Jump to content

Eastern Ganga dynasty: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 53: Line 53:


== Origin ==
== Origin ==
The origin of the Later Eastern Gangas is not clearly established.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Temples of Mukhalingam: A Study on South Indian Temple Architecture|author=B. Masthanaiah|publisher=Cosmo Publications, 1977 - Mukhalingām (India) - 136 pages|page=5}}</ref> They evidences do not seem to be sufficing with any strong south Indian influences in architecture and even the rules of marriage and kinship. There is no linguistic or cultural continuity lined to the Western Gangas. It is erratically surmised by some historians that they were an offshoot of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] who were a south Indian dynasty due to an inscription of Chodaganga Deva which links his lineage to far fetched mythical divinities for justifying his position as a king while fighting most of his life to retain the hold over his kingdom inherited from his father. The claim is also rooted to a tale from the Western Ganga line of South Karnataka where a prince leaves his ancestral kingdom in [[Kolar district|Kolar]] and comes to Kalinga, kills a [[Savara language (Dravidian)|Savara]] ruler and becomes a king. However, while the bardic traditions of the Western Ganga dynasty claim descent from the Sun through the [[Ikshavaku]] dynasty, the Eastern Ganga genealogies ascribe descent from the Moon; the ''[[Chandravanshi|Chandravamsa]]'' lineage. Unlike the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] who traced their lineage to the [[Suryavansha|Solar Dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and cultural life of the eastern Chalukyas of Vengi|author=N. Venkata Ramanayya|publisher=[A.P.] Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute - Andhra Pradesh (India) - 96 pages|page=83}}</ref> the Later Eastern Gangas claimed a [[Lunar dynasty|lunar descent]] from [[Vishnu]] through Brahma, Atri and [[Chandra]](moon).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAg58GabWM4C&pg=PA72&dq=eastern+ganga+lunar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjL4ayW1ejfAhWOXCsKHSFZAZcQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=eastern%20ganga%20lunar&f=false|title=Time and History: The Variety of Cultures|author=Jörn Rüsen|publisher=Berghahn Books, 01-Jan-2008 - History - 262 pages|page=72}}</ref> The nomenclature of the successive kings from both the dynasties also do not match to prove a single line descent.
The origin of the Later Eastern Gangas is not clearly established.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Temples of Mukhalingam: A Study on South Indian Temple Architecture|author=B. Masthanaiah|publisher=Cosmo Publications, 1977 - Mukhalingām (India) - 136 pages|page=5}}</ref> They evidences do not seem to be sufficing with any strong south Indian influences in architecture and even the rules of marriage and kinship. There is no linguistic or cultural continuity lined to the Western Gangas. It is erratically assumed by some historians that they were an offshoot of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] who were a south Indian dynasty due to an inscription of Chodaganga Deva which links his lineage to far fetched mythical divinities for justifying his position as a king while fighting most of his life to retain the hold over his kingdom inherited from his father. The claim is also rooted to a tale from the Western Ganga line of South Karnataka where a prince leaves his ancestral kingdom in [[Kolar district|Kolar]] and comes to Kalinga, kills a [[Savara language (Dravidian)|Savara]] ruler and becomes a king. However, while the bardic traditions of the Western Ganga dynasty claim descent from the Sun through the [[Ikshavaku]] dynasty, the Eastern Ganga genealogies ascribe descent from the Moon; the ''[[Chandravanshi|Chandravamsa]]'' lineage. Unlike the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] who traced their lineage to the [[Suryavansha|Solar Dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and cultural life of the eastern Chalukyas of Vengi|author=N. Venkata Ramanayya|publisher=[A.P.] Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute - Andhra Pradesh (India) - 96 pages|page=83}}</ref> the Later Eastern Gangas claimed a [[Lunar dynasty|lunar descent]] from [[Vishnu]] through Brahma, Atri and [[Chandra]](moon).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAg58GabWM4C&pg=PA72&dq=eastern+ganga+lunar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjL4ayW1ejfAhWOXCsKHSFZAZcQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q=eastern%20ganga%20lunar&f=false|title=Time and History: The Variety of Cultures|author=Jörn Rüsen|publisher=Berghahn Books, 01-Jan-2008 - History - 262 pages|page=72}}</ref> The nomenclature of the successive kings from both the dynasties also do not match to prove a single line descent.


