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==Life and work==
==Life and work==


Born in [[Kensington, Connecticut|Kensington]], [[Connecticut]], Cowles attended [[Oberlin College]] to study [[botany]] and [[geology]]. Cowles was born into a farming family and developed an interest in plants at a young age. He studied at the [[University of Chicago]] with the American [[plant]] taxonomist [[John M. Coulter]] and the geologist [[Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin]] as main teachers. He obtained his [[Ph.D.]] in 1898 for his study of vegetation [[ecological succession|succession]] on the [[Lake Michigan]] sand dunes. The inspiration to these studies came from reading ''[[Plantesamfund]]'' by the Danish botanist and pioneer ecologist [[Eugenius Warming|Eugen Warming]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2807376 A Letter from Henry A. Gleason, written 1952, printed in Brittonia 39: 2 (1987), pp. 205-209.]</ref><ref>Prytz, S. (1984) Warming – botaniker og rejsende. Lynge, Bogan; p. 127 quotes a letter from Cowles to Warming: "The reading of it (i.e. Plantesamfund) in the summer of 1896 turned the current of my life, which is now devoted to ecology".</ref> Cowles studied Danish to be able to read the original<ref>Cassidy, V.M. (2007) ''[http://www.sigelpress.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=7 Henry Chandler Cowles – pioneer ecologist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630214511/http://www.sigelpress.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=7 |date=2007-06-30 }}''. Kedzie Sigel Press, Chicago.</ref> and later (1905) visited Warming in [[Copenhagen]]. The translation of Warming's term into English as "Oecology" led to Cowles becoming one of the primary popularizers of the term [[ecology]] in the United States. Cowles was one of the founding members of the [[Ecological Society of America]] in 1915.<ref>[http://www.esa.org/history/ ESA history]</ref>
Born in [[Kensington, Connecticut|Kensington]], [[Connecticut]], Cowles attended [[Oberlin College]] in [[Ohio]]. He studied at the [[University of Chicago]] with the plant taxonomist [[John M. Coulter]] and the geologist [[Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin]] as main teachers. He obtained his [[Ph.D.]] in 1898 for his study of vegetation [[ecological succession|succession]] on the [[Lake Michigan]] sand dunes. The inspiration to these studies came from reading ''[[Plantesamfund]]'' by the Danish botanist and pioneer ecologist [[Eugenius Warming|Eugen Warming]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2807376 A Letter from Henry A. Gleason, written 1952, printed in Brittonia 39: 2 (1987), pp. 205-209.]</ref><ref>Prytz, S. (1984) Warming – botaniker og rejsende. Lynge, Bogan; p. 127 quotes a letter from Cowles to Warming: "The reading of it (i.e. Plantesamfund) in the summer of 1896 turned the current of my life, which is now devoted to ecology".</ref> Cowles studied Danish to be able to read the original<ref>Cassidy, V.M. (2007) ''[http://www.sigelpress.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=7 Henry Chandler Cowles – pioneer ecologist] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630214511/http://www.sigelpress.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=7 |date=2007-06-30 }}''. Kedzie Sigel Press, Chicago.</ref> and later (1905) visited Warming in [[Copenhagen]]. The translation of Warming's term into English as "Oecology" led to Cowles becoming one of the primary popularizers of the term [[ecology]] in the United States. Cowles was one of the founding members of the [[Ecological Society of America]] in 1915.<ref>[http://www.esa.org/history/ ESA history]</ref>


Cowles married Elizabeth Waller in 1900, and their daughter Harriet was born in 1912.<ref name=guide/>
Cowles married Elizabeth Waller in 1900, and their daughter Harriet was born in 1912.<ref name=guide/>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==

Even though Cowles was not a prolific writer, his influence was of great significance for American science. Along with [[Frederic Clements]]<nowiki/>of the University of [[Nebraska]], he was a pioneer in dynamic plant ecology. The aim of his theories was to show that the plant world was not a group of static communities, but communities in active development and change. In vegetation studies, Cowles emphasized the idea of “successional development.”


