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Naturism, or nudism, is a cultural movement practising, advocating, and defending personal and social nudity, most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term also refers to a lifestyle based on personal, family, or social nudity.^[1] Naturism may be practised individually, within a family or social context, or in public.

Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history, with many advocates of the benefits of enjoying nature without clothing. At the turn of the 20th century, organizations emerged to promote social nudity, and to establish private campgrounds and resorts for that purpose. Since the 1960s, with the acceptance of public places for clothing-optional recreation, individuals who may not identify themselves as nudists may participate casually. Nude recreation opportunities vary widely around the world, from isolated places know mainly to locals, to officially designated nude beaches and parks.

Definition and lexicology

The XIV Congress of the International Naturist Federation (Agde, France, 1974) defined naturism as:

a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment.^[2]

Several other terms (including "social nudity", "public nudity", "skinny dipping", "sunning", and "clothes-free") have been proposed as alternative terms for naturism, but none has found the same widespread public acceptance as the older terms "naturism" and (in much of the United States) "nudism".^{[citation needed]}

Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations feel that the practice of social nudity should be asexual. For various social, cultural, and historical reasons, the lay public, the media, and many contemporary naturists and their organisations often oversimplify the relationship between naturism and sexuality. Current research has begun to explore this complex relationship.^[3]

The International Naturist Federation explains:

"Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings."^[1]^[a]

The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.^[b] Naturism and nudism have the same meaning in the United States,^[5] but there is a clear distinction between the two terms in Great Britain.^[c]^{[further explanation needed]}

In naturist parlance, the terms "textile" or "textilist" refer to non-naturist persons, behaviours or facilities (e.g. "the textile beach starts at the flag", "they are a mixed couple – he is naturist, she is textile"). "Textile" is the predominant term used in the UK ("textilist" is unknown in British naturist magazines, including H&E naturist), although some naturists avoid it due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. "Textilist" is said to be used interchangeably with "textile", but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for textile.^[7] In the U.S., the terms "clothing optional" and "nude optional" describe policies or venues that allow or encourage nudity but tolerate the wearing of clothes. The opposite term is "clothing compulsory"—that is, prohibiting nudity. The adjectival phrases "clothes free" and "clothing free" describe environments where naturism is permitted in an otherwise textile environment.^{[citation needed]}

The social nudity movement includes a large range of variants, including "naturism", "nudism", "Freikörperkultur (FKK)", and the "free beach movement" as well as generalized "public lands/public nudity" advocacy.^{[citation needed]}

Social naturism

Naturist facilities

At naturist organised events or venues, clothing is usually optional. At naturist swimming pools or sunbathing places, however, complete nudity is expected (weather permitting). This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations.^[8]

Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, or rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.^[9]

The international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs.^[1] Nudist colony is no longer a favored term, but it is used by naturists as a term of derision for landed clubs that have rigid non-inclusive membership criteria.

A holiday centre is a facility that specializes in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. A center is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an INF card (that is, to be a member of their national organization), but some have relaxed this requirement, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centers vary in size.^[d] Larger holiday centres may have swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kids' clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of the same families may visit each year.^[5] Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members-only clubs; total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare.^[5]

A naturist resort is, to a European, an essentially urban development where naturism is the norm. Cap d'Agde in France; the naturist village of Charco del Palo on Lanzarote, Canary Islands; Vera Playa in Spain;^[10] and Vritomartis^[11] in Greece are examples.

In US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre.^[12]

Freikörperkultur (FKK)--literally translated as 'free body culture'--is the name for the general movement in Germany. The abbreviation is widely recognised all over Europe and often found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach.^{[citation needed]}

Nude beaches

In some European countries, such as Denmark,^[13] all beaches are clothing optional, while in others like Germany and experimentally in France,^[14] there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks, e.g., in Munich^[15] and Berlin.^[16] Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are also clothing-optional, except some central urban beaches.^[17] There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona.^[18] Sweden allows nudity on all beaches.^[19]

In a survey by The Daily Telegraph, Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach (28%), followed by Norwegians (18%), Spaniards (17%), Australians (17%), and New Zealanders (16%). Of the nationalities surveyed, the Japanese (2%) were the least likely to have visited a nude beach.^[20] This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan; however, the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at onsen (hot springs).^[21]

Naturism and sports

World Naked Bike Ride

The World Naked Bike Ride (WNBR) is an international clothing-optional bike ride and exercise in public nudity, that has developed outside the organised naturism movement. Participants plan, meet and ride together en masse on human-powered transport (the vast majority on bicycles, but some on skateboards and inline skates), to "deliver a vision of a cleaner, safer, body-positive world".^[22]^{[better source needed]}

Festival naturism

From Woodstock to Edinburgh, and Nambassa in the southern hemisphere communal nudity is commonly recorded at music and counterculture festivals.^{[citation needed]}

The series of 1970s Nambassa hippie festivals held in New Zealand is a further example of non-sexualized naturism. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa 3 day counterculture Festival an estimated 35% of festival attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing,^[23] preferring complete or partial nudity.^[24]

A few camps organize activities in the nude, including the famous^[25] oil wrestling by camp Gymnasium.^[26]

Florida Young Naturists^[27] has organized seasonal "bashes" hosted by several Florida nudist/naturist clubs and resorts since 2008.

Organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation)^[28] since 2016 when Zipolite beach nudity was legalized,^[29] FESTIVAL NUDISTA ZIPOLITE^[28] occurs annually on the first weekend of February.

Nudist festivals are held to celebrate particular days of the year, and in many such events nude bodypainting is also common, such as Neptune Day Festival held in Koktebel, Crimea to depict mythological events.^[31]^[32]

Summer naturism

The prevalence of naturism tends to increase during the summer months especially when the temperature is higher with some regions experiencing first-time naturists and people who have transitioned to becoming a naturist.^[33] Some studies have observed that among some of these naturists, they are clothed during other seasons, thus making them seasonal naturists.^[34] This quiddity has caught the public perception and comprehension of public nudity, and thus it is frequently equated with summer destinations such as beaches.^[35]

History

Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many cultures at all time periods.^[36] In modern Western society, social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of bathing, swimming and in saunas, whether in single-sex groups, within the family or with mixed-sex friends, but throughout history and in many tropical cultures until now, nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions.^[37]

It is difficult to nominate exactly when naturism started as a movement. The word 'naturism' was used for the first time in 1778 by a French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734–1781), and was advocated as a means of improving the hygiène de vie or healthy living.^[e]

The earliest known naturist club in the "western" sense of the word was established in British India in 1891. The 'Fellowship of the Naked Trust' was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower, who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service. The commune was based in Matheran and had just three members at the beginning; Crawford and two sons of an Anglican missionary, Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood.^[f] The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to Ratnagiri; he died soon after in 1894.^[40]

In 1902, a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany by Dr. Heinrich Pudor, under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, who coined the term Nacktkultur. In 1906 he went on to write a three volume treatise with his new term as its title, which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing.^[41] Richard Ungewitter (Nacktheit, 1906, Nackt, 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view.^[41] Major promoters of these ideas included Adolf Koch and Hans Suren. Germany published the first journal of nudism between 1902 and 1932.^[42]

The wide publication of those papers and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism, in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude. The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman.^[41] In 1919, German doctor Kurt Huldschinsky discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure rickets in many children, causing sunlight to be associated with improved health.^[43]

In France in the early 20th century, the brothers Gaston and André Durville, both of them physicians, studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and environment on health and healing. They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well-being and health. They named this concept Template:Lang-fr. The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became a part of their naturism.^{[citation needed]}

Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s, in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and other European countries and spread to the United States where it became established in the 1930s.^{[citation needed]}

By 1951, the national federations united to form the International Naturist Federation or INF.^[8] Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure was put to designate beaches for naturist use. From the middle of the 20th century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same – or better – standards of comfort and amenity offered to non-naturists. More recently, naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises.^[41]

Philosophy

Naturism had many different philosophical sources and means many things to different people.^[44] There is no one definition. In 1974, the INF defined naturism as "a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of social nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment".^[2]

Ethical Naturism vs Recreational Naturism

Ethical Naturism vs Recreational Naturism is a concept first introduced by Stéphane Deschênes in the April 2011 episode of The Naturist Living Show Podcast.^[45] which attempts to create a taxonomy that classifies the various types of naturists/nudists.^[46] Ethical Naturists are described as seeing themselves as part of a philosophy with ethical and moral aspects while recreational nudists are simply participating in a leisure activity that involves nudity.^[47]

Naturist writers

Heinrich Pudor wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book Nackende Menschen und Jauchzen der Zukunft (Naked people and the future of Mankind) and then Nacktkultur (Nude Culture). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.^[48]
Paul Zimmermann opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles.^[48]
Richard Ungewitter wrote Die Nacktheit (Nakedness) which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be nude, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair.^[48]
Adolf Koch, a left-wing primary-school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from 'authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order. He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with Naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's Körperschülen schools.^[48]
Hans Surén taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote in 1924, Mensch und die Sonne (Men and the Sun) which ran to 61 reprints.^[48]

Naturism and the romantics

Walt Whitman American writer, A Sun-bathed Nakedness:

Never before did I get so close to Nature; never before did she come so close to me... Nature was naked, and I was also... Sweet, sane, still Nakedness in Nature! - ah if poor, sick, prurient humanity in cities might really know you once more! Is not nakedness indecent? No, not inherently. It is your thought, your sophistication, your fear, your respectability, that is indecent. There come moods when these clothes of ours are not only too irksome to wear, but are themselves indecent.^[49]

Henry David Thoreau, In wildness is the preservation of the world., Walking:

We cannot adequately appreciate this aspect of nature if we approach it with any taint of human pretense. It will elude us if we allow artifacts like clothing to intervene between ourselves and this Other. To apprehend it, we cannot be naked enough.^[49]

Naturism was part of a literary movement in the late 1800s (see the writings of André Gide) which also influenced the art movements of the time specifically Henri Matisse and other Fauve painters. This movement was based on the French concept of joie de vivre, the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.^[50]

Naturism for health

Sunlight has been shown to be beneficial in some skin conditions and enables the body to make vitamin D,^[51] but with the increased awareness of skin cancer, wearing of sunscreen is now part of the culture.^[51] Sun exposure prompts the body to produce nitric oxide that helps support the cardiovascular system and the neurotransmitter serotonin.^[52]^[53]

There are also documented psychological benefits of naturist activities including greater life satisfaction, more positive body image, and higher self-esteem.^[54] Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health.^[55]

Religion

Christian naturism contains various members associated with most denominations. Although beliefs vary, a common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the Garden of Eden, and God was displeased with Adam and Eve for covering their bodies with fig leaves.^[56]

Demographics

In 1999, the Federation of Canadian Naturists commissioned a national survey on Canadian attitudes towards nudity^[57] which found that 8.9% of Canadian have visited or would visit a naturist facility. A further 11.6% have gone or would go skinny dipping in mixed company; that 39% go naked in their own homes; that naturists tend to have above average incomes; that urban dwellers are more likely to be naturist than country dwellers; and that the under 25s are the most likely to be naturists.
In 1983, the Naturist Society in the United States sponsored a Gallup poll, which was repeated in 2000,^[48] which found the following:

**USA: 1983/2000 Gallup poll**
Year	1983		2000
Question	Yes	No	Yes	No
Do you believe that people who enjoy nude sunbathing should be able to do so without interference from officials as long as they do so at a beach that is accepted for that purpose?	72	24	80	17
Local and state governments now set aside public land for special types of recreation such as snowmobiling, surfing and hunting. Do you think special and secluded areas should be set aside for people who enjoy nude sunbathing?	39	54	48	48
Have you, personally, ever gone "skinny dipping" or nude sunbathing in a mixed group of men and women at a beach, at a pool, or somewhere else?	15	83	25	73

In 2005 the British CCBN commissioned a survey of members,^[58] which found that, among British people:

**How we (British people) discovered naturism:**
Beach abroad	29%
Beach in UK	20%
Newspaper	15%
Friend	9%
Parents	8%
Conviction	6%
TV/Radio	5%
The Web	3%
H&E magazine	3%
Other	2%

