Pedopenna: Difference between revisions
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
→Feathers: fixed style |
||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
The bird-like characteristics of ''Pedopenna'' are further evidence of the dinosaur-bird evolutionary relationship. Apart from having a very bird-like skeletal structure in its legs, ''Pedopenna'' was remarkable due to the presence of long [[pennaceous feather]]s on the [[metatarsus]] (foot). Some deinonychosaurs are also known to have these 'hind wings', but those of ''Pedopenna'' differ from those of animals like ''[[Microraptor]]''. ''Pedopenna'' hind wings were smaller and more rounded in shape. The longest [[feather]]s were slightly shorter than the metatarsus, at about 55 mm (2 in) long. Additionally, the feathers of ''Pedopenna'' were symmetrical, unlike the asymmetrical feathers of some [[deinonychosaur]]s and birds. Since asymmetrical feathers are typical of animals adapted to flying, it is likely that ''Pedopenna'' represents an early stage in the development of these structures. While many of the feather impressions in the fossil are weak, it is clear that each possessed a [[rachis]] and [[barb (feather)|barbs]], and while the exact number of foot feathers is uncertain, they are more numerous than in the hind-wings of ''Microraptor''. ''Pedopenna'' also shows evidence of shorter feathers overlying the long foot feathers, evidence for the presence of [[covert (feather)|covert]]s as seen in modern birds. Since the feathers show fewer aerodynamic adaptations than the similar hind wings of ''Microraptor'', and appear to be less stiff, suggests that if they did have some kind of aerodynamic function, it was much weaker than in deinonychosaurs and birds. |
The bird-like characteristics of ''Pedopenna'' are further evidence of the dinosaur-bird evolutionary relationship. Apart from having a very bird-like skeletal structure in its legs, ''Pedopenna'' was remarkable due to the presence of long [[pennaceous feather]]s on the [[metatarsus]] (foot). Some deinonychosaurs are also known to have these 'hind wings', but those of ''Pedopenna'' differ from those of animals like ''[[Microraptor]]''. ''Pedopenna'' hind wings were smaller and more rounded in shape. The longest [[feather]]s were slightly shorter than the metatarsus, at about 55 mm (2 in) long. Additionally, the feathers of ''Pedopenna'' were symmetrical, unlike the asymmetrical feathers of some [[deinonychosaur]]s and birds. Since asymmetrical feathers are typical of animals adapted to flying, it is likely that ''Pedopenna'' represents an early stage in the development of these structures. While many of the feather impressions in the fossil are weak, it is clear that each possessed a [[rachis]] and [[barb (feather)|barbs]], and while the exact number of foot feathers is uncertain, they are more numerous than in the hind-wings of ''Microraptor''. ''Pedopenna'' also shows evidence of shorter feathers overlying the long foot feathers, evidence for the presence of [[covert (feather)|covert]]s as seen in modern birds. Since the feathers show fewer aerodynamic adaptations than the similar hind wings of ''Microraptor'', and appear to be less stiff, suggests that if they did have some kind of aerodynamic function, it was much weaker than in deinonychosaurs and birds. |
||
Xu and Zhang, in their 2005 description of ''Pedopenna'', suggested that the feathers could be ornamental, or even vestigial. It is possible that a hind wing was present in the ancestors of deinonychosaurs and birds, and later lost in the bird lineage, with ''Pedopenna'' representing an intermediate stage where the hind wings are being reduced from a functional gliding apparatus to a display or insulatory function.<ref name=description/> this theory may be confirmed by the recent discovery of [[Serikornis]], an anchiornithid with soft, symmetrical feathers and filaments on parts of the body that were similar to Pedopenna's. |
Xu and Zhang, in their 2005 description of ''Pedopenna'', suggested that the feathers could be ornamental, or even vestigial. It is possible that a hind wing was present in the ancestors of deinonychosaurs and birds, and later lost in the bird lineage, with ''Pedopenna'' representing an intermediate stage where the hind wings are being reduced from a functional gliding apparatus to a display or insulatory function.<ref name=description/> this theory may be confirmed by the recent discovery of ''[[Serikornis]]'', an anchiornithid with soft, symmetrical feathers and filaments on parts of the body that were similar to Pedopenna's. |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 18:32, 23 March 2020
| Pedopenna Temporal range: Middle or Late Jurassic,
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | Saurischia |
| Clade: | Theropoda |
| Clade: | Paraves |
| Family: | †Anchiornithidae |
| Genus: | †Pedopenna Xu & Zhang, 2005 |