According to the Bengali historian Sevanand Bharati, Gangas in Eastern India were descended from Kaibarttas who were a fishermen community and had an initial domain of rule with chieftains in [[Tamralipta]] (Tamluk), Balisita, Turka, Sujamutha and [[Kutabpur]] in today's [[West Bengal]]. This region enclosed between the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river and the sea coast was also a part of ancient northern Kalinga when the kingdom was at the peak of its power throughout history.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kanungo|first=Dr. Harihar|title=ITIHAAS, PARAMPARA O SHRI JAGANNATHA|publisher=Satyanarayan Book Store|year=2012|isbn=81-8118-098-4|location=Cuttack|pages=11,12,13,14,15|language=Odia}}</ref> The five prominent dominions of the Kalingan Prachya Ganga family are identified from five different administrative centers namely - Kalinganagara (Srikakulam), Svetaka Mandala ([[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]), Giri Kalinga (Simhapur), Ambabadi Mandala (Gunupur, [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]) and Vartanni Mandala (Hinjilikatu, Ganjam) . The heartland of the Prachya Gangas had three parts of Kalinga namely, Daksina Kalinga (Pithapura), Madhya Kalinga (Yellamanchili Kalinga or Visakhapatnam) and Uttara Kalinga (districts of [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], Ganjam, [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] and Rayagada).
According to the Bengali historian Sevanand Bharati, Gangas in Eastern India were descended from Kaibarttas who were a fishermen community and had an initial domain of rule with chieftains in [[Tamralipta]] (Tamluk), Balisita, Turka, Sujamutha and [[Kutabpur]] in today's [[West Bengal]]. This region enclosed between the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river and the sea coast was also a part of ancient northern Kalinga when the kingdom was at the peak of its power throughout history.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kanungo|first=Dr. Harihar|title=ITIHAAS, PARAMPARA O SHRI JAGANNATHA|publisher=Satyanarayan Book Store|year=2012|isbn=81-8118-098-4|location=Cuttack|pages=11,12,13,14,15|language=Odia}}</ref> The five prominent dominions of the Kalingan Prachya Ganga family are identified from five different administrative centers namely - Kalinganagara (Srikakulam), Svetaka Mandala ([[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]), Giri Kalinga (Simhapur), Ambabadi Mandala (Gunupur, [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]) and Vartanni Mandala (Hinjilikatu, Ganjam) . The heartland of the Prachya Gangas had three parts of Kalinga namely, Daksina Kalinga (Pithapura), Madhya Kalinga (Yellamanchili Kalinga or Visakhapatnam) and Uttara Kalinga (districts of [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], Ganjam, [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] and Rayagada).

Revision as of 08:14, 27 February 2020

Eastern Ganga Empire
1078–1434
CapitalDantapura
Kalinganagara
Kataka
Religion
Hinduism
GovernmentMonarchy
Tri-Kalingadhipati 
• 980–1015
Vajrahasta Aniyankhabhima
• 1038–1070
Vajrahasta Anantavarman
• 1070-1078
Rajaraja Devendravarman
• 1078–1147
Anantavarman Chodagangadeva
• 1178–1198
Ananga Bhima Deva II
• 1238–1264
Narasingha Deva I
• 1414–1434
Bhanu Deva IV
Historical eraClassical India
• Established
1078
• Disestablished
1434
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Somavamshi dynasty
Gajapati Kingdom
Main Temple Structure, Konark Sun Temple

The Eastern Ganga dynasty also known as Rudhi Gangas or Prachya Gangas were a medieval Indian dynasty that reigned from Kalinga from the 11th century to the early 15th century. The territory ruled by the dynasty consisted of the whole of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha as well as parts of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.[1] The early rulers of the dynasty ruled from Dantapura; the capital was later moved to Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam), and ultimately to Kataka (modern Cuttack).[2] Today, they are most remembered as the builders of the Konark Sun Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage site at Konark, Odisha.