**Ever been member of a club?**
Yes	58.5%
No	41.5%

**Do you use UK naturist beaches?**
Often	22.4%
Sometimes	40.1%
Rarely	18.7%
Never	18.7%

**If you use a naturist holiday facility abroad:**
Self-catering	58.5%
Hotel	41.5%
Own Tent	12.7%
Hire Caravan	10%
Own Caravan	8.7%
Bed and Breakfast	6.6%
Friends	4.4%
Motor home	4.2%
Own accommodation	3.1%
Hire Tent	2.4%
Other	3.3%

In Europe

In most European countries, nudity is not explicitly forbidden. Whether it is tolerated on beaches which are not marked as official nudist beaches varies greatly. The only country with substantially different laws is Denmark, where beach nudity is explicitly allowed on all beaches, except for two in the far west of the country. ^{[citation needed]}

Croatia

Croatia is world-famous for naturism, which accounts for about 15% of its tourism industry. It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.^[59] During a 1936 Adriatic cruise, King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson stopped at a beach on the island of Rab where King Edward obtained a special permission from the local government to swim naked, thereby designating it the world's first official nude beach.^[60]

Finland

In Finnish culture, nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live. It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked. Families may be naked while bathing in a sauna, swimming in a pool, or playing on a beach, and it's not unusual to see children playing naked in a family yard for example. Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than many other countries.^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]

France

Marcel Kienné de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine Vivre intégralement (later called Vivre) and the first French naturist club, Sparta Club at Garambouville, near Evreux. The court action that he initiated, established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened.^[8]

Drs. André and Gaston Durville bought a 70 hectare site on the Île du Levant where they established the village of Héliopolis. The village was open to the public. In 1925 Dr François Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote a thesis on heliotherapy. and in that year opened the Club gymnique de France. In 1936, the naturist movement was officially recognised.^[8]

Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but after disagreements left and In 1944 Albert and Christine Lecocq founded the Club du Soleil with members in 84 cities. In 1948 they founded the FFN, in 1949 they started the magazine, Vie au Soleil and in 1950 opened the CHM Montalivet, the world's first naturist holiday centre where the INF was formed.^[8]

Germany

German naturism was part of the Lebensreform movement and the Wandervogel youth movement of 1896, from Steglitz, Berlin which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour. At the same time doctors of the Natural Healing Movement were using heliotherapy, treating diseases such as TB, rheumatism and scrofula with exposure to sunlight.^[48]

Nacktkultur, a term coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor, flourished.^[66] Nacktkultur connected nudity, vegetarianism and social reform. It was practised in a network of 200 members clubs. The movement gained prominence in the 1920s as offering a health giving life-style with Utopian ideals. Germany published the first naturist journal between 1902 and 1932.^[42] It became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a breaking down of society. It became associated with pacificism.^[67]

In 1926, Adolf Koch established a school of naturism in Berlin; encouraging a mixing of the sexes, open air exercises, and a programme of "sexual hygiene". In 1929, the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity.^[66]

After the war, East Germans were free to practice naturism, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations being regarded as potentially subversive). Naturism became a large element in DDR politics. The Proletarische Freikörperkulturbewegung subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60,000 members.^[48] Today, following reunification there are many clubs, parks and beaches open to naturists.^[1] though nudity has become less common in the former eastern zone.^[68] Germans are typically the most commonly seen foreigners at nude beaches in France and around Europe.^[69]

Greece

Public nudity is prohibited in Greece and there are no official nude beaches.^[70]^[71] There are, however, numerous unofficial nude beaches especially on the islands frequented by tourists, like Crete,^[72] Mykonos or Karpathos but also on smaller islands like Skopelos or Skiathos^[73] where nudity is tolerated, usually at the more remote ends or secluded areas of beaches.^[74]

On the other hand, toplessness is not illegal and is widely practiced by locals and tourists alike as there are no cultural taboos against it.^[75]^[76]

Italy

Public nudity is generally prohibited in Italy as a civil offence and can be punished with high fines,^[77] with the exception of the official naturist beaches and places where's a tradition of naturist attendance, as shown by a recent absolution sentence.^[78] Furthermore, in the recent decade, some regions have created laws to help the naturist tourism industry,^[79] and actually there are twelve official naturist beaches in all Italy, where nudity is officially guaranteed by admnistrative acts. On all other public beaches in Italy, police can potentially impose substantial fines.^[80]

On the other hand, female toplessness has been officially legalized (in a nonsexual context) in all public beaches and swimming pools throughout the country (unless otherwise specified by region, province or municipality by-laws) on 20 March 2000, when the Supreme Court of Cassation (through sentence No. 3557) has determined that the exposure of the nude female breast, after several decades, is now considered a "commonly accepted behavior", and therefore, has "entered into the social costume".^[81]

Poland

In today's Poland naturism is practiced in number of the seaside and inland beaches. Most Polish beaches are actually clothing-optional rather than naturist. One such beach is Międzyzdroje-Lubiewo.^[82]

Portugal

The Federação Portuguesa de Naturismo (Portuguese Naturist Federation) or FPN was founded on the March 1st, 1977, at a meeting in Lisbon.^[83]

Slovenia

Beginnings of naturism in Slovenia started in the year 1852, when a 29 year old Swiss physician Arnold Rikli visited Bled for the first time. In the following years he started to promote healthy way of living, because he considered water, air and light^[84] to be the source for his healing therapy. He continued to build spa centers which included light therapy and hydrotherapy treatment.^[85]

Spain

File:Nudist-Textile couple in Cabo de Gata, Spain.jpg

Nudist man and textile woman on a beach in Spain.

Public nudity in Spain is not illegal since there is no law banning its practice. Spanish legislation foresees felony for exhibitionism but restricts its scope to obscene exposure in front of children or mentally impaired individuals, i.e. with sexual connotation.^[86]^{[clarification needed]}

There are, however, some municipalities (like San Pedro del Pinatar) where public nudity has been banned by means of by-laws. Other municipalities (like Barcelona, Salou, Platja de Palma and Sant Antoni de Portmany) have used similar provisions to regulate partial nudity, requiring people to cover their torsos on the streets. Some naturist associations have appealed these by-laws on the grounds that a fundamental right (freedom of expression, as they understand nudism to be self-expression) cannot be regulated with such a mechanism. Some courts have ruled in favour of nudist associations.^[87]^[88]

Nudism in Spain is normally practised by the seaside, on beaches or small coves with a tradition of naturism. In Vera (Andalusia), there is a wide residential area formed by nudist urbanisations. Nudist organisations may organise some activities elsewhere in inner territory.^[89]

Legal provisions regarding partial nudity (or toplessness) are analogous to those regarding full nudity, but social tolerance towards toplessness is higher. The law does not require women to cover their breasts in public swimming, or on any beach in Spain.^[90] The governments of the municipalities of Galdakao and L'Ametlla del Vallès legalized female toplessness on their public pools in March 2016 and June 2018, respectively.^[91]^[92]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the first official nudist club was established in Wickford, Essex in 1924. According to Michael Farrar, writing for British Naturism the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground, Moonella, and called its site The Camp. Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the New Gymnosophy Society. This society had been founded a few years before by H.C. Booth, M.H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the English Gymnosophical Society. It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 High Holborn in London, the headquarters of the Women's Freedom League. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by an "aristocracy" of the original members, all of whom had "club names" to preserve their anonymity. The club closed in 1926 because of building on adjacent land.^[93]^[94]

By 1943 there were a number of these so-called "sun clubs" and together they formed the British Sun Bathers Association or BSBA. In 1954 a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run split off to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs or FBSC. In 1961, the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist.^[93] The two organisations rivalled each other before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the Central Council for British Naturism or CCBN. This organisation structure has remained much the same but it is now called British Naturism which is often abbreviated to BN.^[93]

The first official nude beach was opened at Fairlight Glen in Covehurst Bay near Hastings in 1978 (not to be confused with Fairlight Cove, which is 2 km to the east) followed later by the beaches at Brighton and Fraisthorpe. Bridlington opened in April 1980.^[93]

In Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

In North America

Canada

In Canada, individuals around the country became interested in nudism, skinny-dipping, and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. After 1940 they had their own Canadian magazine, Sunbathing & Health, which occasionally carried local news. Canadians had scattered groups in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land.^[9] The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club, formed in 1939, and continues today in North Vancouver, BC.,^[9] and, in Ontario, the Sun Air Club.

Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later, the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast.^[9]

Most of those clubs united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in the breakup of CSA into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next decade and a half, leading to its official demise in 1978. The WCSA continues today as the American Association for Nude Recreation – Western Canadian Region (www.aanr-wc.com), a region of the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) which itself was formerly known as the ASA.^[9]

In 1977 the Fédération québécoise de naturisme (FQN) was founded in Quebec, by Michel Vaïs, who had experienced European naturism at Montalivet. In 1985 the Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. In 1988 the FQN and FCN formed the FQN-FCN Union as the official Canadian representative in the International Naturist Federation (INF).^[9]

Mexico

Federación Nudista de México^[95] is a members organization with both individual and organization members. It promotes social nudity in Mexico, and it is recognized by the International Naturist Federation as the official national naturist organization in that country.

As of 2016, Playa Zipolite is Mexico's first and only legal public nude beach.^[96] A "free beach" and unofficially nudist for more than 50 years,^[97] this beach is reputed to be the best place for nudism in the country. The numerous nude sunbathers, and the long tradition, make it safe for nudism and naturism. Annually since 2016, on the first weekend of February, Zipolite has hosted Festival Nudista Zipolite^[98] that in 2019 attracted 7,000-8,000 visitors.^[99]

United States

Kurt Barthel founded the American League for Physical Culture in 1929 and organized the first nudist event. In about 1930 they organized the American Gymnosophical Association. Barthel founded America's first official nudist camp, Sky Farm in New Jersey, in May, 1932.^[100] Around 1932, AGA established the Rock Lodge Club as a nudist facility in Stockholm, New Jersey and Ilsley Boone, a Dutch Reformed minister, formed the Christian naturism movement. Naturism began expanding nationwide.^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104] Nudism venues were teetotal until 1970.^[105]

The American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) is the national naturist organization. Arnd Krüger compared nudists in Germany and the United States and came to the conclusion that in Germany the racial aspects (Zuchtwahl) were important for the breakthrough (e.g. the Commanding General of the Army served as patron for nudists events), while in the U.S. nudism was far more commercial and had thus more difficulties.^[106]

In 2008, a young adults group organized as Florida Young Naturists^[27]^{[better source needed]} held their first Naked Bash which has since been repeated 3-4 times a year, growing into one of the largest young naturist gatherings in the world.^[107]

In 2009, a campaign to promote Nudism in the United States occurred with an effort by AANR to record the largest simultaneous Skinny Dip at several U.S. Clubs and beaches, occurring on July 11 of that year.^[108]

In 2010, a new organization formed called Young Naturists and Nudists America which was mostly focused around the younger generation as well as social issues, such as body image.^[109] Young Naturists and Nudists America closed in 2017.^[110]

In 2014, an organization called Unconstitutional Arkansas was created to highlight the unconstitutionality of laws that prohibit or impede nudism. The organization uses Arkansas law § 5-68-204 as a case study, but claims all anti-nudism laws infringe the constitutional right to assemble.^[111]

In Asia

Indonesia

In the seventies, nudity on Bali's remote and deserted beaches was common but with the massive growth of tourism, this practice has disappeared. In 2002, nudity was declared illegal on Petitenget Beach, the last beach in Seminyak that tolerated discreet nudity. Individuals began to practice nudity in private villas and resorts. Laki Uma Villa, the first naturist facility to open, was for gay men only. Bali au Naturel, the first adult-only nudist resort for both genders, opened its doors in 2004. It subsequently expanded from 3 to 15 rooms and added from two more swimming pools.^[112]

Thailand

Nudism was successfully introduced in 2012 by The Thailand Naturist Association in Pattaya (Chan Resort), and six more nudist resorts have been created all over Thailand. Barefeet Resort in Bangkok, Lemon Tree in Phuket, Oriental Village in Chiangmai, Phuan Naturist Village in Huay Yai, and Peace Blue Naturist resort in Phukett all members of the Naturist Association of Thailand as well as other international naturist organizations.^[113]

Issues in social nudity

Naturism addresses, challenges and explores a myriad of sometimes taboo subjects: stereotypes and mores relating to the nude appearance of the human body, mixed sex nudity, personal space, human sexuality, gymnophobia, modesty, physical attractiveness, vanity, objectification, exploitation and consent. It can thus be controversial,^[8]

