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[[Korean Buddhist]] clergy have destroyed the rules of Buddhism and began to imitate the Japanese Clerics to marry and have children. In 1926, Korean Buddhist believers under Japanese rule were allowed to legally marry, which led to the temple to bear living expenses of the dependents of [[Monk|monks]] and education expenses of the children. And the monks spent a lot of time in family and life, greatly reducing the time of [[monasticism]], it is difficult to calm down and chanting [[Buddhist scripture]], and is hard for them to cultivate themselves according to [[religious doctrine]] and it is easier to violate the rules of Buddhism <ref name=":0" />. Therefore, although the number of Buddhist believers doubled during the Japanese rule, the disputes within the temple often continued and Korean Buddhism was no longer sacred and majestic.
[[Korean Buddhist]] clergy have destroyed the rules of Buddhism and began to imitate the Japanese Clerics to marry and have children. In 1926, Korean Buddhist believers under Japanese rule were allowed to legally marry, which led to the temple to bear living expenses of the dependents of [[Monk|monks]] and education expenses of the children. And the monks spent a lot of time in family and life, greatly reducing the time of [[monasticism]], it is difficult to calm down and chanting [[Buddhist scripture]], and is hard for them to cultivate themselves according to [[religious doctrine]] and it is easier to violate the rules of Buddhism <ref name=":0" />. Therefore, although the number of Buddhist believers doubled during the Japanese rule, the disputes within the temple often continued and Korean Buddhism was no longer sacred and majestic.


=== Christianism under Japanese occupation ===
=== Christianity under Japanese occupation ===
After the Japanese invasion of Korea, Western powers also followed and invaded. The original two major religions that is [[Buddhism]] and [[Shamanism]] became the tools of the gang intrigue and can not support the belief of Koreans in the national extinction period, the society messed up <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Belief and Practice in Imperial Japan and Colonial Korea|last=Anderson|first=Emily|publisher=University of Auckland|year=2017|isbn=|location=Auckland|pages=101–118}}</ref>. At this time, in the face of Japanese colonial occupation, Christian believers took the lead of rebelling, and [[Korean nationalism]] was formed. More Koreans joined and opposed Japanese rule and Christ was seen as a shelter <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=DAVIES|first=DANIEL M.|date=1994|title=The Impact of Christianity upon Korea, 1884-1910: Six Key American and Korean Figures|journal=Journal of Church and State|volume=36|issue=4|pages=795–820|issn=0021-969X|jstor=23919420|doi=10.1093/jcs/36.4.795}}</ref>. Christianity has established many religious schools in Korea and advocates the idea of equality and freedom. Christianity in Korea has risen to mind of people and became a representative belief of [[nationalism]].
After the Japanese invasion of Korea, Western powers also followed and invaded. The original two major religions that is [[Buddhism]] and [[Shamanism]] became the tools of the gang intrigue and can not support the belief of Koreans in the national extinction period, the society messed up <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Belief and Practice in Imperial Japan and Colonial Korea|last=Anderson|first=Emily|publisher=University of Auckland|year=2017|isbn=|location=Auckland|pages=101–118}}</ref>. At this time, in the face of Japanese colonial occupation, Christian believers took the lead of rebelling, and [[Korean nationalism]] was formed. More Koreans joined and opposed Japanese rule and Christ was seen as a shelter <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=DAVIES|first=DANIEL M.|date=1994|title=The Impact of Christianity upon Korea, 1884-1910: Six Key American and Korean Figures|journal=Journal of Church and State|volume=36|issue=4|pages=795–820|issn=0021-969X|jstor=23919420|doi=10.1093/jcs/36.4.795}}</ref>. Christianity has established many religious schools in Korea and advocates the idea of equality and freedom. Christianity in Korea has risen to mind of people and became a representative belief of [[nationalism]].


