Jump to content

Voiceless retroflex affricate: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,695,952 edits
m →Occurrence: Task 15: language icon template(s) replaced (1×);
Removed Ukrainian. It doesn't use this sound.
Line 17: Line 17:
The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
*[[Asturian language|Asturian]]: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the [[voiced palatal fricative]], writing [[Ḷ|ḷḷ]] instead of [[ll]].
*[[Asturian language|Asturian]]: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the [[voiced palatal fricative]], writing [[Ḷ|ḷḷ]] instead of [[ll]].
*[[Slavic languages]]: Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Old [[Czech language|Czech]], Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]].
*[[Slavic languages]]: Polish, Belarusian, Old [[Czech language|Czech]], Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]].
*a number of [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
*a number of [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
*[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and other [[Sinitic languages]].
*[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and other [[Sinitic languages]].

Revision as of 01:02, 3 February 2020

Voiceless retroflex affricate
ʈʂ
tʂ
IPA number105 (136)
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʈ​͡​ʂ
Unicode (hex)U+0288 U+0361 U+0282
X-SAMPAts`

The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈ͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩,[1] and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨ts`⟩.

The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe чъыгы [t͡ʂəɣə]ⓘ 'tree'
Asturian Some dialects[2][3] ḷḷobu [ʈ͡ʂoβu] 'wolf' Corresponds to standard /ʎ/.
Belarusian пачатак [paʈ͡ʂatak] 'the beginning' Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
Chinese Mandarin[4] 中文 / Zhōngwén [ʈ͡ʂʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]ⓘ 'Chinese language' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Khanty Eastern dialects ҷӓңҷ [ʈ͡ʂaɳʈ͡ʂ] 'knee' Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in the northern dialects.
Southern dialects
Northern Qiang zhes [ʈ͡ʂəs] 'day before yesterday' Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
Polish Standard[5][6] czas [ˈʈ͡ʂäs̪]ⓘ 'time' Laminal. Transcribed /t͡ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[7] cena [ˈʈ͡ʂɛn̪ä] 'price' Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡s/ into [t͡s].
Suwałki dialect[8]
Quechua Cajamarca–Cañaris chupa [ʈ͡ʂupə] 'tail'
Russian Regions adjacent to Belarus кирпич [kɪrˈpɪt͡ʂ] 'brick'
Serbo-Croatian[9] чеп / čep [ʈ͡ʂe̞p] 'cork' Laminal. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[10] čakať [ˈʈ͡ʂäkäc̟] 'to wait' Laminal.
Torwali[11] ڇووو [ʈ͡ʂuwu] 'to sew' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Yi ꍈ / zha [ʈ͡ʂa˧] 'a bit' Contrasts with aspirated form.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Unlike the palato-alveolar and alveolar affricates, there is no obsolete ligature.
  2. ^ (in Asturian) Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Archived 2013-03-23 at the Wayback Machine Page 14
  3. ^ García Arias (2003:34)
  4. ^ Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
  5. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  6. ^ Hamann (2004:65)
  7. ^ "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  8. ^ "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  9. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  10. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  11. ^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.

References

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_retroflex_affricate&oldid=938893038"