Naturism can sometimes contain aspects of eroticism, although the debate about this is often simplified and seen negatively in the media and the public mind and by many modern naturists and naturist organisations.^[3] Glenn Smith states, "The main reason younger people are not becoming naturists is the inability of modern naturism to engage with the issue of sexuality.^[3] This statement is in response to the quote "The world of naturism is in trouble. Membership is falling, and fewer young people than ever are getting involved. Has the great nude adventure run its course?"^[114] Smith and King pose the further points in their 2009 peer-reviewed paper entitled Naturism and Sexuality:broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing.^[3]

Many countries and states have laws which adversely affect naturists. Oftentimes, these laws are intended to address "indecent exposure", but are so broadly written that they criminalize ordinary, non-sexual nudity. Some laws, however, specifically target naturism. For example, in Arkansas in the United States, not only is nudism illegal (even on private property), it is a crime to "promote" or "advocate" (i.e. express a favourable opinion about) nudism.^[111]

Other issues affecting the naturist community include:

Naturist club isolation (established clubs excluding new members and rejecting new ideas);{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}}
Infiltration by other groups (for many years, naturist clubs had strict "No singles" policies to maintain their family-oriented nature);^[8]
Exclusion of exhibitionists and voyeurs;^[115]
Large numbers of clothed visitors at clothing-optional and nudist beaches, which can lead to the perception that naturist people there have "become a spectacle";^[116]^[117]^[118] and
The clash between "fundamentalist" naturists who believe that naturism should not include public eroticism and "échangistes" who are open to sexual behavior within a naturist context.^[119]

Naturist media

Magazines

Magazines published by, for or purportedly about naturists can be grouped:

Magazines published by an "official" national organisation, such as BN (British Naturism), Going Natural/Au naturel (FCN/FQN), Nude & Natural Magazine TNS, gonatural (New Zealand Naturist Federation).
Independent magazines published for naturists, such as Naturally, H&E naturist and TAN (acronym of The Australian Naturist).
Magazines that print photographs only or primarily of young female professional models, which are disapproved of by many naturists and non-naturists alike.

Magazines in the second and, occasionally, third grouping feature naturist editorial and advertising, while some naturists argue over which magazines belonged in which of these categories – these views may change as publishers and editors change. Many clubs and groups have benefitted from magazines which, while not exclusively or even predominantly naturist in character, made naturist information available to many who would not otherwise have been aware of it.^[9] (These days, the information and advertising provided online, and the wide availability of free online porn, has meant the disappearance of old-style 'skin' magazines presenting significant glamour content masquerading as or alongside naturist content. Naturist magazines have to appeal strongly to naturists to succeed – they cannot sit on the fence between naturism and glamour.) Some naturists still feel that the worthwhile editorial content in some magazines is not a fair balance for the disapproved-of photographic content.^[9]

Photography, films and videos

Some naturist clubs have been willing to allow filming by the media on their grounds, though content that proved not to be of genuine naturism can end up being parodied by the media as the norm.^[120]

Some commercial 'naturist' DVDs are dominated by imagery of naked children. Such material can be marketed in ways that appear to appeal directly to paedophile inclinations, and ownership of these DVDs (and their earlier video cassette incarnations) has resulted in successful British prosecutions for possession of indecent images of children.^[121]^[122]^[123] One case was appealed, unsuccessfully, to the European Court of Human Rights.^[124] The precedents set by the court cases mean that possession in Britain of any naturist image of a child is, potentially, grounds for prosecution.

Photo shoots, including major high-profile works by Spencer Tunick, are done on public places including beaches.^[g]

Footnotes

^ The Hannover based Bund für freies Lebensgestaltung wrote: "Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body, the soul and the spirit in society. We live the ideal of freedom, conscious of its limits, taking up our responsibility. The expression of our will is nudity, our admission of sincerity".
^ In his book, Cinema Au Naturel,^[4] author Mark Storey states, "two related terms that we will continually run across are nudist and naturist. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists".
^ The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97.^[6] Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.
^ The three biggest centres on the Médoc are Euronat 335 ha, CHM 175 ha with a 3 km beach, and La Jenny 127 ha
^ "Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste à laisser agir la nature plutot que d'intervenir de manière artificielle".^[38]
^ Crawford wrote a series of letters discussing his new club and its philosophy to the socialist Edward Carpenter between 1891 and 1892. In his letters to Carpenter, Crawford described his daily activities.
"Calderwood and I were up at Matheran having two days’ holiday to spend naked from breakfast to evening [...] in June, Calderwood and I had a grand day. We went away to a bungalow in the Tulsi Lake without servants and spent from dinner time Saturday till 5 pm Sunday in nature’s garb".
The club's dress code required full nudity, with exceptions made for accessories such as rings and glasses. Members of the club had to be plainspoken about sexual related matters and all taboos were consciously discarded. Carpenter suggested that a female branch should be added to the commune, although this was not achieved.^[39]
^ Photography in public nude beaches Nudists who visit public nude beaches may be photographed by street photographers, social documentary photographers, photojournalists or other kinds of photographers without the nudists' knowledge and in the United States and most democratic countries the photographers have the law on their side as no individual has an expectation of privacy in a public place and photographers are not required to have the naturists' consent before photographing them or publishing and selling the pictures or videos.^[125] In many countries there exist private nudist areas in which photography is not allowed and naturists who wish to not be photographed can enjoy their activities there. However, naturists who wish to not be photographed in public nude beaches have found various ways to make the photographers leave the beach, such as photographing the photographer and publishing such photos. Some nude beaches provide fences that block the view from nearby streets.^[126]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Choin 2002.
^ ^a ^b Deschênes, Stéphane (4 January 2016). "The Official INF-FNI Definition of Naturism" (PDF). INF-FNI. International Naturist Federation. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Smith & King 2009.
^ Storey 2003, p. 11.
^ ^a ^b ^c Montananaturist.org.
^ Anon 1997.
^ Mars-Jones 1991, p. 152.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Descamps 1987.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Woycke 2003.
^ Vera Playa history article, retrieved 2007-11-22
^ Schneider 2009, p. 41.
^ "For a relaxed explanation". Sunnyfun.com. Archived from the original on 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ Naturist net Archived 2012-04-29 at the Wayback Machine Scandinavia with geolocations
^ "Revealed: Paris opens first nudist park but no voyeurs allowed". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
^ Ganz Muenchen article, retrieved 2007-11-27
^ "Berlin". active naturists. 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ "Crete". active naturists. 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ "Barcelona". active naturists. 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ Mapes 2019b.
^ Bridge 2016.
^ "Why Japanese People Are Comfortable with Nakedness". Japan Today. 12 November 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
^ Official WNBR global web site circa June 2004
^ "Public nudity at Nambassa". Nambassa.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ Jones & Broadley 1979.
^ "Naked ambition: 5 ways to holiday in the nude". The Independent. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
^ "Gymnasium theme camp". Active Naturists. 2015-11-07. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
^ ^a ^b "FLORIDA - .:HOME". FLORIDA. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) ^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b "Federación Nudista de México A.C." Fed Nud Mex.
^ "Declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nudist beaches by the municipality of San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca" (PDF). 2016-01-27.
^ αNaturist (2016-11-28). "camp Gymnasium at Burning Man 2016". Active Naturists. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
^ "deGeneration X: Buck Naked Jazz on a Black Sea Beach". pastemagazine.com. March 8, 2016.
^ Club, Naked (September 23, 2015). "Nudist Neptune Festival 2014 in Crimea" – via Vimeo.
^ McLellan, Josie (2007). "State socialist bodies: East German nudism from ban to boom". The Journal of Modern History. 79 (1): 48–79. doi:10.1086/517544.
^ Casler, Lawrence (1964). "Some sociopsychological observations in a nudist camp: A preliminary study". The Journal of Social Psychology. 64 (2): 307–323. doi:10.1080/00224545.1964.9919569. PMID 14239003.
^ Moon, Storm. Naked In the Woods: A Guide to Spiritual Nudity. Lulu Press, Inc, 2012.
^ "nudity as a social norm". active naturists. 2012-01-05. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ "naked sport events throughout history". active naturists. 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ Planchon, Jean Baptiste Luc (1778). La naturisme, ou La nature considérée dans les maladies & leur traitement conforme à la doctrine & à la pratique d'Hippocrate et de ses sectateurs. Varlé. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
^ "World's first nudist colony was in Thane (and this man proved it)". Retrieved 2012-12-17.
^ Farrar 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Buchy 2005.
^ ^a ^b Kennedy 2013.
^ Evans, Stephen (April 13, 2014). "10 inventions that owe their success to World War One" – via www.bbc.com.
^ Carter, Michael (2003). "J.C. Flügel and the Nude Future". Fashion Theory. 7 (1): 79–101. doi:10.2752/136270403778052203. ISSN 1362-704X. – via Taylor & Francis (subscription required)
^ "The Naturist Living Show, Ethical Naturists plus a Naturist Pioneer". 2011. We introduce the concept of the Ethical Naturist.
^ "Ethical Naturism". 2011. It is a life philosophy with physical, psychological, environmental, social, and moral benefits.
^ "Recreational Naturism versus Ethical Naturism". 2011. The Ethical Naturist and the Recreational Naturist . . . is a scale with most positioned somewhere between the extremes.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Anderson 2000.
^ ^a ^b "Nakedness and Nature", Naturist Place, 8 February 2003
^ Harrison & Perry 1993.
^ ^a ^b BUPA's Health Information Team (24 March 2004), Hot topic – Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer, archived from the original on 3 February 2007, retrieved 2007-12-02
^ Lindqvist, P. G.; Epstein, E.; Landin-Olsson, M.; Ingvar, C.; Nielsen, K.; Stenbeck, M.; Olsson, H. (2014). "Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all-cause mortality: results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort". Journal of Internal Medicine. 276 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1111/joim.12251. ISSN 0954-6820. PMID 24697969.
^ Weller, Richard; Pattullo, Simon; Smith, Lorna; Golden, Michael; Ormerod, Anthony; Benjamin, Nigel (1996). "Nitric Oxide Is Generated on the Skin Surface by Reduction of Sweat Nitrate". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 107 (3): 327–331. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363167. ISSN 0022-202X. PMID 8751965.
^ West, Keon (2017). "Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction". Journal of Happiness Studies. 19 (3): 677–697. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1. ISSN 1389-4978.
^ Discussed in:Veltheim, Andrew, Naturism: Naked Beneath Your Clothing, archived from the original on 2010-04-08, retrieved 2012-04-24
^ ""What Do The First Three Chapters Of Genesis Teach About Clothing?" by Ian B. Johnson, Fig Leaf Forum (note: articles such as this one are peer reviewed)". Figleafforum.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ "1999 National Survey on Canadian Attitudes Towards Nudity". Federation of Canadian Naturists. Ontario, Canada: Federation of Canadian Naturists. 1999. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
^ "BN Members Questionnaire", British Naturism, 164: 26, Summer 2005, ISSN 0264-0406, archived from the original on 2007-08-24 and two next issue.
^ "Croatian highlights, Croatia". Euro-poi.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
^ "A King who fell in love in Dubrovnik". The Dubrovnik Times. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ Mapes, Terri. "Nudism in Finland". about travel. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
^ Terp, Peter. "Naturism in Finland". Retrieved June 24, 2015.
^ Duner, Paul. "A year and a day". Retrieved June 24, 2015.
^ Woycke, James. "Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada". Retrieved June 24, 2015.
^ White, Linda. "The Independent Woman's Guide to Europe". Retrieved June 24, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Toepfer 1997.
^ Hau 2003.
^ Editorial (11 August 2017). "The Guardian view on nudity: grin and bare it". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
^ "amadelio.de". Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
^ "Greek Island FAQ | tourist travel guides to the Greek islands". www.greekisland.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
^ "Nude Beaches In Greece: Where To Bare It All - GTP Headlines". GTP Headlines. 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
^ "Nudist Beaches in Crete". www.greek-islands.us. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
^ "Greece's Most Amazing Nudist Beaches | GreekReporter.com". greece.greekreporter.com. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
^ "Nude Beaches on the Greek Islands, from A to Z". TripSavvy. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
^ "Αυτές είναι 17 παραλίες στην Ελλάδα όπου μπορείτε να κάνετε μπάνιο...γυμνοί-Θα το τολμήσετε;" [These are 17 Beaches in Greece where you can Swim ... Naked – Will you Dare?]. eirinika.gr (in Greek). 2 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
^ "Οι 10 ωραιότερες παραλίες για γυμνισμό στην Ελλάδα" [The 10 Best Beaches for Nudism in Greece]. The Toc (in Greek). 2015-07-21. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
^ "Nudismus – Reiseführer auf Wikivoyage" (in German). Retrieved 2017-11-23.
^ "www.naturismoanita.it - SENTENZA GIUDICE DI PACE DI CECINA - 29/03/2019". www.naturismoanita.it.
^ "Nudismo, l'uovo di Colombo del turismo italiano". Linkiesta. July 10, 2015.
^ "FKK in Italien: Bigotte Politiker verderben den Spaß" (in German). Retrieved 2017-11-23.
^ Corte Suprema di Cassazione (26 February 2004). "ATTI CONTRARI ALLA PUBBLICA DECENZA - ESPOSIZIONE DEL CORPO NUDO SULLA PUBBLICA SPIAGGIA - COSTITUISCE VIOLAZIONE ALL'ART. 726 C.P." www.giustizia.it (in Italian). Ministero della Giustizia. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019. [...] diversamente da quella del seno nudo femminile, che ormai da vari lustri è comportamento comunemente accettato ed entrato nel costume sociale [...] {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 26 February 2004 suggested (help)
^ Ciazela, Jakub; Roszak, Sandra (1 January 2018). "Lubiewo w Międzyzdrojach jako ośrodek ruchu naturystycznego" [Naturists of the Lubiewo resort, Międzyzdroje, Poland – characteristics and motivations]. Geoprzestrzeń 1 (in Polish). Bogucki. pp. 97–111. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
^ "Home > About Us > Who We Are". Portuguese Naturist Federation. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ Zupanic-Slavec, Z; Toplak, C (1998). "Water, air and light--Arnold Rikli (1823-1906)". Gesnerus. 55 (1–2): 58–69. doi:10.5169/seals-520867. PMID 9684537.
^ "A Very Brief History of Red Light". Retrieved 19 February 2017.
^ "BOE.es - Documento consolidado BOE-A-1995-25444". www.boe.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.
^ Press, Europa (2011-07-17). "La Federación Española de Naturismo recurre ante el TSJC la prohibición del nudismo en Barcelona". europapress.es (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.
^ "Cuatro localidades donde te multan si vas sin camiseta por la calle". El Confidencial Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.
^ "Calendario actividades 2017. ADN: Asociación para el Desarrollo del Naturismo de la Comunidad de Madrid". www.naturismo.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.
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^ Andueza, Asier (24 March 2016). "Galdakao modifica la normativa para legalizar el 'topless' en sus piscinas". EL CORREO.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2019. El Gobierno local retirará la prohibición expresa de esta práctica de la ordenanza que regula el uso de las instalaciones descubiertas
^ EFE. "L'Ametlla del Vallès permitirá el toples en sus piscinas municipales tras consultar a las mujeres". Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2019. El 60,9% del total de mujeres empadronadas de L'Ametlla del Vallès y mayores de 16 años han votado a favor de la práctica
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Farrar, Michael (2007), The history of naturism – a timeline, archived from the original on 2010-10-19, retrieved 2008-01-02
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Ditzian, Danielle (2017). "What it was like to stay at the Nude Hotel in Zipolite, Mexico". NZ Herald. Zipolite is a small, little-known town on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It not only boasts being the only legal nude beach in Mexico, but is often likened to a town stuck in the 1960s. With the entire beach being clothing optional, it is unlike anywhere else I have ever had the pleasure of visiting.
Storey, Mark (2010). "The Ups and Downs of a Mexican Nude Beach Proposal" (PDF). Naturist Action Committee.
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^ "Parades, dance, and few clothes at the Zipolite Nudist Festival". Clarín, Argentina. 2018. Thousands of visitors arrived on the weekend of February 3 and 4 … to participate in the 2018 Nudist Festival…
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References

