai Duncan]] and [[Miatta Fahnbulleh (singer)|Miatta Fahnbulleh]]. Of these, Dorley deserves special notice for having spearheaded a movement to create a national Liberian identity, alongside musicians such as Anthony "Experience" Nagbe. Dorley's popular songs include "Grand Gedeh County" and "Who Are You Baby". |
Past and present musicians include [[Princess Hawa Daisy Moore]], [[Fatu Gayflor]], [[Nimba Burr]], [[Tejajlu]], [[Morris Dorley]], [[Yatta Zoe]], [[Anthony "Experience" Nagbe]] [[Gebah Swaray]], [[Kandakai Duncan]] [https://liberianartist.com iamDRED] and [[Miatta Fahnbulleh (singer)|Miatta Fahnbulleh]]. Of these, Dorley deserves special notice for having spearheaded a movement to create a national Liberian identity, alongside musicians such as Anthony "Experience" Nagbe. Dorley's popular songs include "Grand Gedeh County" and "Who Are You Baby". |
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The country's most renowned radio station is ELBC, or the [[Liberian Broadcasting System]]. Rap and pop music are also performed in indigenous languages across the country. |
The country's most renowned radio station is ELBC, or the [[Liberian Broadcasting System]]. Rap and pop music are also performed in indigenous languages across the country. |
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==Hipco== |
==Hipco== |
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{{See also|Hipco (genre)}} |
{{See also|Hipco (genre)}} |
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Liberia has a uniquely Liberian rap genre called [[Hipco (genre)|Hipco]], or "Co".<ref name=FootnoteB>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jan/09/liberia-music-pot-boiling |title=Liberian street hit stirs the political pot |last=Rahimian |first=Nora |date=January 9, 2013 |website=www.theguardian.com |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> The "co" in the genre is short for the Liberian dialect [[Kolokwa]].<ref name=FootnoteC>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/lifestyle/magazine/trump-insulted-these-countries-travel-writer-celebrates-them/ |title=Last year Trump called these countries a profane name. We sent a travel writer to celebrate them. |last=Donahue |first=Bill |date=March 12, 2019 |website=www.washingtonpost.com |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> Hipco is usually performed in Liberian English or the local vernacular. Hipco evolved in the 1980s and has always had a social and political bent. In the 1990s it continued to develop through the [[Liberian Civil War (disambiguation)|civil wars]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Giamo|publisher=Together Liberia|url= http://togetherliberia.org/takun-j-hip-co-liberia/|title=Takun J – Hip-Co in Liberia |date=24 June 2011|accessdate = 2012-06-06 }}</ref><ref>Ashoka, [https://www.vice.com/en_se/article/hipco-liberia "'Hipco' Is the Soundtrack of Monrovia's Post-War Youth"], ''Vice'', 2 April 2014.</ref> Hipco music was becoming popular in 2000., and as of 2017, it was the popular music genre of Liberia, "serving as the medium through which rappers speak against societal ills, including injustice and corruption."<ref name=FootnoteE>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201701190637.html |title=Liberia: Documenting Hipco |last=Dopoe Jr. |first=Robin |date=January 19, 2017 |website=www.allafrica.com |publisher=All Africa |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] has worked with Hipco artists to release Hipco songs on [[Ebola]] prevention, with several of the songs becoming popular on radio in the country in 2014.<ref name=FootnoteA>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/21/world/ebola-entertainment-education/index.html |title=Using music to fight Ebola in Liberia |last=Cullinane |first=Susannah |date=October 21, 2014 |website=www.cnn.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> Among high-profile Hipco artists are [[Takun J]].<ref name=FootnoteF>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/style/monrovia-hipco-clubs.html |title=The Ease of Monrovia’s ‘Hipco’ Clubs |last= |first= |date=November 4, 2017 |website=www.nytimes.com |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name=FootnoteG>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wdaemm/hipco-liberia |title='Hipco' Is the Soundtrack of Monrovia's Post-War Youth |last= |first= |date=March 30, 2014 |website=www.vice.com |publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> |
Liberia has a uniquely Liberian rap genre called [[Hipco (genre)|Hipco]], or "Co".<ref name=FootnoteB>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jan/09/liberia-music-pot-boiling |title=Liberian street hit stirs the political pot |last=Rahimian |first=Nora |date=January 9, 2013 |website=www.theguardian.com |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> The "co" in the genre is short for the Liberian dialect [[Kolokwa]].<ref name=FootnoteC>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/lifestyle/magazine/trump-insulted-these-countries-travel-writer-celebrates-them/ |title=Last year Trump called these countries a profane name. We sent a travel writer to celebrate them. |last=Donahue |first=Bill |date=March 12, 2019 |website=www.washingtonpost.com |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> Hipco is usually performed in Liberian English or the local vernacular. Hipco evolved in the 1980s and has always had a social and political bent. In the 1990s it continued to develop through the [[Liberian Civil War (disambiguation)|civil wars]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Giamo|publisher=Together Liberia|url= http://togetherliberia.org/takun-j-hip-co-liberia/|title=Takun J – Hip-Co in Liberia |date=24 June 2011|accessdate = 2012-06-06 }}</ref><ref>Ashoka, [https://www.vice.com/en_se/article/hipco-liberia "'Hipco' Is the Soundtrack of Monrovia's Post-War Youth"], ''Vice'', 2 April 2014.</ref> Hipco music was becoming popular in 2000 by Lib Records - iamDRED Takun J etc., and as of 2017, it was the popular music genre of Liberia, "serving as the medium through which rappers speak against societal ills, including injustice and corruption."<ref name=FootnoteE>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201701190637.html |title=Liberia: Documenting Hipco |last=Dopoe Jr. |first=Robin |date=January 19, 2017 |website=www.allafrica.com |publisher=All Africa |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] has worked with Hipco artists to release Hipco songs on [[Ebola]] prevention, with several of the songs becoming popular on radio in the country in 2014.<ref name=FootnoteA>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/21/world/ebola-entertainment-education/index.html |title=Using music to fight Ebola in Liberia |last=Cullinane |first=Susannah |date=October 21, 2014 |website=www.cnn.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> Among high-profile Hipco artists are [[Takun J]].<ref name=FootnoteF>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/style/monrovia-hipco-clubs.html |title=The Ease of Monrovia’s ‘Hipco’ Clubs |last= |first= |date=November 4, 2017 |website=www.nytimes.com |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name=FootnoteG>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wdaemm/hipco-liberia |title='Hipco' Is the Soundtrack of Monrovia's Post-War Youth |last= |first= |date=March 30, 2014 |website=www.vice.com |publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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The music of Liberia[1] uses many tribal beats and often one of the native dialects, or vernacular. Liberian music includes traditional Gbema music,[2] as well as the popular genre Hipco.[3]
Gbema music or traditional music
The indigenous ethnic groups of Liberia can be linguistically divided into three groups: those in the west who speak the isolate Gola language and the Mel languages (particularly Kissi) and those in the east who speak Kru languages (particularly Bassa). To these must be added the Mande people (the Kpelle are Liberia's largest ethnic group) in the north as well as Liberian repatriates (Americo-Liberians, Congo, Caribbean).
