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→Meteorological history: Per TC report, winds were nowhere near that strong at landfall, and landfall was at 0830 WST (0030 UTC)
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==Meteorological history==
==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|John 1999 track.png|alt=A map of a path across the eastern Indian Ocean near Australia. Most of the country can be seen in the right side of the image. Some of the Indonesian islands are visible at the top.}}
{{storm path|John 1999 track.png|alt=A map of a path across the eastern Indian Ocean near Australia. Most of the country can be seen in the right side of the image. Some of the Indonesian islands are visible at the top.}}
In early December, a [[monsoon trough]] north of Australia intensified due to a strong northwest cross–equatorial surge in the [[South China Sea]].<ref name="BOMSeason"/><ref name=SeasonSummary>{{cite journal|title=Western Australia Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 1999-2000|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/wa/2000.shtml|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref> This resulted in the formation of a [[tropical low]] southwest of [[Timor]] on 9 December.<ref name="BOMSeason">{{cite journal|author2=Bate, Peter W.|title=The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1999-2000|journal=Australian Meteorological Magazine|year=2001|volume=50|pages=127|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2001/paterson.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2013|author=Paterson, Linda A.|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230000000/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2001/paterson.pdf|archivedate=30 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At 0600&nbsp;[[UTC]] on 10 December, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) began to monitor the system, designating it as ''02S''.<ref name=besttackjtwc>{{cite web|title=SH02 Best Track|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2000/2000s-bsh/bsh022000.txt|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref> As it moved towards the west and subsequently southwards, improving upper–air [[divergence]] allowed the system to intensify, reaching tropical cyclone intensity on the evening of 11 December and thus attaining the name ''John''.<ref name="BOMSeason"/> At the time, a [[Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission]] (TRMM) pass of the system revealed a compact system, with a convective [[rainband]] tightly surrounding a central cloud–filled [[eye (cyclone)|eye]]. A developed [[anticyclone]] positioned over the system provided favorable conditions for development. Due to the presence of a [[subtropical ridge]] to the east over Australia, Cyclone John was forecast to generally move in a south-southwestward direction.<ref name=GPSummary>{{cite web|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary December 1999|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ9912.htm|publisher=Australiansevereweather.com|accessdate=1 January 2013|author=Smith, Carl|author2=Padgett, Gary}}</ref>
In early December, a [[monsoon trough]] north of Australia intensified due to a strong northwest cross–equatorial surge in the [[South China Sea]].<ref name="BOMSeason"/><ref name=SeasonSummary>{{cite journal|title=Western Australia Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 1999-2000|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/wa/2000.shtml|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref> This resulted in the formation of a [[tropical low]] southwest of [[Timor]] on 9 December.<ref name="BOMSeason">{{cite journal|author2=Bate, Peter W.|title=The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1999-2000|journal=Australian Meteorological Magazine|year=2001|volume=50|pages=127|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2001/paterson.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2013|author=Paterson, Linda A.|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230000000/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2001/paterson.pdf|archivedate=30 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At 0600&nbsp;[[UTC]] on 10 December, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) began to monitor the system, designating it as ''02S''.<ref name=besttackjtwc>{{cite web|title=SH02 Best Track|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2000/2000s-bsh/bsh022000.txt|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref> As it moved towards the west and subsequently southwards, improving upper–air [[divergence]] allowed the system to intensify, reaching tropical cyclone intensity on the evening of 11 December and thus attaining the name ''John''.<ref name="BOMSeason"/> At the time, a [[Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission]] (TRMM) pass of the system revealed a compact system, with a convective [[rainband]] tightly surrounding a central cloud–filled [[eye (cyclone)|eye]]. A developed [[anticyclone]] positioned over the system provided favorable conditions for development. Due to the presence of a [[subtropical ridge]] to the east over Australia, Cyclone John was forecast to generally move in a south-southwestward direction.<ref name=GPSummary>{{cite web|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary December 1999|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ9912.htm|publisher=Australiansevereweather.com|accessdate=1 January 2013|author=Smith, Carl|author2=Padgett, Gary|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5t60dYVRr?url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ9912.htm|archive-date=29 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Steadily intensifying, the cyclone attained Category&nbsp;3 cyclone intensity on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian cyclone scale]] at 1600&nbsp;UTC on 12 December. TRMM imagery indicated that the cyclone had developed a banding eye feature, and had good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] and a symmetric structure. Cyclone John continued to intensify under favorable atmospheric conditions, before reaching its peak intensity as a Category&nbsp;5 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale at 0800&nbsp;UTC on 14 December, while located {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} northwest of [[Port Hedland, Western Australia]].<ref name=GPSummary /> At peak intensity, the storm had maximum 10–minute sustained [[wind speed]]s of 205&nbsp;km/h (130&nbsp;mph) and a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of {{convert|915|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=TrackDataDec99>{{cite web|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks December 1999|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/trak9912.htm|publisher=Australiansevereweather.com|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref>
Steadily intensifying, the cyclone attained Category&nbsp;3 cyclone intensity on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian cyclone scale]] at 1600&nbsp;UTC on 12 December. TRMM imagery indicated that the cyclone had developed a banding eye feature, and had good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] and a symmetric structure. Cyclone John continued to intensify under favorable atmospheric conditions, before reaching its peak intensity as a Category&nbsp;5 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale at 0800&nbsp;UTC on 14 December, while located {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} northwest of [[Port Hedland, Western Australia]].<ref name=GPSummary /> At peak intensity, the storm had maximum 10–minute sustained [[wind speed]]s of 205&nbsp;km/h (130&nbsp;mph) and a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of {{convert|915|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=TrackDataDec99>{{cite web|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks December 1999|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/trak9912.htm|publisher=Australiansevereweather.com|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:32, 13 April 2020