Monographs

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Choin, Mireille (2002). World Handbook Naturisme 2002 - 2003. International Naturist Federation. ISBN 978-90-5583-833-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Clark, Kenneth (1993). The Nude: A Study of Ideal Art. Penguin Books, Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-017336-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Clarke, Magnus (1982). Nudism in Australia: A First Study. Deakin University Press. ISBN 978-0-949823-08-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Daley, Caroline (2013). Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960. Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-504-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Darter, Larry (2011). American Nudist Culture. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-4611-1638-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Descamps, Marc-Alain (1987). Vivre nu: psychosociologie du naturisme. Trismégiste. ISBN 978-2-86509-026-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Descamps, Marc-Alain (2005). Histoire de Montalivet et des Naturistes du Medoc. Editions Publimag. ISBN 978-2-9524240-0-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Egger, Liz; Egger, James (2009). The Complete Guide to Nudism and Naturism. Wicked Books. ISBN 978-0-9562313-0-7.
Goodson, Aileen (1991). Therapy, Nudity & Joy: The Therapeutic Use of Nudity Through the Ages, from Ancient Ritual to Modern Psychology. Elysium Growth Press. ISBN 978-1-55599-028-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Gordon, Betty N.; Schroeder, Carolyn S. (31 May 1995). Sexuality: A Developmental Approach to Problems. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-306-45040-2.
Harrison, Charles; Perry, Gillian (1993). Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early Twentieth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05516-0.
Hartman, William E.; Fithian, Marilyn; Johnson, Donald (1971). Nudist Society. Avon.
Hau, Michael (2003). The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History, 1890-1930. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31974-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Hollander, Anne (1993). Seeing Through Clothes. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Jones, Judith; Broadley, Colin (1979). Nambassa: A New Direction. A. H. & A. W. Reed. ISBN 978-0-589-01216-8.
Kennedy, Hubert (13 September 2013). Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: the youth movement, the gay movement, and male bonding before Hitler's rise. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-99203-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Krüger, Arnd (1992). "Zwischen Sex und Zuchtwahl. Nudismus und Naturismus in Deutschland und Amerika". In Norbert Finzsch & Hermann Wellenreuther (ed.). Liberalitas: Festschrift für Erich Angermann zum 65. Geburtstag. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-05656-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Lunceford, Brett (2012). Naked Politics: Nudity, Political Action, and the Rhetoric of the Body. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-6709-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Mars-Jones, Adam (1991). "Summer Lightning". In Giles Gordon and David Hughes (ed.). The Minerva book of short stories. Minerva. ISBN 978-0-7493-9085-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Mcallister, Byron; Mcallister, Kay (2005). Undercover Nudist. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-59431-186-4.
Miles, Margaret R. (2006). Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious Meaning in the Christian West. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59752-901-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Nead, Lynda (2002). The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-97276-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Norwood, C. E. (Revd) (1933). Nudism in England. Douglas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Parmelee, Maurice (1952). Nudism in Modern Life: The New Gymnosophy. Sunshine Book Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Schneider, Andreas (2009). Kreta (in German). DuMont Reiseverlag. ISBN 978-3-7701-7231-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Shantz, Mary-Ann (2013). "Nudity as Embodied Citizenship and Spectacle: Pageants at Canada's Nudist Clubs, 1949 to 1975". In Patrizia Gentile & Jane Nicholas (ed.). Contesting Bodies and Nation in Canadian History. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1387-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Smith, Dennis Craig; Sparks, William (1986). The Naked Child: Growing Up Without Shame. Elysium Growth Press. ISBN 978-1-55599-000-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Storey, Mark (1 January 2003). Cinema Au Naturel: A History of Nudist Film. Naturist Education Foundation, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-9740844-0-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91827-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Williams, John Alexander (2007). Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900-1940. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0015-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Worpole, Ken (1 December 2000). Here Comes the Sun: Architecture and Public Space in Twentieth-Century European Culture. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-073-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Woycke, James (2003). Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada. FCN. ISBN 978-0-9682332-3-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Journal articles

de Vries, Bouke (2018). "The Right to be Publicly Naked: A Defence of Nudism". Res Publica. 25 (3): 407–424. doi:10.1007/s11158-018-09406-z. ISSN 1356-4765. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Buchy, Philip Edward (2005), A Nudist Resort, thesis for MA, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Department of Architecture, retrieved 2007-11-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Martin, Richard (1991). "The Deceit of Dress: Utopian Visions and the Arguments against Clothing". Utopian Studies (4): 79–84. JSTOR 20718951.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Weinberg, Martin S. (1966). "Becoming a nudist". Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes. 21 (1): 15–24. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
Smith, H. W. (1980). "Does Shedding one's Clothes Imply Shedding one's Culture? A Crosscultural Test of Nudism Claims". International Review of Modern Sociology. 10 (2): 255–268. JSTOR 41420756.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
B., J. B. (1935). "Criminal Law and Procedure: Indecent Exposure: Nudism". Michigan Law Review. 33 (6): 936–942. doi:10.2307/1281779. ISSN 0026-2234. JSTOR 1281779.
Barcan, Ruth (2001). "'The Moral Bath of Bodily Unconsciousness': Female nudism, bodily exposure and the gaze". Continuum. 15 (3): 303–317. doi:10.1080/10304310120086795. ISSN 1030-4312.
Barcan, Ruth (2004). ""Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation:" Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns". Fashion Theory. 8 (1): 63–82. doi:10.2752/136270404778051870. ISSN 1362-704X.
Bell, D.; Holliday, R. (2000). "Naked as Nature Intended". Body & Society. 6 (3–4): 127–140. doi:10.1177/1357034X00006003007. ISSN 1357-034X.
Bullough, Vern L. (1997). "In memory of William Hartman". Journal of Sex Research. 34 (4): 427–428. doi:10.1080/00224499709551910. ISSN 0022-4499.
Cleminson, Richard (2004). "Making sense of the body: anarchism, nudism and subjective experience". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 81 (6): 697–716. doi:10.1080/1475382042000272256. ISSN 1475-3820.
Crosby, Donald A. (2003). "Naturism as a Form of Religious Naturalism". Zygon. 38 (1): 117–120. doi:10.1111/1467-9744.00484. ISSN 0591-2385.
Daley, Caroline (2005). "From bush to beach: nudism in Australasia". Journal of Historical Geography. 31 (1): 149–167. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2004.03.020. ISSN 0305-7488.
Downs, J. F. (1966). ": Social Nudism in America . Fred Ilfeld, Jr., Roger Lauer". American Anthropologist. 68 (1): 260–262. doi:10.1525/aa.1966.68.1.02a00600. ISSN 0002-7294.
Kerin, Rani (2006). "'Natives Allowed to Remain Naked': An Unorthodox Approach to Medical Work at Ernabella Mission". Health and History. 8 (1): 80–99. doi:10.2307/40111530. ISSN 1442-1771. JSTOR 40111530.
Makarova, Veronika (2013). "Doukhobor 'freedom seeker' nudism: Exploring the sociocultural roots". Culture and Religion. 14 (2): 131–145. doi:10.1080/14755610.2012.706228. ISSN 1475-5610.
McLellan, Josie (2007). "State Socialist Bodies: East German Nudism from Ban to Boom*". The Journal of Modern History. 79 (1): 48–79. doi:10.1086/517544. ISSN 0022-2801.
Morris, N. J. (2009). "Naked in nature: naturism, nature and the senses in early 20th century Britain". Cultural Geographies. 16 (3): 283–308. doi:10.1177/1474474009105049. ISSN 1474-4740.
Okami, Paul; Olmstead, Richard; Abramson, Paul R.; Pendleton, Laura (1998). "Early Childhood Exposure to Parental Nudity and Scenes of Parental Sexuality ("Primal Scenes"): An 18-Year Longitudinal Study of Outcome". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 27 (4): 361–384. doi:10.1023/A:1018736109563. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 9681119.
Okami, Paul (1995). "Childhood exposure to parental nudity, parent‐child co‐sleeping, and "primal scenes": A review of clinical opinion and empirical evidence". Journal of Sex Research. 32 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1080/00224499509551774. ISSN 0022-4499.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Schrank, S. (2012). "Naked Houses: The Architecture of Nudism and the Rethinking of the American Suburbs". Journal of Urban History. 38 (4): 635–661. doi:10.1177/0096144211434988. ISSN 0096-1442.
Shaffer, M. S. (2008). "Marguerite S. Shaffer on the Environmental Nude". Environmental History. 13 (1): 126–139. doi:10.1093/envhis/13.1.126-a. ISSN 1084-5453. JSTOR 25473196.
Smith, Glenn; King, Michael (2009). "Naturism and sexuality: Broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing". Health & Place. 15 (2): 439–446. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.08.002. ISSN 1353-8292. PMID 18926761. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Smith, H. W. (1980). "A modest test of cross-cultural differences in sexual modesty, embarrassment and self-disclosure". Qualitative Sociology. 3 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1007/BF00987137. ISSN 0162-0436.
Warren, H. C. (1933). "Social nudism and the body taboo". Psychological Review. 40 (2): 160–183. doi:10.1037/h0073466. ISSN 0033-295X.
Weinberg, Martin S. (1965). "Sexual Modesty, Social Meanings, and the Nudist Camp". Social Problems. 12 (3): 311–318. doi:10.2307/798936. ISSN 0037-7791. JSTOR 798936.
Woodall, Ellen E. (2003). "The American Nudist Movement: From Cooperative to Capital, the Song Remains the Same". The Journal of Popular Culture. 36 (2): 264–284. doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00006. ISSN 0022-3840.
Lempa, Heikki (2012). "Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900–1940 (review)". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 21 (2): 350–352. doi:10.1353/sex.2012.0032. ISSN 1535-3605.