Liberian music makes particular use of vocal harmony, repetition and call-and-response song structure as well as such typical West African elements as ululation and the polyrhythm typical of rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa. Christian music was introduced to Liberia by American missionaries and Christian songs are now sung in a style that mixes American harmonies with West African language, rhythm and the call-and-response format. Traditional music is performed at weddings, naming ceremonies, royal events and other special occasions, as well as ordinary children's songs, work songs and lullabies.
Popular music
Highlife music is very popular in Liberia, as elsewhere in West Africa. It is a combination of North American, West African and Latin American styles, and emerged in the 1950s in Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia, especially among the Liberian Kru people, who were sailors that played Spanish guitar, banjo, pennywhistle, harmonica, accordion, mandolin and concertina.[4]
Past and present musicians include Princess Hawa Daisy Moore, Fatu Gayflor, Nimba Burr, Tejajlu, Morris Dorley, Yatta Zoe, Anthony "Experience" Nagbe Gebah Swaray, Kandakai Duncan iamDRED and Miatta Fahnbulleh. Of these, Dorley deserves special notice for having spearheaded a movement to create a national Liberian identity, alongside musicians such as Anthony "Experience" Nagbe. Dorley's popular songs include "Grand Gedeh County" and "Who Are You Baby".
The country's most renowned radio station is ELBC, or the Liberian Broadcasting System. Rap and pop music are also performed in indigenous languages across the country.
In 1963, President Tubman set up the new Cape-Palmas Military Band (CPMB). Israeli bandmaster Aharon Shefi formed and conducted a 56-piece concert and marching band that performed Liberian, American and universal folk and church music. The CPMB has performed on January 1, 1964, at President Tubman's inauguration in Monrovia. Among the pieces played were Highlife, original marches by the late Liberian composer Victor Bowya, the National Anthem and "The Lone Star Forever". The CPMB had also performed in churches, schools, holidays and military parades and official events.
Hipco
Liberia has a uniquely Liberian rap genre called Hipco, or "Co".[5] The "co" in the genre is short for the Liberian dialect Kolokwa.[6] Hipco is usually performed in Liberian English or the local vernacular. Hipco evolved in the 1980s and has always had a social and political bent. In the 1990s it continued to develop through the civil wars.[7][8] Hipco music was becoming popular in 2000 by Lib Records - iamDRED Takun J etc., and as of 2017, it was the popular music genre of Liberia, "serving as the medium through which rappers speak against societal ills, including injustice and corruption."[9] UNICEF has worked with Hipco artists to release Hipco songs on Ebola prevention, with several of the songs becoming popular on radio in the country in 2014.[10] Among high-profile Hipco artists are Takun J.[11][12]
See also
References
- ^ "Liberia Music Download Homepage - Music Liberia". Music Liberia. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
- ^ "Traditional/Gbema Archives - Music Liberia". Music Liberia. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
- ^ "Hipco Archives - Music Liberia". Music Liberia. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
- ^ "LiberianForum.Com ~ Liberian Information Online". www.liberianforum.com. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
- ^ Rahimian, Nora (January 9, 2013). "Liberian street hit stirs the political pot". www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ Donahue, Bill (March 12, 2019). "Last year Trump called these countries a profane name. We sent a travel writer to celebrate them". www.washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ Christopher Giamo (24 June 2011). "Takun J – Hip-Co in Liberia". Together Liberia. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
- ^ Ashoka, "'Hipco' Is the Soundtrack of Monrovia's Post-War Youth", Vice, 2 April 2014.
- ^ Dopoe Jr., Robin (January 19, 2017). "Liberia: Documenting Hipco". www.allafrica.com. All Africa. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ Cullinane, Susannah (October 21, 2014). "Using music to fight Ebola in Liberia". www.cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ "The Ease of Monrovia's 'Hipco' Clubs". www.nytimes.com. The New York Times. November 4, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ "'Hipco' Is the Soundtrack of Monrovia's Post-War Youth". www.vice.com. Vice. March 30, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2019.