The rulers of Eastern Ganga dynasty defended their kingdom from the constant attacks of the Muslim rulers. This kingdom prospered through trade and commerce and the wealth was mostly used in the construction of temples. The rule of the dynasty came to an end under the reign of King Bhanudeva IV (1414–34), in the early 15th century.[3] Their currency was called Ganga fanams and was greatly influenced by the Cholas and Eastern Chalukyas of southern India.[4]

Origin

The origin of the Later Eastern Gangas is not clearly established.[5] They evidences do not seem to be sufficing with any strong south Indian influences in architecture and even the rules of marriage and kinship. There is no linguistic or cultural continuity lined to the Western Gangas. It is erratically assumed by some historians that they were an offshoot of the Western Ganga dynasty who were a south Indian dynasty due to an inscription of Chodaganga Deva which links his lineage to far fetched mythical divinities for justifying his position as a king while fighting most of his life to retain the hold over his kingdom inherited from his father. The claim is also rooted to a tale from the Western Ganga line of South Karnataka where a prince leaves his ancestral kingdom in Kolar and comes to Kalinga, kills a Savara ruler and becomes a king. However, while the bardic traditions of the Western Ganga dynasty claim descent from the Sun through the Ikshavaku dynasty, the Eastern Ganga genealogies ascribe descent from the Moon; the Chandravamsa lineage. Unlike the Western Ganga Dynasty who traced their lineage to the Solar Dynasty,[6] the Later Eastern Gangas claimed a lunar descent from Vishnu through Brahma, Atri and Chandra(moon).[7] The nomenclature of the successive kings from both the dynasties also do not match to prove a single line descent.

According to the Bengali historian Sevanand Bharati, Gangas in Eastern India were descended from Kaibarttas who were a fishermen community and had an initial domain of rule with chieftains in Tamralipta (Tamluk), Balisita, Turka, Sujamutha and Kutabpur in today's West Bengal. This region enclosed between the Ganga river and the sea coast was also a part of ancient northern Kalinga when the kingdom was at the peak of its power throughout history.[8] The five prominent dominions of the Kalingan Prachya Ganga family are identified from five different administrative centers namely - Kalinganagara (Srikakulam), Svetaka Mandala (Ganjam), Giri Kalinga (Simhapur), Ambabadi Mandala (Gunupur, Rayagada) and Vartanni Mandala (Hinjilikatu, Ganjam) . The heartland of the Prachya Gangas had three parts of Kalinga namely, Daksina Kalinga (Pithapura), Madhya Kalinga (Yellamanchili Kalinga or Visakhapatnam) and Uttara Kalinga (districts of Srikakulam, Ganjam, Gajapati and Rayagada).

The earliest known prominent king was Indravarman who is known from his Jiringi copper plate grant. The Godavari grant of Raja Prthivimalla and the Ramatirtham grant of Vishnukundina king Indrbhattaraka refer to a war four tusked elephants or Chaturdanta Samara in which Indravarman I the son of Mitavarman, a Ganga general of Vakataka king and a local ruler of Dantapura commanded an alliance of small South Kalingan kingdoms against the powerful Vishnukundina king Indrabhattaraka, defeated and killed him.[9] The Vishnukundins returned with a vengeance, defeated the Vakataka King and members of the alliance while Indravarman declared himself as Tri-Kalingadhipati (the lord of the three Kalingas) rising from obscurity and moving his capital northwards away from the attacking Vishnukundins. His son Hastivarman found himself stuck between two Gupta feudal dynasties of Odisha, the Vigrahas of South Toshali and Mudgalas. Joining the onslaught like his father, he commanded major battles against the Vigrahas and won territories in the northern parts of ancient Kalinga and declared himself as Sakala-Kalingadhipati (the ruler of whole Kalinga). The dynasty though remaining to be a strong ruling family in ancient Odisha and North Andhra Pradesh continued to remain as vassal rulers under the central authority of the Bhauma-Kara dynasty which is proven by the fact that a smaller Eastern Ganga king belonging to the clan and named as Jayavarmadeva mentioned himself as the vassal of Sivakara Deva I in his Ganjam grant and by whose permission he gave away the grants.