Revision as of 20:00, 24 January 2020

As a neighbor of South Korea, Japanese influence on Korean culture has been indispensable since the 20th century. The influence of ancient times refers to cultural education, religious beliefs and spiritual influences.[1]. The main influence originated from Japanese aggression against Korea lasting for 35 years from 1910s, which changed the development of the history in Korean cultural to a certain extent. During the aggression, the Japanese established thousands of schools in Korea, which have had a major impact on the education and culture. Some policies have changed the religious beliefs on Koreans[2]. In addition, Korean nationalism after Japanese colonial rule was greatly influenced by Japan and became very powerful[3].

In modern times, the Japanese influence on Korean culture is mainly on popular culture. In 1998, Kim Dae-Jung, the president of South Korea visited Japan and gradually implemented a cultural lifting ban on Japan [2]. South Korea and Japan have had reached a consensus to open up a policy of accepting culture of each other. Japanese popular culture has become more and more popular among young people in Korea. Modern Japanese pop culture is already a mature industry that has developed into the world[4]. Korea has achieved a lot of influence and gained a lot of inspiration from Japan.

Educational culture

At the beginning of the 15th century, Koreans began to study their own writing system, but the ruling class still prefer to use Chinese characters and the Hangul of civil rights of the people was not used until the 20th century [5].

Changes in Korean official language

In the era of Japanese Colonial rule, the Japanese government established more than 4000 schools in Korea, Korean characters were introduced as standard languages, and Japan changed its grammar a lot [6]. As of the end of May 1929, the number of schools excluding kindergartens and schools was 2602 including 2162 public schools and 640 private schools. The Japanese government is working hard to spread primary education in different class and introduce compulsory education, the literacy rate was increased from 4% to 61% [1]. Well-educated Koreans were very affectionate and elegant, some of them loved the motherland(Japan) and respected their traditional spirit, but they lost their autonomy. On the other hand, Japanese rule reduced poor citizens.[7].

Lost history and culture

Later,Japan forced Koreans to learn Japanese only and must use Japanese surnames, which caused Koreans to lose their history and culture because their history was written in Chinese[8]. After 35 years of colonial rule ended, Korean were no longer forced to learn Japanese [9]. Under the influence of the national trend of thought that has shaken off the influence of Japanese colonialism, in order to get rid of the imprint of Chinese cultural influence, the use of Chinese characters should be abolished, and primary and junior high schools should not teach Chinese [9]. However, the history of Korean descent is written in Chinese, today, with the exception of scholars, almost no one can read Korean historical documents and biographies in traditional Chinese characters [9].

Cultural belief

In August 1915, the Regulations on the Propagation of Religion were issued, it indicates that the three major religions recognized in Korea are Buddhism, Shinto and Christianity [2]. the regulations show that religious activities must comply with the government-general, and that religious managers must followed by the government decisions [10]

Buddhism under Japanese occupation

Buddhist Korean Temple

In 1910, Japan occupied Korea, and in order to cope with the growth of Japanese missionaries, Korea proposed an auxiliary relationship and used Korean temples as branches of Japanese denomination.[10]

In June 1911, the government tried to centralize the control of Korea Buddhism by establishing the temple administration and proposed the Temple Ordinance, which cut off the contact between Korean clergy and Japanese clergy by institutionalizing and bureaucratizing Korean Buddhism [11]. According to the Temple Ordinance, the government re-examined each temple and select 30 Korean temples to become representatives of Korean Buddhism, and the Buddhist abbots would have important administrative powers [12]. After that, the relationship of the remaining 1300 temples will be formalized, but the content spread by the temple need to be approved by the government [10]. This regulation has caused the abbots to be obsessed with power and caused a fierce battle for status and causing public grievances.

In 1912, the government proposed temple regulations to the administrators of each temple. Those days associated with modern imperial ideology, such as National Founding Day (Kigensetsu) and the birthday of Emperor (Tenchosetsu) are inseparable from the temple rituals, Korean Buddhism became Japanization [2]. The Japanese colonists promoted the Japanization of Korean Buddhism in order to eradicate the inherent religious habits and beliefs of Korea in order to establish a national and cultural identity with Korea to solve the ruling crisis.