One of Cowles's field study locations is now named ''Cowles Bog'' in his honor; [[Cowles Bog]] and nearby dune locations were later preserved for the public as part of the [[Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore]] (national park as of February 2019). Cowles Bog is located off Shore Drive in Dune Acres, Indiana.
One of Cowles's field study locations is now named ''Cowles Bog'' in his honor; [[Cowles Bog]] and nearby dune locations were later preserved for the public as part of the [[Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore]] (national park as of February 2019). Cowles Bog is located off Shore Drive in Dune Acres, Indiana.


⚫
Among Cowles's students who advanced American ecology were [[Victor E. Shelford]], [[William Skinner Cooper]], [[Paul B. Sears]], [[George Damon Fuller]], [[Walter P. Cottam]], [[Arthur G. Vestal]] and [[May Theilgaard Watts]].<ref>Sprugel DG (1980) A 'pedagogical genealogy' of American plant ecologists. Bulletin ESA 64: 197-200</ref> Cowles also served as a special field assistant of the [[United States Geological Survey]].
His involvement in local and state conservation efforts was crucial in the formation of public preserves such as the [[Cook County]] forest preserves. The creation of [[Starved Rock State Park]] and the preservation of a white pine stand in Ogle County were two other campaigns in which Cowles played a key role. His influential interest helped save the dunes in Indiana from destruction, leading eventually to the creation of a state park and, some thirty years after his death, to the establishment of a national lakeshore. Although Cowles stood together with many other conservation leaders, his foresight, knowledge, and enthusiasm helped to galvanize public action in an era when natural resources still seemed nearly limitless.

⚫
After 1901, Cowles concentrated on teaching at the University of Chicago, where he spent the next 30 years. His best-known class was a course called Botany 36. Groups of 15 students visited Lake Michigan, [[Lake Superior]], and Lake Huron. Some classes traveled as far as California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, Canada, to study local plant communities. Among Cowles's students who advanced American ecology were [[Victor E. Shelford]], [[William Skinner Cooper]], [[Paul B. Sears]], [[George Damon Fuller]], [[Walter P. Cottam]], [[Arthur G. Vestal]] and [[May Theilgaard Watts]].<ref>Sprugel DG (1980) A 'pedagogical genealogy' of American plant ecologists. Bulletin ESA 64: 197-200</ref> Cowles also served as a special field assistant of the [[United States Geological Survey]].


==Works==
==Works==
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* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001493618 ''Text-Book of Botany'', Volume II: Ecology] (1910) (with [[John Merle Coulter]] (Volume I, Part I: Morphology) and [[Charles Reid Barnes]] (Volume I, Part II: Physiology)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: A Textbook of Botany. by Coulter, Barnes, Cowles|author=Ganong, W. F.|authorlink=William Francis Ganong|journal=Botanical Gazette|volume=54|issue=1|date=July 1912|pages=73–75|jstor=2468394|doi=10.1086/330866}}</ref>
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001493618 ''Text-Book of Botany'', Volume II: Ecology] (1910) (with [[John Merle Coulter]] (Volume I, Part I: Morphology) and [[Charles Reid Barnes]] (Volume I, Part II: Physiology)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: A Textbook of Botany. by Coulter, Barnes, Cowles|author=Ganong, W. F.|authorlink=William Francis Ganong|journal=Botanical Gazette|volume=54|issue=1|date=July 1912|pages=73–75|jstor=2468394|doi=10.1086/330866}}</ref>
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101661649 ''Plant Societies of Chicago and Vicinity''] (1901)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101661649 ''Plant Societies of Chicago and Vicinity''] (1901)
*[http://ofetnuapy.ml/b0085flqfu-a-spring-flora-for-high-schools-classic-reprint.pdf A Spring Flora for High Schools] (1915)
*[[iarchive:bookofjobwithnot00cowl/page/n3/mode/2up|The Book of Job: With Notes, Critical, Explanatory and Practical]] (1877)


{{botanist|Cowles|Cowles, Henry Chandler}}
{{botanist|Cowles|Cowles, Henry Chandler}}