It was during the rule of Anantavarman Vajrahasta V in the mid eleventh century that the clan started emerging as a major military power challenging the authority of the Somavanshi Dynasty at their northern frontiers and allying with their arch rivals the Kalchuris. After a series of victories in battle and making land grants to three hundred Brhamin families in his kingdom, Vajrahasta V assumed the titles as Trikalingadhipati (lord of the three Kalingas) and Sakalakalingadhipati (lord of complete Kalinga) challenging the centralized authority of the Somavanshis and laying the foundation to an imperial era for the Eastern Gangas. In the later years of the century, Devendravarman Rajaraja I defeated the Somavanshi king Mahasivagupta Janmenjaya II completely while challenging the Cholas in battle, along with establishing authority in the Vengi region. The Tamil Chola King Kulottunga I was not only defeated by Rajaraja I but also had to give his daughter Rajasundari in marriage to the Kalingan king. After the sudden death of Rajaraja I, his underage son Chodaganga Deva ascended the throne loosing the many parts of his ancestral kingdom the Cholas who were now in an advantageous position. However, Ananatavarman Chodaganga Deva not only lived a young life of prolonged struggles and setbacks but finally managed to completely rout the Chola presence from the region and finally securing Vengi, Utkala, parts of Bengal as one kingdom. He manged to subdue Cholas and Chalukyas in the south, uproot the Somavanshis in Odisha and decisively conquer Gauda from the Palas. Only front where he was unsuccessful was in the western part where the Kalachuris defeated his advance but not until his descendant Anangabhima Deva III completed the task in the next century. In his Korni copper plate grant he mentions himself to be the lord of 99,000 war elephants which while calculating military strength according to the ancient Gulma system of military divisions, puts his strength to a million men and half a million animals employed to his command. Since his maternal side was of Chola lineage, a group of Chola officers were also serving him along with one of his uncles who had sided by him since childhood as a protector of his legal authority over Kalinga and against the central authority of the Tamil Cholas. This uncle also married off his daughter to Chodaganga. Chodaganga not only reunited most of Kalinga stretching from Ganga to Godavari but led the foundation to the imperial hegemony of the Eastern Gangas in the Eastern coast of India. Chodaganga Deva was a strong king and was the son of Rajaraja Devendravarman and grandson of Vajrahasta Anantavarman of the Imperial Gangas of Kalinganagara.[10][11][12] His mother was princess Rajasundari of the Chola dynasty.[13]

Background

After the fall of Mahameghavahana dynasty, Kalinga was divided into different kingdoms under feudatory chiefs. Each of these chiefs bore the title Kalingadhipathi (Lord of Kalinga). The beginnings of what became the Eastern Ganga dynasty came about when Indravarma I defeated the Vishnukundin king, Indrabhattaraka and established his rule over the region with Kalinganagara (or Mukhalingam) as his capital, and Dantapura as a secondary capital. The Ganga kings assumed various titles viz. Trikalingadhipathi or Sakala Kalingadhipathi (Lord of three Kalinga or all three Kalingas namely Kalinga proper (South), Utkala (North), and Kosala (West)).

Mukhalingam near Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh bordering Odisha has been identified as Kalinganagara, the capital of the early Eastern Gangas.[14]

After the decline of the early Eastern Gangas reign, the Chalukyas of Vengi took control of the region. The first monarch of the dynasty Vajrahastha Aniyakabhima I (980-1015 A.D), took advantage of the internal strife and revived the power of the Ganga dynasty. It was during their rule that Shaivism took precedence over Buddhism and Jainism. The magnificent Srimukhalingam Temple at Mukhalingam was built during this period.

In the 11th century, the Cholas brought the Ganga Kingdom under their rule.[14]

Intermarriage

The Eastern Gangas were known to have intermarried with the Cholas as well as Chalukyas. The early state of the dynasty may have started from the early 8th century.

Anantavarman Chodaganga

Jagannath Temple at Puri, built by Maharaja Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva.