In August 1919, the third governor, Saito Makoto, tried to change the overall structure of the government and put in pro-Japanese elements. Also, recognized that Koreans have human rights. This is called the assimilation policy and it also trains pro-Japanese people among religious people.[2]

Korean Buddhist clergy have destroyed the rules of Buddhism and began to imitate the Japanese Clerics to marry and have children. In 1926, Korean Buddhist believers under Japanese rule were allowed to legally marry, which led to the temple to bear living expenses of the dependents of monks and education expenses of the children. And the monks spent a lot of time in family and life, greatly reducing the time of monasticism, it is difficult to calm down and chanting Buddhist scripture, and is hard for them to cultivate themselves according to religious doctrine and it is easier to violate the rules of Buddhism [2]. Therefore, although the number of Buddhist believers doubled during the Japanese rule, the disputes within the temple often continued and Korean Buddhism was no longer sacred and majestic.

Christianity under Japanese occupation

After the Japanese invasion of Korea, Western powers also followed and invaded. The original two major religions that is Buddhism and Shamanism became the tools of the gang intrigue and can not support the belief of Koreans in the national extinction period, the society messed up [13]. At this time, in the face of Japanese colonial occupation, Christian believers took the lead of rebelling, and Korean nationalism was formed. More Koreans joined and opposed Japanese rule and Christ was seen as a shelter [14]. Christianity has established many religious schools in Korea and advocates the idea of equality and freedom. Christianity in Korea has risen to mind of people and became a representative belief of nationalism.

Hence, the anti-Japanese phenomenon is becoming more and more serious and the Japanese government realize that Koreans are becoming more and more difficult to rule under the Christian faith and have fabricated reasons to begin taking control to against the Korean Christian Church.[14]. The Japanese aggressors find that nationalist assassination of the former Japanese prime minister as an excuse to make a complaint that the missionaries were inciting people and named it as conspiracy [14]. Therefore, the Japanese army captured and controlled 123 of the teachers and students from church schools. Since then, the governor's office has set rules for school and stipulate that no school can include religious courses and negate the existence value of religious schools [14]

The Japanese promulgated a strict brainwashing decree to destroy Korean Christianity. It hopes to weaken the anti-Japanese awareness by controlling public opinion, fully assimilate Koreans and stipulate Japanese as the official language of Korea [13]. However, it underestimates the influence of Christianity which is considered as the representative of nationalism. The Koreans firmly support Christian and keep organize the anti-colonial rule in the church and start to pray in Korean and hoping to spread their own language to the next generation [15]. Christian tenacity and anti-Japanese spirit have been retained. Therefore, even after liberation, Christianity still has great influence in society and becoming a part of Korean Culture with the name of a patriotic religion.

As a colonial power, Japan has played an influence on Asia for a long time. Especially after the spread of Japanese pop culture in East Asia, Japanese comics, Anime, pop music and TV dramas have become very popular. Japan has found that the commercial value of the pop culture industry is constantly improving, and it can provide a lot of help for the accumulation of capital [16]. Therefore, Japan began to try its best to promote the popular culture industry. Despite the fact that Japan has invaded some of these countries, many people have strongly resisted Japan, and those who have not experienced the cruel aggression of the Middle Ages have no feeling about it. Asian adolescents are defined as one of the most audiences in this industry, and their enthusiasm for new things is not too much of a concern, and they will not delve into the source and history of such consumer goods [17]. Therefore, the Japanese pop culture industry has had a great impact among Asian teenagers.

