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| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æ]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æ]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
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|-
| colspan="14" | {{hidden|Key|expanded=y|Here, [eə] represents a distinctly tense vowel and [æ] a non-tense (or lax) vowel. The term "continuous" here refers to a system that is not phonemically split between [eə] and [æ], though one of these two [[allophones]] still predominates.|headerstyle=text-align: left;}}
| colspan="14" | Here, [eə] represents a tense vowel and [æ] a non-tense (or lax) vowel. The term "continuous" refers to an environment without a decisive phonemic split between [eə] and [æ], though one of these two [[allophones]] still typically predominates.
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| colspan="14" | {{hidden|Footnotes|expanded=y|
| colspan="14" | {{hidden|Footnotes|expanded=y|

Revision as of 20:56, 12 April 2020

/æ/ raising in North American English[1]
Environment Dialect
Consonant after /æ/ Example words New York City & New Orleans Baltimore & Philadelphia General US, Florida, Midland US, New England, & Western US Canadian, Northwest US, & Upper Midwest US Southern US & Black Vernacular Great Lakes US
/m, n/ Checked: aunt, fan, ham, pants, plan, lamb, understand,[2] etc.[note 1] [eə][4] continuous [eə] [ɛə~æ] [ɛə~eə] [eə]
Free: animal, ceramic, manatee, Montana, planet, Spanish,[5] etc.[note 2] [æ][7]
/ɡ/ Checked: bag, tag,[8] etc. [eə][9] [æ][10] [æ] [e~ɛ~æ] [ɛ(j)ə~æ] [ɛə~æ]
Free: dragon, magazine, etc. [æ][11]
/b, d, ʃ, v, z/ Checked: bad, flash, glad, grab, mad, sad,[12] etc.[note 3] [eə][13] continuous [æ] [æ] [eə~ɛə]
/f, s, θ/ Checked: ask, bath, calf, half, glass,[14] etc. [eə][15]
other environments as, back, frank, happy, locality;[16] etc. [æ][17]
Here, [eə] represents a tense vowel and [æ] a non-tense (or lax) vowel. The term "continuous" refers to an environment without a decisive phonemic split between [eə] and [æ], though one of these two allophones still typically predominates.
Footnotes
  • Nearly all American English speakers pronounce /æŋ/ somewhere between [æŋ] and [eɪŋ], though Western speakers specifically favor [eɪŋ].
  • The Great Lakes dialect traditionally tenses /æ/ in all cases to at least some degree, but reversals of that tensing before non-nasal consonants (while often maintaining some of the other vowel shifts of the region) has been observed recently where it has been studied (in Lansing and Syracuse).
  • In American phonology, /æ/ before /r/ is often transcribed as /ɛ/ due to the prevalence of the Mary–marry merger. However, a distinct /æ/ before /r/ remains in much of the Northeastern U.S. (strongest in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Baltimore) and some of the Southern U.S.


TENSE": magic, imagine,

  1. ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 182. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.
  2. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  3. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 238.
  4. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 173.
  5. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  6. ^ Trager, George L. (1940) One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two: The Case of 'Short A' in American Speech: 3rd ed. Vol. 15: Duke UP. 256. Print.
  7. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 173.
  8. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 174.
  9. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  10. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  11. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  12. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  13. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  14. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  15. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173.
  16. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  17. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.


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