Newspaper articles

Barkham, Patrick (31 May 2007). "A stitch in time". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Smith, Glenn (6 June 2007). "Nudity can be erotic and naturists should not have to deny it". the Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-15.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Schneider, Kate (23 February 2016). "Going naked in public - unspoken rules". NewsComAu. Retrieved 2016-04-27.

Websites

Anderson, Howard (2000), Why be a naturist: Statistics, archived from the original on 19 December 2008, retrieved 24 April 2012{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Farrar, Michael (9 November 2005), The Fellowship of the Naked Trust, ISSN 0264-0406, archived from the original on 2011-08-30, retrieved 14 Feb 2014 {{citation}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2011-10-28 suggested (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Hughes, Howard; Monterrubio, Juan Carlos; Miller, Amanda (2010). "'Gay' tourists and host community attitudes". International Journal of Tourism Research. 12 (6): 774–786. doi:10.1002/jtr.792. ISSN 1099-2340.
O'Brien, Kathleen (2011-07-03). "Visitors of N.J. nude beach face the increasing threat of lurking photographers". The Star Ledger. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
Higgins, Michelle (2008-04-27). "No Shoes, No Shirt, No Worries". New York Times. Retrieved 2014-07-30. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Hile, Jennifer (21 July 2004). "The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S." National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
"Montana Naturist website". Montananaturist.org. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

A bibliography of the economic impacts of naturism

Crick, Malcolm (1994). Resplendent Sites, Discordant Voices: Sri Lankans and International Tourism. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-3-7186-5564-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Theobald, William F. (2005). Global Tourism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7506-7789-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Harp, Stephen L. (September 2011). "Demanding Vacation au naturel: European Nudism and Postwar Municipal Development on the French Riviera". The Journal of Modern History. 83 (3): 513–543. doi:10.1086/660365. JSTOR 10.1086/660365.
Monterrubio, J. C; Jaurand, E. (2009). "Local societies faced with nudist tourism. Results of a qualitative study on the Pacific coast of Mexico". Téoros, Revue de Recherche en Tourisme. 28 (2): 83–92. doi:10.7202/1024811ar. ISSN 0712-8657. Retrieved 2014-09-23.

External links

[4] The Hannover based Bund für freies Lebensgestaltung wrote: "Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body, the soul and the spirit in society. We live the ideal of freedom, conscious of its limits, taking up our responsibility. The expression of our will is nudity, our admission of sincerity".

[6] In his book, Cinema Au Naturel,^[4] author Mark Storey states, "two related terms that we will continually run across are nudist and naturist. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists".

[9] The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97.^[6] Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.

[13] The three biggest centres on the Médoc are Euronat 335 ha, CHM 175 ha with a 3 km beach, and La Jenny 127 ha

[43] "Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste à laisser agir la nature plutot que d'intervenir de manière artificielle".^[38]

[45] Crawford wrote a series of letters discussing his new club and its philosophy to the socialist Edward Carpenter between 1891 and 1892. In his letters to Carpenter, Crawford described his daily activities.
"Calderwood and I were up at Matheran having two days’ holiday to spend naked from breakfast to evening [...] in June, Calderwood and I had a grand day. We went away to a bungalow in the Tulsi Lake without servants and spent from dinner time Saturday till 5 pm Sunday in nature’s garb".
The club's dress code required full nudity, with exceptions made for accessories such as rings and glasses. Members of the club had to be plainspoken about sexual related matters and all taboos were consciously discarded. Carpenter suggested that a female branch should be added to the commune, although this was not achieved.^[39]

[133] Photography in public nude beaches Nudists who visit public nude beaches may be photographed by street photographers, social documentary photographers, photojournalists or other kinds of photographers without the nudists' knowledge and in the United States and most democratic countries the photographers have the law on their side as no individual has an expectation of privacy in a public place and photographers are not required to have the naturists' consent before photographing them or publishing and selling the pictures or videos.^[125] In many countries there exist private nudist areas in which photography is not allowed and naturists who wish to not be photographed can enjoy their activities there. However, naturists who wish to not be photographed in public nude beaches have found various ways to make the photographers leave the beach, such as photographing the photographer and publishing such photos. Some nude beaches provide fences that block the view from nearby streets.^[126]

[FOOTNOTEChoin2002-1] Choin 2002.

[Definition-2] Deschênes, Stéphane (4 January 2016). "The Official INF-FNI Definition of Naturism" (PDF). INF-FNI. International Naturist Federation. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[FOOTNOTESmithKing2009-3] Smith & King 2009.

[FOOTNOTEStorey200311-5] Storey 2003, p. 11.

[FOOTNOTEMontananaturist.org-7] Montananaturist.org.

[FOOTNOTEAnon1997-8] Anon 1997.

[FOOTNOTEMars-Jones1991152-10] Mars-Jones 1991, p. 152.

[FOOTNOTEDescamps1987-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Descamps 1987.

[FOOTNOTEWoycke2003-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Woycke 2003.

[14] Vera Playa history article, retrieved 2007-11-22

[FOOTNOTESchneider200941-15] Schneider 2009, p. 41.

[PalmSprings-16] "For a relaxed explanation". Sunnyfun.com. Archived from the original on 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[nn527-17] Naturist net Archived 2012-04-29 at the Wayback Machine Scandinavia with geolocations

[b-de-v-18] "Revealed: Paris opens first nudist park but no voyeurs allowed". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.

[FKK-D8000-19] Ganz Muenchen article, retrieved 2007-11-27

[20] "Berlin". active naturists. 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[21] "Crete". active naturists. 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[22] "Barcelona". active naturists. 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[FOOTNOTEMapes2019b-23] Mapes 2019b.

[FOOTNOTEBridge2016-24] Bridge 2016.

[japantoday.com-25] "Why Japanese People Are Comfortable with Nakedness". Japan Today. 12 November 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2019.

[WNBRwebsite-26] Official WNBR global web site circa June 2004

[27] "Public nudity at Nambassa". Nambassa.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[FOOTNOTEJones_&_Broadley1979-28] Jones & Broadley 1979.

[29] "Naked ambition: 5 ways to holiday in the nude". The Independent. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2017-06-05.

[30] "Gymnasium theme camp". Active Naturists. 2015-11-07. Retrieved 2017-06-05.

[Florida_Young_Naturists_FYN-31] "FLORIDA - .:HOME". FLORIDA. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) ^{[dead link‍]}

[Federación_Nudista_de_México_FNM-32] "Federación Nudista de México A.C." Fed Nud Mex.

[33] "Declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nudist beaches by the municipality of San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca" (PDF). 2016-01-27.

[34] αNaturist (2016-11-28). "camp Gymnasium at Burning Man 2016". Active Naturists. Retrieved 2017-06-05.

[35] "deGeneration X: Buck Naked Jazz on a Black Sea Beach". pastemagazine.com. March 8, 2016.

[36] Club, Naked (September 23, 2015). "Nudist Neptune Festival 2014 in Crimea" – via Vimeo.

[37] McLellan, Josie (2007). "State socialist bodies: East German nudism from ban to boom". The Journal of Modern History. 79 (1): 48–79. doi:10.1086/517544.

[38] Casler, Lawrence (1964). "Some sociopsychological observations in a nudist camp: A preliminary study". The Journal of Social Psychology. 64 (2): 307–323. doi:10.1080/00224545.1964.9919569. PMID 14239003.

[39] Moon, Storm. Naked In the Woods: A Guide to Spiritual Nudity. Lulu Press, Inc, 2012.

[40] "nudity as a social norm". active naturists. 2012-01-05. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[41] "naked sport events throughout history". active naturists. 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[Planchon-42] Planchon, Jean Baptiste Luc (1778). La naturisme, ou La nature considérée dans les maladies & leur traitement conforme à la doctrine & à la pratique d'Hippocrate et de ses sectateurs. Varlé. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

[44] "World's first nudist colony was in Thane (and this man proved it)". Retrieved 2012-12-17.

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[FOOTNOTEBuchy2005-47] Buchy 2005.

[FOOTNOTEKennedy2013-48] Kennedy 2013.

[49] Evans, Stephen (April 13, 2014). "10 inventions that owe their success to World War One" – via www.bbc.com.

[Carter2003-50] Carter, Michael (2003). "J.C. Flügel and the Nude Future". Fashion Theory. 7 (1): 79–101. doi:10.2752/136270403778052203. ISSN 1362-704X. – via Taylor & Francis (subscription required)

[51] "The Naturist Living Show, Ethical Naturists plus a Naturist Pioneer". 2011. We introduce the concept of the Ethical Naturist.

[52] "Ethical Naturism". 2011. It is a life philosophy with physical, psychological, environmental, social, and moral benefits.

[53] "Recreational Naturism versus Ethical Naturism". 2011. The Ethical Naturist and the Recreational Naturist . . . is a scale with most positioned somewhere between the extremes.

[FOOTNOTEAnderson2000-54] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Anderson 2000.

[autogenerated1-55] "Nakedness and Nature", Naturist Place, 8 February 2003

[FOOTNOTEHarrison_&_Perry1993-56] Harrison & Perry 1993.

[bupa2004-57] BUPA's Health Information Team (24 March 2004), Hot topic – Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer, archived from the original on 3 February 2007, retrieved 2007-12-02

[LindqvistEpstein2014-58] Lindqvist, P. G.; Epstein, E.; Landin-Olsson, M.; Ingvar, C.; Nielsen, K.; Stenbeck, M.; Olsson, H. (2014). "Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all-cause mortality: results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort". Journal of Internal Medicine. 276 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1111/joim.12251. ISSN 0954-6820. PMID 24697969.

[WellerPattullo1996-59] Weller, Richard; Pattullo, Simon; Smith, Lorna; Golden, Michael; Ormerod, Anthony; Benjamin, Nigel (1996). "Nitric Oxide Is Generated on the Skin Surface by Reduction of Sweat Nitrate". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 107 (3): 327–331. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363167. ISSN 0022-202X. PMID 8751965.

[West2017-60] West, Keon (2017). "Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction". Journal of Happiness Studies. 19 (3): 677–697. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1. ISSN 1389-4978.

[autogenerated4-61] Discussed in:Veltheim, Andrew, Naturism: Naked Beneath Your Clothing, archived from the original on 2010-04-08, retrieved 2012-04-24

[62] ""What Do The First Three Chapters Of Genesis Teach About Clothing?" by Ian B. Johnson, Fig Leaf Forum (note: articles such as this one are peer reviewed)". Figleafforum.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[fcnstat-63] "1999 National Survey on Canadian Attitudes Towards Nudity". Federation of Canadian Naturists. Ontario, Canada: Federation of Canadian Naturists. 1999. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-09-20.

[CCBN164-64] "BN Members Questionnaire", British Naturism, 164: 26, Summer 2005, ISSN 0264-0406, archived from the original on 2007-08-24 and two next issue.