Revision as of 14:48, 27 February 2020

For other people named Henry Cowles, see Henry Cowles (disambiguation).
Henry Chandler Cowles
Born(1869-02-27)February 27, 1869
Kensington, Connecticut, United States
DiedSeptember 12, 1939(1939-09-12) (aged 70)
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Oberlin College
Known forEcological succession
SpouseElizabeth Waller[1]
ChildrenHarriet[1]
Scientific career
FieldsBotany
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago
Thesis The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan  (1898)
Doctoral advisorJohn Merle Coulter
Doctoral studentsVictor Ernest Shelford
William Skinner Cooper
Paul Sears
Henry C. Cowles in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, 1913

Henry Chandler Cowles (February 27, 1869 – September 12, 1939) was an American botanist and ecological pioneer (see History of ecology). A professor at the University of Chicago,[2] he studied ecological succession in the Indiana Dunes of Northwest Indiana.[3][4] This led to efforts to preserve the Indiana Dunes.[3][5] One of Cowles' students, O. D. Frank continued his research.[6]

Life and work

Born in Kensington, Connecticut, Cowles attended Oberlin College in Ohio. He studied at the University of Chicago with the plant taxonomist John M. Coulter and the geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin as main teachers. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1898 for his study of vegetation succession on the Lake Michigan sand dunes. The inspiration to these studies came from reading Plantesamfund by the Danish botanist and pioneer ecologist Eugen Warming.[7][8] Cowles studied Danish to be able to read the original[9] and later (1905) visited Warming in Copenhagen. The translation of Warming's term into English as "Oecology" led to Cowles becoming one of the primary popularizers of the term ecology in the United States. Cowles was one of the founding members of the Ecological Society of America in 1915.[10]

Cowles married Elizabeth Waller in 1900, and their daughter Harriet was born in 1912.[1]

Legacy

One of Cowles's field study locations is now named Cowles Bog in his honor; Cowles Bog and nearby dune locations were later preserved for the public as part of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (national park as of February 2019). Cowles Bog is located off Shore Drive in Dune Acres, Indiana.

Among Cowles's students who advanced American ecology were Victor E. Shelford, William Skinner Cooper, Paul B. Sears, George Damon Fuller, Walter P. Cottam, Arthur G. Vestal and May Theilgaard Watts.[11] Cowles also served as a special field assistant of the United States Geological Survey.

Works

His publications include:

The standard author abbreviation Cowles is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Guide to the Henry C. Cowles Collectioncirca 1860s-1985". University of Chicago Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  2. ^ "Ecology and the American Environment". Library of Congress. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine. The South Shore Journal, 3.
  4. ^ Schons, Mary. "Henry Chandler Cowles". National Geographic. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  5. ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2006). Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes Archived 2012-09-13 at the Wayback Machine. The South Shore Journal, 1.
  6. ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2007). The cultural impact of a museum in a small community: The Hour Glass of Ogden Dunes Archived 2012-11-30 at the Wayback Machine. The South Shore Journal, 2.
  7. ^ A Letter from Henry A. Gleason, written 1952, printed in Brittonia 39: 2 (1987), pp. 205-209.
  8. ^ Prytz, S. (1984) Warming – botaniker og rejsende. Lynge, Bogan; p. 127 quotes a letter from Cowles to Warming: "The reading of it (i.e. Plantesamfund) in the summer of 1896 turned the current of my life, which is now devoted to ecology".
  9. ^ Cassidy, V.M. (2007) Henry Chandler Cowles – pioneer ecologist Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine. Kedzie Sigel Press, Chicago.
  10. ^ ESA history
  11. ^ Sprugel DG (1980) A 'pedagogical genealogy' of American plant ecologists. Bulletin ESA 64: 197-200
  12. ^ Ganong, W. F. (July 1912). "Reviewed Work: A Textbook of Botany. by Coulter, Barnes, Cowles". Botanical Gazette. 54 (1): 73–75. doi:10.1086/330866. JSTOR 2468394.
  13. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Cowles.
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