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'''Muzaffar Abdul-Majid Al-Nawab''' (Arabic: <big>مظفر عبدالمجيد النواب</big>) is one of Iraq’s most famous and influential poets.<ref name="al-khabar">{{cite news|last1=Al-Saray|first1=Hussam|title=Iraq 2011: The Return of the Poets|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/3022|accessdate=6 July 2014|work=Al Akhbar|date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="DoughertyGhareeb2013">{{cite book|author1=Beth K. Dougherty|author2=Edmund A. Ghareeb|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA449|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7942-3|pages=449–}}</ref> Al-Nawab has [[Shia Islam|Shia]] family origins going back to [[India]]<ref name="DoughertyGhareeb2013"/>.
'''Muzaffar Abdul-Majid Al-Nawab''' (Arabic: <big>مظفر عبدالمجيد النواب</big>) is one of Iraq’s most famous and influential poets.<ref name="al-khabar">{{cite news|last1=Al-Saray|first1=Hussam|title=Iraq 2011: The Return of the Poets|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/3022|accessdate=6 July 2014|work=Al Akhbar|date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622094303/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/3022|archive-date=22 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DoughertyGhareeb2013">{{cite book|author1=Beth K. Dougherty|author2=Edmund A. Ghareeb|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA449|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7942-3|pages=449–}}</ref> Al-Nawab has [[Shia Islam|Shia]] family origins going back to [[India]]<ref name="DoughertyGhareeb2013"/>.


==Life and career==
==Life and career==


Al Nawab was born in [[Baghdad]], in 1934 into an aristocratic Shi'ite family of Indian origin that appreciated art, poetry and music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3487519-%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8|title=مظفر النواب|website=Discogs|language=en|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> He showed a talent for poetry from an early age. He completed his undergraduate studies at the [[University of Baghdad]] and became a teacher, but was expelled for political reasons in 1955 and remained unemployed for three years, at a difficult time for his family who was suffering financial hardship.<ref name="Online">"Iraqi Poets who Lived in Exile", ''Poetry News Agency'' 14 April 2014, [http://www.alapn.com/en/news.php?cat=1&id=5269 Online:]</ref>
Al Nawab was born in [[Baghdad]], in 1934 into an aristocratic Shi'ite family of Indian origin that appreciated art, poetry and music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3487519-%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8|title=مظفر النواب|website=Discogs|language=en|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> He showed a talent for poetry from an early age. He completed his undergraduate studies at the [[University of Baghdad]] and became a teacher, but was expelled for political reasons in 1955 and remained unemployed for three years, at a difficult time for his family who was suffering financial hardship.<ref name="Online">"Iraqi Poets who Lived in Exile", ''Poetry News Agency'' 14 April 2014, [http://www.alapn.com/en/news.php?cat=1&id=5269 Online:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805052730/http://www.alapn.com/en/news.php?cat=1&id=5269 |date=2018-08-05 }}</ref>


He joined the Iraqi Communist Party while still at college, and was tortured by the [[Hashemite]] Government. After the [[14 July Revolution|Iraqi revolution]] in 1958 which overthrew the monarchy, he was appointed as an inspector at the Ministry of Education. In 1963 he was forced to leave Iraq to neighbouring Iran, after the intensification of competition between the nationalists and the communists who were exposed to prosecution and strict observation by the ruling regime. He was arrested and tortured by the [[SAVAK|Iranian secret police]], before being forcibly repatriated to the Iraqi government. An Iraqi court handed down a death sentence against him for one of his poems, later commuted to life imprisonment. He escaped prison by digging a tunnel and fled to the marshlands, where he joined a communist faction that sought to overthrow the government.<ref>Ghareeb, Edmund A., ''Historical Dictionary of Iraq'', 2004, p. 172. Scarecrow Press, {{ISBN|0-8108-4330-7}}.</ref>
He joined the Iraqi Communist Party while still at college, and was tortured by the [[Hashemite]] Government. After the [[14 July Revolution|Iraqi revolution]] in 1958 which overthrew the monarchy, he was appointed as an inspector at the Ministry of Education. In 1963 he was forced to leave Iraq to neighbouring Iran, after the intensification of competition between the nationalists and the communists who were exposed to prosecution and strict observation by the ruling regime. He was arrested and tortured by the [[SAVAK|Iranian secret police]], before being forcibly repatriated to the Iraqi government. An Iraqi court handed down a death sentence against him for one of his poems, later commuted to life imprisonment. He escaped prison by digging a tunnel and fled to the marshlands, where he joined a communist faction that sought to overthrow the government.<ref>Ghareeb, Edmund A., ''Historical Dictionary of Iraq'', 2004, p. 172. Scarecrow Press, {{ISBN|0-8108-4330-7}}.</ref>