The dynasty, towards the end of eleventh century came to be known as Chodaganga dynasty after its founder Anantavarman Chodaganga. He is believed to have ruled from the Ganges River in the north to the Godavari River in the south, thus laying the foundation of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Also during his rule, the great Jagannath Temple at Puri was built.[14] He assumed the title of Trikalingadhipathi (ruler of the three Kalingas which comprise Kalinga proper, Utkala north and Koshala west) in 1076 CE, resulting in him being the first to rule all three divisions of Kalinga.[15]

Anantavarman was a religious person as well as a patron of art and literature. He is credited for having built the famous Jagannath Temple of Puri in Odisha.[15] King Anantavarman Chodagangadeva was succeeded by a long line of illustrious rulers such as Narasingha Deva I (1238–1264).

Intrudes

Rajaraja III ascended the throne in 1198 and did nothing to resist the Muslims of Bengal, who invaded Orissa in 1206. Rajaraja's son Anangabhima III, however, repulsed the Muslims and built the temple of Megheshvara at Bhuvaneshvara. Narasimhadeva I, the son of Anangabhima, invaded southern Bengal in 1243, defeated its Muslim ruler, captured the capital (Gauda), and built the Sun Temple at Konark to commemorate his victory. With the death of Narasimha in 1264, the Eastern Gangas began to decline; the sultan of Delhi invaded Odisha in 1324, and Musunuri Nayaks[citation needed] defeated the Odishan powers in 1356. Narasimha IV, the last known king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, ruled until 1425. The "mad king," Bhanudeva IV, who succeeded him, left no inscriptions; his minister Kapilendra usurped the throne and founded the Suryavamsha dynasty in 1434–35.

Legacy

The Eastern Gangas were great patrons of religion and the arts, and the temples of the Ganga period rank among the masterpieces of Hindu architecture.[16]

Rulers

  1. Mittavarman, a vassal Eastern Ganga king under Vakataka rule (c. ?-?)
  2. Indravarman I (496–535)[14]
  3. Samantavarman (537-562)
  4. Hastivarman (562-578)
  5. Indravarman II (578-589)
  6. Danarnava (589-652)
  7. Indravarman III (589-652)
  8. Gunarnava (652-682)
  9. Devendravarman I (652-682?)
  10. Anantavarman III (808-812?)
  11. Rajendravarman II (812-840?)
  12. Devendravarman IV (893-?)
  13. Devendravarman V (885-895?)
  14. Gunamaharnava I (895-939?)
  15. Vajrahasta II (or Anangabhimadeva I) (895-939?)
  16. Gundama - (939-942)
  17. Kamarnava I (942-977)
  18. Vinayaditya (977-980)
  19. Vajrahasta Aniyakabhima (980-1015 AD)[17]
  20. Vajrahasta Anantavarman or Vajrahasta V (1038-?)
  21. Rajaraja Devendravarman or Rajaraja Deva I(?-1078)
  22. Anantavarman Chodaganga (1078–1150)[14]
  23. Jateswara Deva or Ekajata Deva (1147-1156)
  24. Raghava Deva (1156-1170)
  25. Rajaraja Deva II (1170-1178)
  26. Ananga Bhima Deva II (1178–1198)
  27. Rajaraja Deva III (1198–1211)
  28. Ananga Bhima Deva III (1211–1238)
  29. Narasimha Deva I (1238–1264)[14]
  30. Bhanu Deva I (1264–1279)
  31. Narasimha Deva II (1279–1306)[14]
  32. Bhanu Deva II (1306–1328)
  33. Narasimha Deva III (1328–1352)
  34. Bhanu Deva III (1352–1378)
  35. Narasimha Deva IV (1379–1424)[14]
  36. Bhanu Deva IV (1424–1434)
History of South Asia
South Asia (orthographic projection)
Outline
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)
Madrasian culture
Soanian culture
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC)
Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BC)
Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)
Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC)
Ahar-Banas culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu culture (1600–750 BC)
Malwa culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BC)
 – Early Harappan culture(3300–2600 BC)
 – Mature Harappan culture(2600–1900 BC)
 – Late Harappan culture(1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BC)
 – Ochre Coloured Pottery culture(2000–1600 BC)
 – Swat culture(1600–500 BC)
Iron Age (1500–200 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(1500–500 BC)
 – Janapadas (1500–600 BC)
 – Black and Red ware culture(1300–1000 BC)
 – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)
 – Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC)
Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC)
Haryanka dynasty (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC – AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Ror Dynasty (450 BC – AD 489)
Shaishunaga dynasty (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India (312–303 BC)
Sangam period (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 AD – AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – AD 1206)
Satavahana Empire (230 BC – AD 220)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC – AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 – c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BC)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – AD 10)
Kanva Empire (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC – AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 – c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250 – c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250 – c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 – 1026)
Chalukya Empire (543–753)
Maukhari Empire (c. 550 – c. 700)
Harsha Empire (606–647)
Tibetan Empire (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Mallabhum kingdom (694–1947)
Bhauma-Kara Kingdom (736–916)
Pala Empire (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom (800–1327)
Yadava Empire (850–1334)
Somavamshi Kingdom (882–1110)
Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1347)
Sena Empire (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675–1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1300)
Late medieval period (1206–1526)
Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186)
Ghurid Dynasty (1170–1206)
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
 – Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)
 – Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320)
 – Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414)
 – Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)
 – Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947)
Gajapati Empire (1434–1541)
Ladakh Kingdom (1470–1842)
Deccan sultanates (1490–1596)
 – Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
 – Berar sultanate (1490–1574)
 – Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
 – Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)
 – Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early modern period (1526–1858)
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sur Empire (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom (1529–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom (1532–1673)
Bhoi dynasty (1541–1804)
Bengal Subah (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom (1600–1750)
Sikkim Kingdom (1642–1975)
Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948)
Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
Colonial states (1510–1961)
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Danish India (1620–1869)
French India (1759–1954)
Company Raj (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
National histories
Regional histories
Specialised histories