Since its liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945, South Korea has banned Japanese Pop culture and adopted a policy of blocking Japanese popular culture. In 1965, after the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Japan, the two countries only made frequent economic exchanges, South Korea still banned Japanese culture.[17]. After the president of South Korea, Kim Dae-Jung visited Tokyo in 1998, South Korea proposed four steps to gradually lift the ban on Japan. From October 1998 to June 2000, the Japanese culture was implemented in an open policy in three steps. It is expected to complete the fourth ban to accept the spread of Japanese TV programs and popular music, when South Korea and Japan jointly hold the World Cup of Soccer in 2002 [17]

In 2001, the relationship between South Korea and Japan gradually improved. In the same year, the Japanese ministry of Education passes an application submitted by the Japanese imperialist Association, saying that Japanese textbooks were too self-critical, self-tortured and degraded for Japanese imperialism [17]. The textbook should be revised to cultivate Japanese national pride. This action anger China and South Korea. Since then, Japan has not changed the textbook anymore. South Korea said they will not implement the last step to lift the ban of Japanese culture in 2002 until the problem is solved.

Comic and animation

Comic and Anime store

In 1998, Korea lifted the ban on Japanese pop culture, Japanese animation officially legalized in Korea [4]. Japanese and Korea achieved a low price on television through co-production of comics. In the late 1980s, Korea learned the technical know-how of Japanese manga through cooperation, and the level of TV animation increased rapidly [18]. By reducing the Japanese flavor of animation and adding Korean local elements, Korean comics have been created and arranged into TV animations [18]. Animation are consumed as a lifestyle, and not only for children and teenager, but also for young people and even older.

Movies and TV drama

When Korea began to accept Japanese culture gradually, not all Japanese films were allowed to spread in Korea. Only the world's four major international film festivals (Cannes Film Festival, Venice Film Festival, Berlin Film Festival, American Academy Awards) winning works, or Japan-Korea joint production (more than 20% of Korean funding) can be allowed to spread [19]. In addition, in the case of a Korean director or a Korean protagonist is also required, and only movies recognized as global art can be released in Korea [19].

In 1999, Japanese film director Shunji Iwai’s movie “Love Letter” was broadcast in South Korea. As the first film released in Korea, it received a great welcome in Korea. The heroine often said “How are you” became a popular sentence for Korean youth[20]. Japan has also launched a family TV series to Korea. Japan has changed the Korean's views on Japan by beautifying TV dramas. The Koreans have more understanding about daily life and Japanese families and have improved their impression of Japan .[21]

Novels

Young Koreans do not learn Japanese after their country became independent, Japanese novels are often translated into Korean. In 1970, Yomaoka Sohachi's novel “Tokugawa Leyasu” was translated more than 400,000 copies and became an unprecedented bestseller.[20]. Gyoho Bunko, a large book store in South Korea, has a corner only for Japanese books and is always busy. In the top ten bestsellers in novel, it is published annually by “Gunpo Bunko”, including works by Japanese artists [20]. Many Japanese artists such as Haruki Murakami, Kaori Ekuni, Banana Yoshimoto, Akira Higashino and Hideo Okuda are popular among young Koreans [20]

Spiritual culture

When Japan surrendered and Korea became independent, the humiliation of Koreans was released, and the anti-Japan sentiment was very serious. They regarded their rejection of Japan as patriotism, and it was their strong resistance to Japan that caused their strong nationalism and the evidence that they wanted to eradicate all the remnants of Japan.[3]

Korean nationalism

During the period of imperialist rule in Korea, the Japanese assimilated Koreans and deprived them of their freedom and democracy for further control.[3]. The Koreans therefore resisted hard and people united and nationalists began to resist. They marched on the streets, resisting studying and eager to be free [1]. Although Japan built many infrastructures in South Korea during its reign, which has a great influence on the feature development of Korea, nationalists still has a strong resistance to Japan [1]. For many years after liberation, it still strong resists any cultural output of Japan [3]

