Makuṭa: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m Rearranged the information in accordance to article's title |
m rearranged the information and sections |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[File:Royal Ballet Camboda Apsara Mera cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Royal ballet of Cambodia]] dancers wearing ''mokot ksatrey'' (left) and ''mokot ksat'' (right)]] |
[[File:Royal Ballet Camboda Apsara Mera cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Royal ballet of Cambodia]] dancers wearing ''mokot ksatrey'' (left) and ''mokot ksat'' (right)]] |
||
The '''Makuta''' ([[Sanskrit]]), ''''' |
The '''Makuta''' ([[Sanskrit]]), '''''magaik''''' ({{lang-my|မကိုဋ်}}), '''''mokot''''' ({{lang-km|មកុដ}}), '''''mongkut''''' ({{lang-th|มงกุฎ}}) or '''''chada''''' ({{lang-th|ชฎา}}), and are headdresses used as [[crown (headgear)|crown]]s in the mainland Southeast Asian monarchies of today's [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]] and (historically) [[Laos]] and [[Myanmar]], and in classical court dances including ''[[Lakhon Khol|khol]] and'' ''[[khon]]'' as well as in various forms of ''[[Lakhon (disambiguation)|lakhon]]''. They feature a tall pointed shape, are made of gold or a substitute, and are usually decorated with gemstones. They are also symbol of kingship; the highest ranking mokot and ''mongkut'' is featured in the royal regalia of both Cambodia as [[Preah Moha Mokot Reach]] and in Thailand and as the Great Crown of Victory ([[Phra Maha Phichai Mongkut]] in Thai). |
||
==Etymology |
==Etymology == |
||
'''Makuta''' is a [[Pali]]/ [[Sanskrit]] word. The Khmer '''''mokot''''', Burmese '''''magaik''''' and Thai '''''mongkut''''' are derived from this word. While the Thai '''''Chada''''' is derived from Pali/Sanskrit {{IAST|''jaṭā''}}. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
== Variants == |
== Variants == |
||
[[File:Buddha 00007.JPG|thumb|The [[Mahamuni Buddha Temple|Mahamuni Buddha image]] in Mandalay is crowned with a crested magaik bejewelled with diamonds, rubies and sapphires.]] |
|||
In Thai classical dance, the ''chada'' is worn by male characters of royal status, while the ''mongkut'' is worn by females. In the Cambodian tradition, both are referred to as ''mokot'', distinguished as ''mokot ksat'' for males and ''mokot ksatrey'' for females. There are many variants of ''chada'' and ''mongkut'', reflecting the status of the wearer as well as the occasion. As a symbol of divinity, the ''mongkut'' often appears in the iconography of the Buddha and in artistic depictions of ''devata'' (divine beings). It is also a symbol of kingship; the highest ranking ''mongkut'' is featured in the royal regalia of both Thailand and Cambodia as the Great Crown of Victory ([[Phra Maha Phichai Mongkut]] in Thai, [[Preah Moha Mokot Reach]] in Cambodian). |
|||
=== Cambodia === |
|||
| ⚫ | In pre-colonial Burmese kingdoms, the ''magaik'' was one of the five articles of regalia used during coronation ceremonies. The ''magaik'' also crowns prominent images of the Buddha. The ''magaik'' form of the [[hti]], an umbrella that crowns [[Burmese pagoda|Burmese pagodas]], has nine tiers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/5676-steel-hti-go-from-strength-to-strength.html|title=Steel hti go from strength to strength|date=2010-01-28|work=The Myanmar Times|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en}}</ref> In modern-day Myanmar, the magaik is worn by dancers when performing classical forms of [[Burmese dance]]. |
||
There are many type of '''''mokot''''' used in Cambodian tradition throughout its history. Most of mokot used for the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deities and kings who embraced Hinduism represented [[mount Meru]] or [[Prang (architecture)|Prang]] whereas for Buddhists, mokot is taller with single-spire presenting [[Stupa|chedi]] (Buddhist stupa). In [[Royal ballet of Cambodia|Royal Ballet of Cambodia]], the crown worn by a male royal characters of the highest rank is called a '''''''mokot ksat''''''' and a '''''''mokot ksatrey''''''' for female characters. |
|||
=== Myanmar === |
|||
| ⚫ | [[File:Buddha 00007.JPG|thumb|The [[Mahamuni Buddha Temple|Mahamuni Buddha image]] in Mandalay is crowned with a crested magaik bejewelled with diamonds, rubies and sapphires.]]In pre-colonial Burmese kingdoms, the ''magaik'' was one of the five articles of regalia used during coronation ceremonies. The ''magaik'' also crowns prominent images of the Buddha. The ''magaik'' form of the [[hti]], an umbrella that crowns [[Burmese pagoda|Burmese pagodas]], has nine tiers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/5676-steel-hti-go-from-strength-to-strength.html|title=Steel hti go from strength to strength|date=2010-01-28|work=The Myanmar Times|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en}}</ref> In modern-day Myanmar, the magaik is worn by dancers when performing classical forms of [[Burmese dance]]. |
||
=== Thailand === |
|||