| Species: | †P. daohugouensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| †Pedopenna daohugouensis Xu & Zhang, 2005
| |
Pedopenna (meaning "foot feather") is a genus of small, feathered, maniraptoran dinosaur from the Daohugou Beds in China. It is possibly older than Archaeopteryx, though the age of the Daohugou Beds where it was found is debated. A majority of studies suggest that beds probably date from between the late Middle Jurassic (168 million years ago) and early Late Jurassic Period (164-152 million years ago).[1]
The name Pedopenna refers to the long pennaceous feathers on the metatarsus; daohugouensis refers to the locality of Daohugou, where the holotype was found.[2] Pedopenna daohugouensis probably measured 1 meter (3 ft) or less in length, but since this species is only known from the hind legs, the actual length is difficult to estimate. Pedopenna was originally classified as a paravian, the group of maniraptoran dinosaurs that includes both deinonychosaurs and avialans (the lineage including modern birds), but some scientists have classified it as a true avialan more closely related to modern birds than to deinonychosaurs.[3]
Description
The feet of Pedopenna resembled those of the related troodontids and dromaeosaurids (which together form the group Deinonychosauria), though were overall more primitive. In particular, the second toe of Pedopenna was not as specialized as in deinonychosaurs. While Pedopenna did have an enlarged claw and slightly shortened second toe, it was not as highly developed as the strongly curved, sickle-like claws of its relatives.[2]
Xu Xing and Zhang Fucheng, who interpreted the Daohugou fossil beds where Pedopenna was found as mid to late Jurassic in age, used the presence of such a primitive member of the avian lineage, in combination with many primitive members of closely related lineages there, to support the idea that birds originated in Asia.[2]
Feathers
The bird-like characteristics of Pedopenna are further evidence of the dinosaur-bird evolutionary relationship. Apart from having a very bird-like skeletal structure in its legs, Pedopenna was remarkable due to the presence of long pennaceous feathers on the metatarsus (foot). Some deinonychosaurs are also known to have these 'hind wings', but those of Pedopenna differ from those of animals like Microraptor. Pedopenna hind wings were smaller and more rounded in shape. The longest feathers were slightly shorter than the metatarsus, at about 55 mm (2 in) long. Additionally, the feathers of Pedopenna were symmetrical, unlike the asymmetrical feathers of some deinonychosaurs and birds. Since asymmetrical feathers are typical of animals adapted to flying, it is likely that Pedopenna represents an early stage in the development of these structures. While many of the feather impressions in the fossil are weak, it is clear that each possessed a rachis and barbs, and while the exact number of foot feathers is uncertain, they are more numerous than in the hind-wings of Microraptor. Pedopenna also shows evidence of shorter feathers overlying the long foot feathers, evidence for the presence of coverts as seen in modern birds. Since the feathers show fewer aerodynamic adaptations than the similar hind wings of Microraptor, and appear to be less stiff, suggests that if they did have some kind of aerodynamic function, it was much weaker than in deinonychosaurs and birds.
Xu and Zhang, in their 2005 description of Pedopenna, suggested that the feathers could be ornamental, or even vestigial. It is possible that a hind wing was present in the ancestors of deinonychosaurs and birds, and later lost in the bird lineage, with Pedopenna representing an intermediate stage where the hind wings are being reduced from a functional gliding apparatus to a display or insulatory function.[2] this theory may be confirmed by the recent discovery of Serikornis, an anchiornithid with soft, symmetrical feathers and filaments on parts of the body that were similar to Pedopenna's.
References
- ^ Liu Y.; Liu Y.; Ji S.; Yang Z. (2006). "U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues". Chinese Science Bulletin. 51 (21): 2634–2644. Bibcode:2006ChSBu..51.2634L. doi:10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2.
- ^ a b c d Xu, X.; Zhang, F. (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 173–177. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..173X. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y. PMID 15685441.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Hone D.W.E., Tischlinger H., Xu X., Zhang F. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.). "The extent of the preserved feathers on the four-winged dinosaur Microraptor gui under ultraviolet light". PLoS ONE. 5 (2): e9223. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9223H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009223. PMC 2821398. PMID 20169153.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
.jpg)