See slso

References

  1. ^ a b c d Yan, Fei (2013). "Nationalist Movement in Korea and Taiwan under Japanese Colonialism". The Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs. 13 (1): 100–107.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Emily, Anderson (2017). Belief and Practice in Imperial Japan and Colonial Korea. Auckland: University of Auckland. pp. 19–56.
  3. ^ a b c d Shin, Gi-Wook (2006). Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804754088.
  4. ^ a b Hernandez, Alvaro David Hernandez; Hirai, Taiki (2015). "The Reception of Japanese Animation and its Determinants in Taiwan, South Korea and China". Animation. 10 (2): 154–169. doi:10.1177/1746847715589061.
  5. ^ Bird, Isabella Lucy (1898). Korea and her neighbors : a narrative of travel, with an account of the recent vicissitudes and present position of the country. New York: Revell Company.
  6. ^ Kim, Renaud; Young, Key. "The Korean Language Reform of 1446". Written Language and Literacy. 4 (2): 239–247.
  7. ^ Kuegin, Song (2013). ""COOPERATIVE IMPERIALISM" IN COLONIAL KOREA: THE ROLE OF JAPAN AND THE WESTERN POWERS IN ABOLISHING FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS". Acta Koreana. 16 (2): 473–496. doi:10.18399/acta.2013.16.2.007.
  8. ^ Ho, K. & Park, J. (2004). Manifestation of Ethnic Prejudice Derived From the Japanese Occupation of Korea and Taiwan: The Asian Experience vs. the Asian-American Experience.
  9. ^ a b c Whitman, John (2013). "A History of the Korean Language". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 246–260.
  10. ^ a b c Maxey, Trent (2015). "Empire of the Dharma: Korean and Japanese Buddhism, 1877-1912 by Hwansoo Ilmee Kim (review)". The Journal of Japanese Studies. 41 (2): 422–426. doi:10.1353/jjs.2015.0039.
  11. ^ Babicz, Lionel (2014). "Hwansoo Ilmee Kim, Empire of the Dharma: Korean and Japanese Buddhism, 1877–1912". Japanese Studies. 34 (2): 243–245. doi:10.1080/10371397.2014.939365.
  12. ^ kim, Hwansoo Ilmee (2002). Empire of the Dharma: Korean and Japanese Buddhism. Asian Studies Review. pp. 447–469.
  13. ^ a b Anderson, Emily (2017). Belief and Practice in Imperial Japan and Colonial Korea. Auckland: University of Auckland. pp. 101–118.
  14. ^ a b c d DAVIES, DANIEL M. (1994). "The Impact of Christianity upon Korea, 1884-1910: Six Key American and Korean Figures". Journal of Church and State. 36 (4): 795–820. doi:10.1093/jcs/36.4.795. ISSN 0021-969X. JSTOR 23919420.
  15. ^ Harkness, Nicholas (2014). Songs of Seoul: an ethnography of voice and voicing in Christian South Korea. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 80–111.
  16. ^ Iwabuchi, Koichi (2002-12-01). ""Soft" nationalism and narcissism: Japanese popular culture goes global". Asian Studies Review. 26 (4): 447–469. doi:10.1080/10357820208713357. ISSN 1035-7823.
  17. ^ a b c d Iwabuchi, Koichi (2001). "Uses of Japanese Popular Culture: Trans/nationalism and Postcolonial Desire for 'Asia'". Journal for the Study of Media & Composite Cultures. 11 (2): 199–222.
  18. ^ a b Ng, Wai-Ming. "The Impact of Japanese Comics and Animation in Asia" (PDF). Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry.
  19. ^ a b Kim, Donghoon (2017). Eclipsed cinema: the film culture of colonial Korea. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  20. ^ a b c d Seo, Hyun-seop (2012). "Seo, H. (2012). Korea's ban on importation of Japanese pop culture and the lifting of the ban". 長崎県立大学国際情報学部研究紀要. 13: 241–253.
  21. ^ Kazunaga, N. (2014).Japanese TV Content Exports as a Key to Success of the “Cool Japan” Initiative. From http://www.kodama.com.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/iieej/IEVC2014/keynote/2S-2.pdf
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