[65] "Croatian highlights, Croatia". Euro-poi.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.

[66] "A King who fell in love in Dubrovnik". The Dubrovnik Times. Retrieved 7 January 2019.

[67] Mapes, Terri. "Nudism in Finland". about travel. Retrieved June 24, 2015.

[68] Terp, Peter. "Naturism in Finland". Retrieved June 24, 2015.

[69] Duner, Paul. "A year and a day". Retrieved June 24, 2015.

[70] Woycke, James. "Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada". Retrieved June 24, 2015.

[71] White, Linda. "The Independent Woman's Guide to Europe". Retrieved June 24, 2015.

[FOOTNOTEToepfer1997-72] Toepfer 1997.

[FOOTNOTEHau2003-73] Hau 2003.

[74] Editorial (11 August 2017). "The Guardian view on nudity: grin and bare it". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 August 2017.

[75] "amadelio.de". Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 2007-12-02.

[76] "Greek Island FAQ | tourist travel guides to the Greek islands". www.greekisland.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-11-24.

[77] "Nude Beaches In Greece: Where To Bare It All - GTP Headlines". GTP Headlines. 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2017-11-24.

[78] "Nudist Beaches in Crete". www.greek-islands.us. Retrieved 2017-11-24.

[79] "Greece's Most Amazing Nudist Beaches | GreekReporter.com". greece.greekreporter.com. Retrieved 2017-11-24.

[80] "Nude Beaches on the Greek Islands, from A to Z". TripSavvy. Retrieved 2017-11-24.

[81] "Αυτές είναι 17 παραλίες στην Ελλάδα όπου μπορείτε να κάνετε μπάνιο...γυμνοί-Θα το τολμήσετε;" [These are 17 Beaches in Greece where you can Swim ... Naked – Will you Dare?]. eirinika.gr (in Greek). 2 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

[82] "Οι 10 ωραιότερες παραλίες για γυμνισμό στην Ελλάδα" [The 10 Best Beaches for Nudism in Greece]. The Toc (in Greek). 2015-07-21. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

[83] "Nudismus – Reiseführer auf Wikivoyage" (in German). Retrieved 2017-11-23.

[84] "www.naturismoanita.it - SENTENZA GIUDICE DI PACE DI CECINA - 29/03/2019". www.naturismoanita.it.

[85] "Nudismo, l'uovo di Colombo del turismo italiano". Linkiesta. July 10, 2015.

[86] "FKK in Italien: Bigotte Politiker verderben den Spaß" (in German). Retrieved 2017-11-23.

[87] Corte Suprema di Cassazione (26 February 2004). "ATTI CONTRARI ALLA PUBBLICA DECENZA - ESPOSIZIONE DEL CORPO NUDO SULLA PUBBLICA SPIAGGIA - COSTITUISCE VIOLAZIONE ALL'ART. 726 C.P." www.giustizia.it (in Italian). Ministero della Giustizia. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019. [...] diversamente da quella del seno nudo femminile, che ormai da vari lustri è comportamento comunemente accettato ed entrato nel costume sociale [...] {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 26 February 2004 suggested (help)

[CiazelaRoszak2018-88] Ciazela, Jakub; Roszak, Sandra (1 January 2018). "Lubiewo w Międzyzdrojach jako ośrodek ruchu naturystycznego" [Naturists of the Lubiewo resort, Międzyzdroje, Poland – characteristics and motivations]. Geoprzestrzeń 1 (in Polish). Bogucki. pp. 97–111. Retrieved 8 April 2019.

[89] "Home > About Us > Who We Are". Portuguese Naturist Federation. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.

[90] Zupanic-Slavec, Z; Toplak, C (1998). "Water, air and light--Arnold Rikli (1823-1906)". Gesnerus. 55 (1–2): 58–69. doi:10.5169/seals-520867. PMID 9684537.

[91] "A Very Brief History of Red Light". Retrieved 19 February 2017.

[92] "BOE.es - Documento consolidado BOE-A-1995-25444". www.boe.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.

[93] Press, Europa (2011-07-17). "La Federación Española de Naturismo recurre ante el TSJC la prohibición del nudismo en Barcelona". europapress.es (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.

[94] "Cuatro localidades donde te multan si vas sin camiseta por la calle". El Confidencial Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.

[95] "Calendario actividades 2017. ADN: Asociación para el Desarrollo del Naturismo de la Comunidad de Madrid". www.naturismo.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.

[96] "Las españolas son las que más topless y nudismo hacen". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-03.

[97] Andueza, Asier (24 March 2016). "Galdakao modifica la normativa para legalizar el 'topless' en sus piscinas". EL CORREO.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2019. El Gobierno local retirará la prohibición expresa de esta práctica de la ordenanza que regula el uso de las instalaciones descubiertas

[98] EFE. "L'Ametlla del Vallès permitirá el toples en sus piscinas municipales tras consultar a las mujeres". Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2019. El 60,9% del total de mujeres empadronadas de L'Ametlla del Vallès y mayores de 16 años han votado a favor de la práctica

[bntimeline-99] Farrar, Michael (2007), The history of naturism – a timeline, archived from the original on 2010-10-19, retrieved 2008-01-02

[bnmoonella-100] Farrar, Michael (2007), The Moonella Group, archived from the original on 2008-12-05, retrieved 2008-01-02

[101] "Federación Nudista de México".

[legal-102] "Municipal declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nude optional beaches by the Cabildo de San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca" (PDF). 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2018.
Ditzian, Danielle (2017). "What it was like to stay at the Nude Hotel in Zipolite, Mexico". NZ Herald. Zipolite is a small, little-known town on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It not only boasts being the only legal nude beach in Mexico, but is often likened to a town stuck in the 1960s. With the entire beach being clothing optional, it is unlike anywhere else I have ever had the pleasure of visiting.
Storey, Mark (2010). "The Ups and Downs of a Mexican Nude Beach Proposal" (PDF). Naturist Action Committee.

[103] "Playa Zipolite". In the 1960s, Zipolite attracted young countercultural visitors and became known for its bohemian vibe and for its acceptance of nudity on the beach.

[104] "Parades, dance, and few clothes at the Zipolite Nudist Festival". Clarín, Argentina. 2018. Thousands of visitors arrived on the weekend of February 3 and 4 … to participate in the 2018 Nudist Festival…

[105] "A Beach Without Taboo: Zipolite". 2019. In four years the participation exceeded expectations, from 2 thousand ... to between 7 thousand and 8 thousand.

[106] Ellensburg Daily Record, Aug 2, 1932

[107] "The History of Social Nudism – Nudist History". Clothesfree.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[108] "History of Naturism". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.

[109] "Body Acceptance: A Brief History of Social Nudity". Lupinlodge.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[110] "Roberts v. Clement". Nef.oshkosh.net. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[111] The Bulletin (AANR), March 2010, p.6

[FOOTNOTEKrüger1992343-112] Krüger 1992, p. 343.

[113] "Top 10 Reasons to Get Totally Nude at the Florida Young Naturists' Naked Spring Bash". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. 2013-04-11.

[114] "The AANR World Record Skinny-Dip" (PDF). Wreck beach.

[115] Fallon, Claire (2015-06-25). "Take It Off! The Fine Art Of Getting Naked In A Clothed World". Huffington Post. huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2015-06-25.

[116] "Young Naturists America is closing in 2017; The End of Young Naturists America, Inc". 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2018-03-16.

[UnconstitutionalArkansas.org-117] "Arkansas Law § 5-68-204 Violates First Amendment Rights". UnconstitutionalArkansas.org.

[118] "Unseen Bali". Retrieved 23 August 2017.

[119] Nudity and naturism in Pattaya Sawatdee Gay Thailand Archived 2014-12-06 at the Wayback Machine

[FOOTNOTEBarkham2007-120] Barkham 2007.

[CCBN172-121] Boura, Malcolm (Summer 2007), "Campaigning", British Naturism, BN 172: 31, ISSN 0264-0406

[abc2016-122] Parke, Erin (24 July 2016). "Broome nudists in battle for beach as naturism declines". ABC News. Retrieved 2016-07-24.

[cbc._Getn-123] "Get naked or take a hike, angry nudists tell 'lookie-loos'". CBC News. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-24.

[thes_Hanl-124] Botelho-Urbanski, Jessica (20 July 2016). "Hanlan's Point nudists want beach-goers to bare all". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016-07-24.

[outrage-125] Kim Willsher (7 Nov 2010). "Outraged villagers protest over open-air sex at naturist beach". Guardian News. Retrieved 28 Dec 2017.

[telegraph-126] Edwards, Adam (10 May 2006), "Stark naked ambition", The Daily Telegraph, London: Sunday Telegraph, retrieved 2007-12-02 gives a history of naturism, written in a personal style that attempts to use this type of humour.

[crowther1-127] "Gay reverend fined over 'indecent' images of boys", Irish Independent, retrieved 3 April 2014

[crowther2-128] Rector found guilty over indecent images, 29 June 2007, archived from the original on 4 March 2014, retrieved 4 March 2014

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[ocarroll2-130] O'Carroll vs the United Kingdom, 15 May 2005, retrieved 3 April 2014