| ⚫ | The ''chada'' and ''mongkut'' originated as headdresses symbolizing the ''{{IAST|jaṭāmakuṭa}}'', the matted hair of an ascetic formed into the shape of a crown, often found in the iconography of [[Shiva]] and [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wongthes|first1=Sujit|authorlink=Sujit Wongthes|title=นาฏศิลป์และดนตรี ของไทย กับ ของอาเซียน: เอกสารประกอบบรรยาย ที่มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏพระนครศรีอยุธยา|trans-title=Dance and music of Thailand and of Asean: Notes to a lecture at Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat University|url=http://www.sujitwongthes.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8.pdf|publisher=Matichon|accessdate=30 January 2017|language=Thai|format=PDF|date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=John Clifford|title=Buddha in the crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist traditions of Sri Lanka|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195362466|page=42}}</ref> During the [[Ayutthaya period]], the ''chada'' and ''mongkut'' acquired the distinctive tall pointed shape from the ''[[lomphok]]'', a pointed cloth headdress of Persian origin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wattanasukchai|first1=Sirinya|title=Hat trick&beyond|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/news/310894|accessdate=30 January 2017|work=Bangkok Post|date=5 September 2012}}</ref> In Thai classical dance, the ''chada'' is worn by male characters of royal status, while the ''mongkut'' is worn by females. There are many variants of ''chada'' and ''mongkut'', reflecting the status of the wearer as well as the occasion. As a symbol of divinity, the ''mongkut'' often appears in the iconography of the Buddha and in artistic depictions of ''devata'' (divine beings). |
||
=== Other traditions === |
|||
Similar crowns are occasionally worn in the Vietnamese [[Hát tuồng]] and [[Hát tuồng|Hát]] [[Chèo]] theatrical traditions, and are occasionally worn as part of festival garb. |
Similar crowns are occasionally worn in the Vietnamese [[Hát tuồng]] and [[Hát tuồng|Hát]] [[Chèo]] theatrical traditions, and are occasionally worn as part of festival garb. |
||
Revision as of 10:55, 16 March 2020
The Makuta (Sanskrit), magaik (Template:Lang-my), mokot (Template:Lang-km), mongkut (Template:Lang-th) or chada (Template:Lang-th), and are headdresses used as crowns in the mainland Southeast Asian monarchies of today's Thailand, Cambodia and (historically) Laos and Myanmar, and in classical court dances including khol and khon as well as in various forms of lakhon. They feature a tall pointed shape, are made of gold or a substitute, and are usually decorated with gemstones. They are also symbol of kingship; the highest ranking mokot and mongkut is featured in the royal regalia of both Cambodia as Preah Moha Mokot Reach and in Thailand and as the Great Crown of Victory (Phra Maha Phichai Mongkut in Thai).
Etymology
Makuta is a Pali/ Sanskrit word. The Khmer mokot, Burmese magaik and Thai mongkut are derived from this word. While the Thai Chada is derived from Pali/Sanskrit jaṭā.
Variants
Cambodia
There are many type of mokot used in Cambodian tradition throughout its history. Most of mokot used for the Hindu deities and kings who embraced Hinduism represented mount Meru or Prang whereas for Buddhists, mokot is taller with single-spire presenting chedi (Buddhist stupa). In Royal Ballet of Cambodia, the crown worn by a male royal characters of the highest rank is called a ''mokot ksat'' and a ''mokot ksatrey'' for female characters.
Myanmar
In pre-colonial Burmese kingdoms, the magaik was one of the five articles of regalia used during coronation ceremonies. The magaik also crowns prominent images of the Buddha. The magaik form of the hti, an umbrella that crowns Burmese pagodas, has nine tiers.[1] In modern-day Myanmar, the magaik is worn by dancers when performing classical forms of Burmese dance.
Thailand
The chada and mongkut originated as headdresses symbolizing the jaṭāmakuṭa, the matted hair of an ascetic formed into the shape of a crown, often found in the iconography of Shiva and Avalokiteśvara.[2][3] During the Ayutthaya period, the chada and mongkut acquired the distinctive tall pointed shape from the lomphok, a pointed cloth headdress of Persian origin.[4] In Thai classical dance, the chada is worn by male characters of royal status, while the mongkut is worn by females. There are many variants of chada and mongkut, reflecting the status of the wearer as well as the occasion. As a symbol of divinity, the mongkut often appears in the iconography of the Buddha and in artistic depictions of devata (divine beings).
Other traditions
Similar crowns are occasionally worn in the Vietnamese Hát tuồng and Hát Chèo theatrical traditions, and are occasionally worn as part of festival garb.
Gallery
-
Princess Voralaksanavadi wearing a chada
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Makuṭa.
- ^ "Steel hti go from strength to strength". The Myanmar Times. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
- ^ Wongthes, Sujit (15 January 2016). "นาฏศิลป์และดนตรี ของไทย กับ ของอาเซียน: เอกสารประกอบบรรยาย ที่มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏพระนครศรีอยุธยา" [Dance and music of Thailand and of Asean: Notes to a lecture at Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat University] (PDF) (in Thai). Matichon. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
- ^ Holt, John Clifford (1991). Buddha in the crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist traditions of Sri Lanka. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780195362466.
- ^ Wattanasukchai, Sirinya (5 September 2012). "Hat trick&beyond". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 30 January 2017.