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His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the [[House of Habsburg]], who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] in Silesia. After the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]] Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II of Habsburg]] took the opportunity to deprive Elector [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg|George Wiliam of Brandenburg]] of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a [[state country]] within the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] until its annexation by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1742.
His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the [[House of Habsburg]], who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] in Silesia. After the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]] Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II of Habsburg]] took the opportunity to deprive Elector [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg|George Wiliam of Brandenburg]] of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a [[state country]] within the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] until its annexation by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1742.
== Dukes ==
'''Linia bytomska''' ([[1281]]/[[1282]]- [[1355]]/[[1357]]):
* [[Kazimierz bytomski|Kazimierz]] ([[1281]]/[[1282]]- [[1312]]), do [[1284]] współrządy z bratem [[Bolko I opolski|Bolkiem I]];
* [[Siemowit bytomski|Siemowit]] ([[1312]]- [[1316]]);
* [[Jerzy bytomski|Jerzy]] ([[1316]]- ok. [[1327]]), przez cały okres współrządy z bratem [[Władysław bytomski|Władysławem]];
* [[Władysław bytomski|Władysław]] ([[1316]]- [[1352]]), do ok. [[1327]] współrządy z bratem [[Jerzy bytomski|Jerzym]];
* [[Bolesław bytomski|Bolesław I]] ([[1352]]- [[1355]]), ostatni książę z linii [[Piastowie|Piastów]] [[bytom]]skich;
* [[Małgorzata ze Šternberka]] ([[1355]]- [[1357]]), w tym okresie była to [[oprawa wdowia]];
'''Linia Piastów cieszyńskich''' ([[1357]]- [[1459]]):
* [[Kazimierz I cieszyński]] ([[1357]]- [[1358]]) – początek podziału księstwa;
* [[Przemysław I Noszak]] ([[1358]]- [[1405]])
* [[Bolesław I cieszyński|Bolesław II]] ([[1405]]- [[1431]])
* [[Wacław I cieszyński|Wacław]] ([[1431]]/[[1442]]- [[1452]] i [[1452]]- [[1459]]), faktycznie do [[1442]] regencja matki [[Eufemia mazowiecka (1395/1398–1447)|Eufemii]], choć teoretycznie do 1442 "współrządził" razem z braćmi: [[Władysław głogowski|Władysławem]], [[Przemysław II cieszyński|Przemysławem II]] i [[Bolesław II cieszyński|Bolesławem II]];
* [[Bolesław II cieszyński|Bolesław III]] ([[1452]]);
'''Linia Piastów oleśnickich''' ([[1357]]- [[1472]]/[[1492]]):
* [[Konrad I oleśnicki]] ([[1357]]- [[1366]]) – początek podziału księstwa;
* [[Konrad II oleśnicki|Konrad II Siwy]] ([[1366]]- [[1403]]);
* [[Konrad III Stary]] ([[1403]]- [[1412]]);
* [[Konrad IV Starszy]] ([[1412]]/[[1413]]- [[1416]]), [[Konrad V Kącki]] ([[1412]]/[[1413]]- [[1427]]), [[Konrad VI Dziekan]] ([[1416]]- [[1427]]), [[Konrad VII Biały]] ([[1316]]- [[1450]]), [[Konrad VIII Młody]] ([[1416]]- [[1427]]) – do [[1416]]/[[1427]] ścisłe współrządy braci, choć księciem bytomskim ''de facto'' pozostawał Konrad VII Biały;
* [[Konrad IX Czarny]] ([[1450]]- [[1471]], do [[1452]] współrządy z bratem- [[Konrad X Biały|Konradem X Białym]], w [[1459]] zjednoczył Księstwo Bytomskie);
* [[Konrad X Biały]] ([[1450]]- [[1452]] i [[1471]]- [[1472]], a ''de facto do swojej śmierci w [[1492]]'');
** włączenie do domeny królewskiej [[Władysław II Jagiellończyk|Władysława Jagiellończyka]] ([[1492]]- [[1498]]);
'''Linia Piastów opolskich'''
* [[Jan II Dobry (książę opolski)|Jan II Dobry]] ([[1498]]- [[1532]]), w [[1521]] Jan [[Inkorporacja terytorium|inkorporował]] Księstwo Bytomskie (wraz ze wszystkimi innymi posiadanymi dobrami) do [[Księstwo opolsko-raciborskie|Księstwa Opolsko-Raciborskiego]]


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 08:41, 17 February 2020

Duchy of Bytom
Herzogtum Beuthen (de)
Księstwo Bytomskie (pl)
1281–1498
Silesian duchies in 1284, Bytom in violet
Silesian duchies in 1284, Bytom in violet
StatusSilesian duchy
CapitalBytom
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Partitioned from
    Opole and Racibórz
1281
• Casimir sole ruler
1284
• Vassalized by Bohemia
1289
• Divided between
    Oleśnica and Cieszyn
1357–1459
• Merged with Opole
1498
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Opole and Racibórz Duchy of Opole and Racibórz
Duchy of Opole Duchy of Opole

The Duchy of Bytom (Template:Lang-pl) or Duchy of Beuthen (Template:Lang-de) was one of many Silesian duchies. It was established in Upper Silesia about 1281 during the division of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz among the sons of Duke Władysław Opolski.[1] The duchy's capital was Bytom (Beuthen), formerly part of Lesser Poland until in 1177 the Polish High Duke Casimir II the Just had attached it to the Silesian Duchy of Racibórz.

History

When Władysław's second son Casimir became Duke of Bytom, he at first ruled jointly with his brother Duke Bolko I of Opole and from 1284 on alone. The conflict with his Piast cousin Duke Henryk IV Probus of Silesia-Wrocław led Casimir to seek shelter from King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and in 1289 he became the first Silesian Piast duke to submit himself under Bohemian overlordship.

With the death of Casimir's grandson Duke Bolesław in 1355 the Bytom branch of the Piasts became extinct and in the following inheritance dispute his widow Margareta of Sternberg had to cede the northern part of the duchy including the lordship of Koźle to Duke Konrad I of Oleśnica, while the remaining part was bequested to Duke Casimir I of Cieszyn. Bytom remained divided until in 1459 Duke Wenceslaus I of Cieszyn sold his portion to Duke Konrad IX the Black of Oleśnica and the duchy was reunited under his rule.

In 1472 Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, then self-declared King of Bohemia, annexed Bytom and pledged it to Lord Jan of Zierotin. In 1498 it was finally merged back into the Duchy of Opole under the rule of Duke Jan II the Good. Jan had signed an inheritance treaty with Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach, who in 1526 was enfeoffed with Bytom by King Louis II Jagiellon of Bohemia.

His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the House of Habsburg, who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the House of Hohenzollern in Silesia. After the 1620 Battle of White Mountain Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg took the opportunity to deprive Elector George Wiliam of Brandenburg of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a state country within the Habsburg Monarchy until its annexation by Prussia in 1742.

Dukes

Linia bytomska (1281/1282- 1355/1357):

Linia Piastów cieszyńskich (1357- 1459):

Linia Piastów oleśnickich (1357- 1472/1492):

Linia Piastów opolskich

See also

References

  1. ^ Emmerling, Ryszard; Zajączkowska, Urszula (2003). Opole. Adan. p. 10. ISBN 9788391537138.

50°21′04″N 18°55′04″E / 50.351031°N 18.917853°E / 50.351031; 18.917853

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