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[132] "nude beach with privacy fences - Picture of Club Ambiance, Runaway Bay - TripAdvisor". www.tripadvisor.co.uk.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 '''Naturism''', or '''nudism''', is a [[cultural movement]] practising, advocating, and defending personal and social [[nudity]], most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term also refers to a lifestyle based on personal, family, or social nudity.{{sfn|Choin|2002}} Naturism may be practised individually, within a family or social context, or in public.
-Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history, with many advocates of the benefits of enjoying nature without clothing. At the turn of the 20th century, organizations emerged to promote social nudity, and to establish private campgrounds and [[Naturist resort|resorts]] for that purpose. Since the 1960s, with the acceptance of public places for clothing-optional recreation, individuals who may not identify themselves as nudists may participate casually. Nude recreation opportunities vary widely around the world, from isolated places known mainly to locals, to officially designated nude beaches and parks.
+Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history, with many advocates of the benefits of enjoying nature without clothing. At the turn of the 20th century, organizations emerged to promote social nudity, and to establish private campgrounds and resorts for that purpose. Since the 1960s, with the acceptance of public places for clothing-optional recreation, individuals who may not identify themselves as nudists may participate casually. Nude recreation opportunities vary widely around the world, from isolated places know mainly to locals, to officially designated nude beaches and parks.
 == Definition and lexicology ==
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.{{efn|In his book, ''Cinema Au Naturel'',{{sfn|Storey|2003|p=11}} author [[Mark Storey]] states, "two related terms that we will continually run across are ''nudist'' and ''naturist''. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists".}} Naturism and nudism have the same meaning in the United States,{{sfn|Montananaturist.org}} but there is a clear distinction between the two terms in Great Britain.{{efn|The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in ''Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97''.{{sfn|Anon|1997|p=}} ''Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.''}}{{explain|date=November 2019}}
-In naturist parlance, the terms "[[wikt:textile|textile]]" or "textilist" refer to non-naturist persons, behaviours or facilities (e.g. "the textile beach starts at the flag", "they are a mixed couple&nbsp;&ndash; he is naturist, she is textile").  "Textile" is the predominant term used in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] ("textilist" is unknown in British naturist magazines, including ''[[H&E naturist]]''), although some naturists avoid it due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations.  "Textilist" is said to be used interchangeably with "textile", but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for ''textile''.{{sfn|Mars-Jones|1991|p=152}}
+In naturist parlance, the terms "[[wikt:textile|textile]]" or "textilist" refer to non-naturist persons, behaviours or facilities (e.g. "the textile beach starts at the flag", "they are a mixed couple&nbsp;&ndash; he is naturist, she is textile").  "Textile" is the predominant term used in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] ("textilist" is unknown in British naturist magazines, including ''[[H&E naturist]]''), although some naturists avoid it due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations.  "Textilist" is said to be used interchangeably with "textile", but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for ''textile''.{{sfn|Mars-Jones|1991|p=152}} In the U.S., the terms "clothing optional" and "nude optional" describe policies or venues that allow or encourage nudity but tolerate the wearing of clothes. The opposite term is "clothing compulsory"—that is, prohibiting nudity. The adjectival phrases "clothes free" and "clothing free" describe environments where naturism is permitted in an otherwise textile environment.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
+The social nudity movement includes a large range of variants, including "naturism", "nudism", "[[Freikörperkultur]] (FKK)", and the "[[nude beach|free beach]] movement" as well as generalized "public lands/public nudity" advocacy.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
 == Social naturism ==
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 {{see also|Nude recreation}}
 === Naturist facilities ===
-{{see also|Naturist resort}}
 {{see also|Nude recreation#Nude events}}
 At naturist organised events or venues, clothing is usually optional. At naturist swimming pools or sunbathing places, however, complete nudity is expected (weather permitting). This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations.{{sfn|Descamps|1987}}
-Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' [[naturist club]] is one that owns its own facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, or rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}}
+Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, or rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.{{sfn|Woycke|2003|p=}}
 [[File:Outdoor bathing at Jhiben Hot Spring 20121110.jpg|thumb|left|Families bathing nude at a hot spring in [[Taiwan]]]] <!-- Can we crop this to remove triangle -->
@@ Line 44: / Line 45: @@
 A naturist resort is, to a European, an essentially urban development where naturism is the norm. [[Cap d'Agde]] in France; the naturist village of [[Charco del Palo]] on [[Lanzarote]], [[Canary Islands]]; [[Vera, Spain|Vera Playa]] in [[Spain]];<ref>{{Citation|title=Vera Playa history article |url=http://www.veraplaya.info/history.html|accessdate=2007-11-22}}</ref> and Vritomartis{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=41}} in [[Greece]] are examples.
-In US usage, a [[naturist resort]] can mean a holiday centre.<ref name="PalmSprings">{{cite web|url=http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html |title=For a relaxed explanation |publisher=Sunnyfun.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308025528/http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html |archivedate=2013-03-08 |df= }}</ref>
+In US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre.<ref name="PalmSprings">{{cite web|url=http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html |title=For a relaxed explanation |publisher=Sunnyfun.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308025528/http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html |archivedate=2013-03-08 |df= }}</ref>
 [[Freikörperkultur]] (FKK)--literally translated as 'free body culture'--is the name for the general movement in [[Germany]]. The abbreviation is widely recognised all over Europe and often found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
@@ Line 54: / Line 55: @@
 In a survey by [[Telegraph Media Group|The Daily Telegraph]], Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach (28%), followed by Norwegians (18%), Spaniards (17%), Australians (17%), and New Zealanders (16%). Of the nationalities surveyed, the Japanese (2%) were the least likely to have visited a nude beach.{{sfn|Bridge|2016}} This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan; however, the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at [[onsen]] (hot springs).<ref name="japantoday.com">{{cite web| title=Why Japanese People Are Comfortable with Nakedness| accessdate=July 26, 2019| website=Japan Today | url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/opinions/why-japanese-people-are-comfortable-with-nakedness|date=12 November 2012}}</ref>
+=== Naturism and sports ===
+{{see also|Nude recreation#Nudity in sport}}
+====World Naked Bike Ride====
+[[File:2015 LA WNBR (19954502526).jpg|thumb|Nude people at 2015 World Naked Bike Ride, Los Angeles, California]]
+The [[World Naked Bike Ride]] (WNBR) is an international [[clothing-optional bike ride]] and exercise in public nudity, that has developed outside the organised naturism movement. Participants plan, meet and ride together ''en masse'' on [[human-powered transport]] (the vast majority on [[bicycle]]s, but some on [[skateboard]]s and [[inline skates]]), to "deliver a vision of a cleaner, safer, body-positive world".<ref name="WNBRwebsite">[http://worldnakedbikeride.org Official WNBR global web site] circa June 2004</ref>{{better source|date=December 2019}}
 === Festival naturism ===
@@ Line 63: / Line 71: @@
 A few camps organize activities in the nude, including the famous<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/naked-restaurant-paris-park-bunyadi-nude-cruise-nudist-resort-hotel-greece-pictures-a7346721.html|title=Naked ambition: 5 ways to holiday in the nude|date=2016-10-05|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-06-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> oil wrestling by camp [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|Gymnasium]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://activenaturists.net/gymnasium-camp/|title=Gymnasium theme camp|date=2015-11-07|work=Active Naturists|access-date=2017-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref>
-Florida Young Naturists<ref name="Florida Young Naturists FYN">{{Cite web|url=http://--home.html/|title=FLORIDA - .:HOME|website=FLORIDA}}</ref> has organized seasonal "bashes" hosted by several [[Florida]] nudist/naturist clubs and resorts since 2008.
+Florida Young Naturists<ref name="Florida Young Naturists FYN">{{Cite web|url=http://--home.html/|title=FLORIDA - .:HOME|website=FLORIDA}} {{Dead link}}</ref> has organized seasonal "bashes" hosted by several [[Florida]] nudist/naturist clubs and resorts since 2008.
 Organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation)<ref name="Federación Nudista de México FNM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fednudmex.org/|title=Federación Nudista de México A.C.|website=Fed Nud Mex}}</ref> since 2016 when [[Zipolite]] beach nudity was legalized,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/re7815q0v0lsado/Acta-cabildo-baja.pdf?dl=0|title=Declaration of the distinction of Zipolite and Playa del Amor as nudist beaches by the municipality of San Pedro Pochutla, Pochutla, Oaxaca|date=2016-01-27}}</ref> FESTIVAL NUDISTA ZIPOLITE<ref name="Federación Nudista de México FNM"/> occurs annually on the first weekend of February.
@@ Line 105: / Line 113: @@
 Naturism had many different philosophical sources and means many things to different people.<ref name="Carter2003">{{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=Michael|title=J.C. Flügel and the Nude Future|journal=Fashion Theory|volume=7|issue=1|year=2003|pages=79–101|issn=1362-704X|doi=10.2752/136270403778052203}}{{subscription|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> There is no one definition. In 1974, the INF defined naturism as "a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of social nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment".<ref name="Definition" />
+=== Ethical Naturism vs Recreational Naturism ===
-[[Ethical naturism]] vs. [[recreational naturism]] is a concept first introduced by Stéphane Deschênes in the April 2011 episode of The Naturist Living Show Podcast.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naturistlivingshow.com/2011/04/ethical-naturists-plus-a-naturist-pioneer.html |title=The Naturist Living Show, Ethical Naturists plus a Naturist Pioneer |last= |first= |date=2011 |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=We introduce the concept of the Ethical Naturist.}}</ref> which attempts to create a taxonomy that classifies the various types of naturists/nudists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blog.bareoaks.ca/2012/11/ethical-naturism.html |title=Ethical Naturism |last= |first= |date=2011 |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=It is a life philosophy with physical, psychological, environmental, social, and moral benefits. }}</ref>
+[[Ethical Naturism]] vs [[Recreational Naturism]] is a concept first introduced by Stéphane Deschênes in the April 2011 episode of The Naturist Living Show Podcast.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naturistlivingshow.com/2011/04/ethical-naturists-plus-a-naturist-pioneer.html |title=The Naturist Living Show, Ethical Naturists plus a Naturist Pioneer |last= |first= |date=2011 |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=We introduce the concept of the Ethical Naturist.}}</ref> which attempts to create a taxonomy that classifies the various types of naturists/nudists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blog.bareoaks.ca/2012/11/ethical-naturism.html |title=Ethical Naturism |last= |first= |date=2011 |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=It is a life philosophy with physical, psychological, environmental, social, and moral benefits. }}</ref> Ethical Naturists are described as seeing themselves as part of a philosophy with ethical and moral aspects while recreational nudists are simply participating in a leisure activity that involves nudity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bareoaks.ca/ethical-naturism/ |title=Recreational Naturism versus Ethical Naturism |last= |first= |date=2011 |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=The Ethical Naturist and the Recreational Naturist . . . is a scale with most positioned somewhere between the extremes.}}</ref>
-=== Naturist writers ===
-Naturism was part of a literary movement in the late 1800s (see the writings of [[André Gide]]) which also influenced the art movements of the time specifically [[Henri Matisse]] and other [[Fauvism|Fauve]] painters. This movement was based on the French concept of ''[[joie de vivre]]'', the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.{{sfn|Harrison & Perry|1993|p=}}
+=== Naturist writers ===
 * [[Heinrich Pudor]] wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book ''Nackende Menschen und Jauchzen der Zukunft'' (Naked people and the future of Mankind) and then ''Nacktkultur'' (Nude Culture). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}}
 * [[:de:Paul Zimmermann|Paul Zimmermann]] opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}}
@@ Line 115: / Line 123: @@
 * [[:de:Adolf Koch|Adolf Koch]], a left-wing primary-school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from 'authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order. He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with Naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's ''Körperschülen'' schools.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}}
 * [[:de:Hans Suren|Hans Surén]] taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote in 1924, ''Mensch und die Sonne'' (Men and the Sun) which ran to 61 reprints.{{sfn|Anderson |2000}}
-* American writers [[Walt Whitman]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Citation|title=Nakedness and Nature|url=http://www.naturistplace.com/nudity19.htm|website=Naturist Place|date=8 February 2003}}</ref>}} and [[Henry David Thoreau]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/> both wrote of nudity within the natural environment.
+=== Naturism and the romantics ===
+[[Walt Whitman]] American writer, A Sun-bathed Nakedness:
+{{quote|Never before did I get so close to Nature; never before did she come so close to me... Nature was naked, and I was also... Sweet, sane, still Nakedness in Nature! - ah if poor, sick, prurient humanity in cities might really know you once more! Is not nakedness indecent? No, not inherently. It is your thought, your sophistication, your fear, your respectability, that is indecent. There come moods when these clothes of ours are not only too irksome to wear, but are themselves indecent.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Citation|title=Nakedness and Nature|url=http://www.naturistplace.com/nudity19.htm|website=Naturist Place|date=8 February 2003}}</ref>}}
+[[Henry David Thoreau]], ''In wildness is the preservation of the world.'', [[Walking (Thoreau)|Walking]]:
+{{quote|We cannot adequately appreciate this aspect of nature if we approach it with any taint of human pretense. It will elude us if we allow artifacts like clothing to intervene between ourselves and this Other. To apprehend it, we cannot be naked enough.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>}}
+Naturism was part of a literary movement in the late 1800s (see the writings of [[André Gide]]) which also influenced the art movements of the time specifically [[Henri Matisse]] and other [[Fauvism|Fauve]] painters. This movement was based on the French concept of ''[[joie de vivre]]'', the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.{{sfn|Harrison & Perry|1993|p=}}
 === Naturism for health ===