Revision as of 00:39, 11 April 2020

Muzaffar Abdul-Majid Al-Nawab (Arabic: مظفر عبدالمجيد النواب) is one of Iraq’s most famous and influential poets.[1][2] Al-Nawab has Shia family origins going back to India[2].

Life and career

Al Nawab was born in Baghdad, in 1934 into an aristocratic Shi'ite family of Indian origin that appreciated art, poetry and music.[3] He showed a talent for poetry from an early age. He completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Baghdad and became a teacher, but was expelled for political reasons in 1955 and remained unemployed for three years, at a difficult time for his family who was suffering financial hardship.[4]

He joined the Iraqi Communist Party while still at college, and was tortured by the Hashemite Government. After the Iraqi revolution in 1958 which overthrew the monarchy, he was appointed as an inspector at the Ministry of Education. In 1963 he was forced to leave Iraq to neighbouring Iran, after the intensification of competition between the nationalists and the communists who were exposed to prosecution and strict observation by the ruling regime. He was arrested and tortured by the Iranian secret police, before being forcibly repatriated to the Iraqi government. An Iraqi court handed down a death sentence against him for one of his poems, later commuted to life imprisonment. He escaped prison by digging a tunnel and fled to the marshlands, where he joined a communist faction that sought to overthrow the government.[5]

Known for his powerful revolutionary poems and scathing invectives against Arab dictators,[6] he lived in exile in many countries, including Syria, Egypt, Lebanon and Eritrea, where he stayed with the Eritrean rebels, before returning to Iraq in 2011.[1] Before he returned to Iraq, he had been essentially stateless being able to travel only on Libyan travel documents. The first complete Arabic language edition of his works was published in London in 1996 by "Dar Qanbar"[7]

Work

He is often known as the "revolutionary poet". His poetry is replete with Arab and international revolutionary symbols. He used his work to incite public emotions against repressive regimes, political corruption and injustice. His language was harsh, with occasional use of profanity. His earliest writing employed the southern Iraq dialect because he believed that the region was more revolutionary. However, the use of that particular dialect failed to garner a mass audience, and he eventually switched to classical language in his later works.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Al-Saray, Hussam (4 January 2012). "Iraq 2011: The Return of the Poets". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  2. ^ a b Beth K. Dougherty; Edmund A. Ghareeb (7 November 2013). Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Scarecrow Press. pp. 449–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7942-3.
  3. ^ "مظفر النواب". Discogs. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
  4. ^ a b "Iraqi Poets who Lived in Exile", Poetry News Agency 14 April 2014, Online: Archived 2018-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Ghareeb, Edmund A., Historical Dictionary of Iraq, 2004, p. 172. Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4330-7.
  6. ^ http://www.poemhunter.com/muzaffar-al-nawwab/
  7. ^ Al-'Amaal al-Shi'riyya al-Kamila lil-Sha'ir al-Arabi al-Munadil Muzaffar al-Nawab (Dar Qanbar: London, 1996)

Further reading

  • Athamneh, W., "Arabic Poetry and Terrorism: The Dictator Perishes and the Poet Remains", Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Spring 2018), pp. 97–116, DOI: 10.13169/arabstudquar.40.2.0097 (an exaination of the poetry of three revolutionary poets; Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati, Nizar Qabbani and Muzaffar Al-Nawab
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