See also

References

  1. ^ Ganga Dynasty britannica.com. Archived 10 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ B. Hemalatha (1991). Life in medieval northern Andhra. Navrang.
  3. ^ [1] Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan (1 January 1997). Economic History of Orissa. Indus Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-7387-075-0. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  5. ^ B. Masthanaiah. The Temples of Mukhalingam: A Study on South Indian Temple Architecture. Cosmo Publications, 1977 - Mukhalingām (India) - 136 pages. p. 5.
  6. ^ N. Venkata Ramanayya. Social and cultural life of the eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. [A.P.] Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute - Andhra Pradesh (India) - 96 pages. p. 83.
  7. ^ Jörn Rüsen. Time and History: The Variety of Cultures. Berghahn Books, 01-Jan-2008 - History - 262 pages. p. 72.
  8. ^ Kanungo, Dr. Harihar (2012). ITIHAAS, PARAMPARA O SHRI JAGANNATHA (in Odia). Cuttack: Satyanarayan Book Store. pp. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. ISBN 81-8118-098-4.
  9. ^ "CHAPTER VI, SETBACK AND RECOVERY" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 238, -248. Retrieved 25 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Itihas, Volumes 19-22. p. 14.
  11. ^ Andhra Historical Research Society, Rajahmundry, Madras. Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volumes 6-7. Andhra Historical Research Society., 1931. p. 200.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Indian Research Institute. Indian Culture: Journal of the Indian Research Institute, Volume 12. I.B. Corporation, 1984. p. 159.
  13. ^ Indian Research Institute. Indian Culture: Journal of the Indian Research Institute, Volume 12. I.B. Corporation, 1984. p. 160.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-93-80607-34-4.
  15. ^ a b Eastern Ganga Dynasty in India. India9.com (2005-06-07). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  16. ^ Ganga dynasty (Indian dynasties) - Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  17. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International, 1999 - India - 668 pages. p. 437.
  18. ^ Michael Mitchiner (1979). Oriental Coins & Their Values : Non-Islamic States and Western Colonies A.D. 600-1979. Hawkins Publications. ISBN 978-0-904173-18-5.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Ganga_dynasty&oldid=942856407"