+[[Sunlight]] has been shown to be beneficial in some skin conditions and enables the body to make [[vitamin D]],<ref name=bupa2004>{{Citation| last =BUPA's Health Information Team| author-link =| title =Hot topic – Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer| date =24 March 2004| url =http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/health_news/261103vitd.html| accessdate =2007-12-02| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070203050901/http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/health_news/261103vitd.html| archivedate =3 February 2007| df =}}</ref> but with the increased awareness of [[skin cancer]], wearing of [[sunscreen]] is now part of the culture.<ref name=bupa2004/> Sun exposure prompts the body to produce [[nitric oxide]] that helps support the cardiovascular system and the neurotransmitter [[serotonin]].<ref name="LindqvistEpstein2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lindqvist|first1=P. G.|last2=Epstein|first2=E.|last3=Landin-Olsson|first3=M.|last4=Ingvar|first4=C.|last5=Nielsen|first5=K.|last6=Stenbeck|first6=M.|last7=Olsson|first7=H.|title=Avoidance of sun exposure is a risk factor for all-cause mortality: results from the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=276|issue=1|year=2014|pages=77–86|issn=0954-6820|doi=10.1111/joim.12251|pmid=24697969}}</ref><ref name="WellerPattullo1996">{{cite journal|last1=Weller|first1=Richard|last2=Pattullo|first2=Simon|last3=Smith|first3=Lorna|last4=Golden|first4=Michael|last5=Ormerod|first5=Anthony|last6=Benjamin|first6=Nigel|title=Nitric Oxide Is Generated on the Skin Surface by Reduction of Sweat Nitrate|journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=107|issue=3|year=1996|pages=327–331|issn=0022-202X|doi=10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363167|pmid=8751965}}</ref>
-There are documented psychological benefits of naturist activities, including greater [[life satisfaction]], more positive [[body image]], and higher [[self-esteem]].<ref name="West2017">{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=Keon|title=Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction|journal=Journal of Happiness Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=677–697|year=2017|issn=1389-4978|doi=10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1|url=http://research.gold.ac.uk/19949/}}</ref> Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health.<ref name=autogenerated4>Discussed in:{{Citation | last = Veltheim| first = Andrew| author-link = | title = Naturism: Naked Beneath Your Clothing| year = | url = http://www.parama.com/html/naturism.html| accessdate =2012-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408070907/http://www.parama.com/html/body_naturism.html |archivedate=2010-04-08 }}</ref>
+There are also documented psychological benefits of naturist activities including greater [[life satisfaction]], more positive [[body image]], and higher [[self-esteem]].<ref name="West2017">{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=Keon|title=Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction|journal=Journal of Happiness Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=677–697|year=2017|issn=1389-4978|doi=10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1|url=http://research.gold.ac.uk/19949/}}</ref> Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health.<ref name=autogenerated4>Discussed in:{{Citation | last = Veltheim| first = Andrew| author-link = | title = Naturism: Naked Beneath Your Clothing| year = | url = http://www.parama.com/html/naturism.html| accessdate =2012-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408070907/http://www.parama.com/html/body_naturism.html |archivedate=2010-04-08 }}</ref>
 == Religion ==
@@ Line 233: / Line 253: @@
 In most European countries, nudity is not explicitly forbidden. Whether it is tolerated on beaches which are not marked as official nudist beaches varies greatly. The only country with substantially different laws is Denmark, where beach nudity is explicitly allowed on all beaches, except for two in the far west of the country. <!--(The German Wikipedia wrongly claims that this is the case in Sweden and Norway as well, though this is wrong and the references given there do not back this up. Someone from higher up in Wikipedia should investigate why this misinformation can persist.)-->{{cn|date=December 2019}}
-[[File:Nudist_camp_Valalta.JPG|thumb|right|Woman on the beach at Valalta, Croatia]]
 === Croatia ===
 Croatia is world-famous for naturism, which accounts for about 15% of its tourism industry. It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html |title=Croatian highlights, Croatia |publisher=Euro-poi.com |date= |accessdate=26 March 2013  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224034343/http://www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html |archivedate=24 February 2013 }}</ref> During a 1936 Adriatic cruise, [[King Edward VIII]] and [[Wallis Simpson]] stopped at a beach on the island of [[Rab]] where King Edward obtained a special permission from the local government to swim naked, thereby designating it the world's first official nude beach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/lifestyle/feature/item/1841-a-king-who-fell-in-love-in-dubrovnik|title=A King who fell in love in Dubrovnik|publisher=The Dubrovnik Times|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref>
@@ Line 275: / Line 294: @@
 On the other hand, female toplessness has been officially legalized (in a nonsexual context) in all public beaches and swimming pools throughout the country (unless otherwise specified by [[Regions of Italy|region]], [[Provinces of Italy|province]] or [[Comune|municipality]] by-laws) on 20 March 2000, when the [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]] (through sentence No. 3557) has determined that the exposure of the nude female breast, after several decades, is now considered a "commonly accepted behavior", and therefore, has "entered into the social costume".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giustizia.it/cassazione/giurisprudenza/cass/3557sen_00.html|title=ATTI CONTRARI ALLA PUBBLICA DECENZA - ESPOSIZIONE DEL CORPO NUDO SULLA PUBBLICA SPIAGGIA - COSTITUISCE VIOLAZIONE ALL'ART. 726 C.P.|author=Corte Suprema di Cassazione|date=26 February 2004|website=www.giustizia.it|publisher=Ministero della Giustizia|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040226235356/https://www.giustizia.it/cassazione/giurisprudenza/cass/3557sen_00.html|archive-date=19 April 2019|quote=[...] diversamente da quella del seno nudo femminile, che ormai da vari lustri è comportamento comunemente accettato ed entrato nel costume sociale [...]|language=Italian}}</ref>
-=== Netherlands ===
 === Poland ===
@@ Line 316: / Line 333: @@
 {{see|List of social nudity places in Oceania}}
 ===Australia===
-Australia's first naturist club was founded in Sydney in 1931 by the French-born anarchist and pacifist [[Kleber Claux]].{{sfn|Cockington|2005|pp=74-78}} In 1975, the southern half of [[Maslin Beach]], south of [[Adelaide]] was declared Australia's first official nude beach.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt. makes bathing in nude legal at Maslins|newspaper=Advertiser|date= 14 February 1975|p= 1|last=Steel|first=Ian|url=https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=743&mode=singleImage|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> The beach is almost {{convert|3|km|miles}} long, so the area reserved for nude bathing is away from other beach users.
 ===New Zealand===
 {{see|Naturism in New Zealand}}
-Nudist clubs (known as "sun clubs") were established in [[Dunedin]] and [[Auckland]] in early 1938; the Auckland Sun Group went into recess shortly afterwards due to the outbreak of [[World War II]]. In 1958 the allied nudist clubs of New Zealand established the New Zealand Sunbathing Association, later renamed the New Zealand Naturist Federation. The Federation today includes 17 affiliated clubs with a total membership, in 2012, of 1,600 people. In 2016 the Federation in conjunction with [[Tourism New Zealand]] hosted the [[International Naturist Federation#World Congress|World Congress of the International Naturist Federation]] at the [[Wellington Naturist Club]], marking the second time the Congress had ever been held in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/naturism/print|last=Cook|first=Hera|title=Story: Naturism|work=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=5 September 2013|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gonatural.co.nz/information/about-the-nznf/NZNF-60th/|title=NZNF 60th Anniversary|work=gonatural|publisher=New Zealand Naturist Federation|date=2018|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/30624441|title=New Zealand Naturist Federation|publisher=National Library|access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>
-Outside formal naturist organizations, social nudity is practised in a variety of contexts in New Zealand culture. It is a feature of many summer [[music festival]]s, including Convergence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://convergence.net.nz/registration/|title=Registration – Convergence|publisher=Convergence Festival|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> [[Kiwiburn]], Luminate,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spiritualseeker.co.nz/illuminations-from-luminate/|last=Todd|first=Georgia|title=Illuminations from Luminate|publisher=Spiritual Seekers Guide to Queenstown and Surrounds|date=26 February 2019|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> [[Rhythm & Vines]], and [[Splore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11969166|title="I'd do it again": Topless woman at Rhythm and Vines speaks out in heartfelt message|work=[[New Zealand Herald]]|date=3 January 2018|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> in a tradition going back to [[Nambassa]] in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nambassa.com/johnlowe.html|title=Public nudity at Nambassa|publisher=Nambassa.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007002444/http://www.nambassa.com/johnlowe.html|archive-date=7 October 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Broadley|editor1-first=Colin|editor2-last=Jones|editor2-first=Judith|title=Nambassa: A New Direction|publisher=[[Reed Publishing|A. H. & A. W. Reed]]|date=1979|isbn=0-589-01216-9}}</ref> It is also associated with the culture of [[Rugby football|rugby]], most prominently in the nude rugby match held in Dunedin each winter from 2002 to 2014 (and sporadically thereafter) as pre-match entertainment for the first professional rugby game of the season,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2016/06/curtains-for-nude-rugby-in-dunedin.html|last=Goosselink|first=Dave|title=Curtains for nude rugby in Dunedin?|work=[[Newshub]]|date=15 June 2016|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> and in the mock public holiday "National Nude Day", an event in which viewers of the [[TVNZ 2|TV2]] talk show ''[[SportsCafe]]'' were invited – chiefly by former rugby player [[Marc Ellis (rugby)|Marc Ellis]], the show's most irrepressibly comic presenter – to send in photos and video of themselves performing daily activities in the nude.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/636308/Turning-the-other-cheek-all-for-fun|title=Turning the other cheek, all for fun|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff.co.nz]]|publisher=[[Stuff (company)|Stuff Limited]]|date=31 January 2009|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/sportscafe-grand-final|title=SportsCafe – Grand Final|work=NZ On Screen|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newzealandatoz.com/index.php/page/display/808/?name=Nude%20Day|title=Nude Day|work=New Zealand A to Z|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref>
-Whilst a large proportion of New Zealanders today are tolerant of nudity, especially on beaches,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10540682|title=Third of Kiwis OK with beach nudity|work=[[New Zealand Herald]]|date=2 November 2008|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> there remains a contingent who consider it obscene. Naturists who engage in casual public nudity, even in places where this is lawful, run the risk of having the police called on them by disapproving people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/smaills-beach-naturist-says-people-get-wrong-idea|last=Hudson|first=Daisy|title=Smaills Beach naturist says people get the wrong idea|work=[[Otago Daily Times]] Online News|date=28 November 2019|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> Legally, nudity is permissible on any beach where it is "known to occur",<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Ceramalus v Police|reporter=AP No 76/91|court=[[High Court of New Zealand]]|date=5 July 1991}}</ref> in consequence of which New Zealand has no official nude beaches. The "indecent exposure" provision of the Summary Offences Act is in practice reserved for cases of public sexual gratification,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebeaches.org.nz/legal.htm|title=Nudity in Public – Legal Aspects|publisher=Free Beaches NZ Inc.|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> but public nudity may still be prosecuted under the "offensive behaviour" provision.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Ceramalus v Police|reporter=AP No 131/95|court=[[High Court of New Zealand]]|date=27 October 1995}}</ref>
 == In North America ==
@@ Line 382: / Line 392: @@
 Other issues affecting the naturist community include:
-* Naturist club isolation (established clubs excluding new members and rejecting new ideas);{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}}
+* Naturist club isolation (established clubs excluding new members and rejecting new ideas);{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}}
 * Infiltration by other groups (for many years, naturist clubs had strict "No singles" policies to maintain their family-oriented nature);{{sfn|Descamps|1987|p=}}
 * Exclusion of [[Exhibitionism|exhibitionists]] and [[Voyeurism|voyeurs]];<ref name="CCBN172">{{Citation  | last =Boura  | first =Malcolm | title = Campaigning | journal =British Naturism | volume =BN 172 | issue = | page = 31 | date =Summer 2007  | url = | doi = | id = | issn = 0264-0406}}</ref>
 * Large numbers of clothed visitors at clothing-optional and nudist beaches, which can lead to the perception that naturist people there have "become a spectacle";<ref name="abc2016">{{Cite web | title = Broome nudists in battle for beach as naturism declines | last = Parke | first = Erin | work = ABC News | date = 24 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-24/is-public-nudity-on-the-wane-in-australia/7653938 | quote =  }}</ref><ref name="cbc._Getn">{{Cite web | title = Get naked or take a hike, angry nudists tell 'lookie-loos' | author =  | work = CBC News | date = 21 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/nudists-canada-overexposure-turf-war-1.3689094 | quote =  }}</ref><ref name="thes_Hanl">{{Cite web | title = Hanlan's Point nudists want beach-goers to bare all | last = Botelho-Urbanski | first = Jessica | work = Toronto Star | date = 20 July 2016 | accessdate = 2016-07-24 | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/07/20/hanlans-point-nudists-want-beach-goers-to-bare-all.html | quote =  }}</ref> and
 * The clash between "fundamentalist" naturists who believe that naturism should not include public eroticism and "[[Swinging (sexual practice)|échangistes]]" who are open to sexual behavior within a naturist context.<ref name="outrage">{{Cite news | title = Outraged villagers protest over open-air sex at naturist beach | author = Kim Willsher | work = Guardian News | date = 7 Nov 2010 | accessdate = 28 Dec 2017 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/nov/07/open-air-sex-nudist-beach }}</ref>
-*Sunburn.
 == Naturist media ==
@@ Line 463: / Line 472: @@
 === Monographs ===
 * {{cite book|last1=Merrill|first1=Mrs. Frances |last2=Merrill|first2=Mason |title=Among the Nudists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LGBAAAAMAAJ|year=1931|publisher=A. A. Knopf|ref=harv}}
-*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Cockington|first=James |title=Banned: Tales from the Bizarre History of Australian Obscenity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa_ZAAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=ABC Books |isbn=978-0-7333-1502-2}}
 * {{cite book|last=Daley|first=Caroline |title=Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENNaAwAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn=978-1-86940-504-5|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hoffman|first=Brian S. |title=Naked: A Cultural History of American Nudism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RUICAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-9053-3}}

v t e Nudity
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