Severe Tropical Cyclone John
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Satellite image of a powerful cyclone near the coast of Western Australia. The storm is very mature, with a large area of deep thunderstorms and a well-defined, clear eye.
John near its peak intensity on 14 December 1999
Formed9 December 1999 (1999-12-09)
Dissipated16 December 1999 (1999-12-16)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 205 km/h (130 mph)
1-minute sustained: 240 km/h (150 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
FatalitiesNone
Areas affectedWestern Australia
Part of the 1999–00 Australian region cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone John was an intense tropical cyclone that rapidly deepened offshore before devastating areas of Western Australia. The system was the second cyclone and first severe tropical cyclone of the active 1999–00 Australian region cyclone season. Cyclone John developed from a monsoon trough positioned northwest of Australia on 9 December 1999. As it moved to the west and later south as the result of a subtropical ridge under favourable conditions, the cyclone was able to rapidly intensify. John reached peak intensity on 14 December as a Category 5 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale, the highest rating possible. Cyclone John later began interacting with a mid–latitude trough, which slightly weakened the cyclone prior to making landfall near Whim Creek early on 15 December. Increasingly unfavourable conditions further inland resulted in the cyclone's rapid weakening, before it dissipated during the next day.

Cyclone John extensively affected areas of Western Australia, but damage was not as bad as expected. Widespread power outages across the Pilbara region were caused by John. Strong winds caused minor damage to infrastructure across the coast, as well as tree damage. 140 windmills were destroyed by the cyclone on the coast. Further inland, rainfall associated with the cyclone and its remnants brought flooding, which flooded 25 houses and caused rivers to overflow. The system was responsible for no deaths and a limited amount of damage. After the season, the name John was retired from the Australian tropical cyclone naming list.

Meteorological history

A map of a path across the eastern Indian Ocean near Australia. Most of the country can be seen in the right side of the image. Some of the Indonesian islands are visible at the top.
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

In early December, a monsoon trough north of Australia intensified due to a strong northwest cross–equatorial surge in the South China Sea.[1][2] This resulted in the formation of a tropical low southwest of Timor on 9 December.[1] At 0600 UTC on 10 December, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began to monitor the system, designating it as 02S.[3] As it moved towards the west and subsequently southwards, improving upper–air divergence allowed the system to intensify, reaching tropical cyclone intensity on the evening of 11 December and thus attaining the name John.[1] At the time, a Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) pass of the system revealed a compact system, with a convective rainband tightly surrounding a central cloud–filled eye. A developed anticyclone positioned over the system provided favorable conditions for development. Due to the presence of a subtropical ridge to the east over Australia, Cyclone John was forecast to generally move in a south-southwestward direction.[4]

Steadily intensifying, the cyclone attained Category 3 cyclone intensity on the Australian cyclone scale at 1600 UTC on 12 December. TRMM imagery indicated that the cyclone had developed a banding eye feature, and had good outflow and a symmetric structure. Cyclone John continued to intensify under favorable atmospheric conditions, before reaching its peak intensity as a Category 5 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale at 0800 UTC on 14 December, while located 170 km (105 mi) northwest of Port Hedland, Western Australia.[4] At peak intensity, the storm had maximum 10–minute sustained wind speeds of 205 km/h (130 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 915 mbar (27.0 inHg).[5]

However, after peak intensity, dry air began to become wrapped into the northwestern quadrant of the system. Moving towards the Australian coastline, radar imagery from Dampier, Western Australia showed a strong eyewall associated with John. Cyclone John began to become elongated along a northwest–southeast axis as it neared the coast.[4] The cyclone also began interacting with a mid–latitude trough the southwest. This generated some vertical wind shear, which weakened John slightly and caused it to curve towards the southeast.[1] Cyclone John made landfall near Whim Creek, Western Australia at 0030 UTC on 15 December with a minimum central pressure between 930–940 mbar (27.46–27.46 inHg),[6] and around 30 minutes later had maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 85 knots (155 km/h; 100 mph). The entirety of the cyclone's eye crossed the coast by 0200 UTC as the storm moved further inland into an area of wind shear and dry air, which caused it to rapidly weaken. The cyclone was last noted by TCWC Perth and the JTWC on 16 December as it dissipated overland.[1]

Preparations and impact

Picture of a red, pentagonal building.
The Whim Creek pub in 2008, which was damaged by Cyclone John

Prior to Cyclone John's landfall, hundreds of people were evacuated from homes, primarily in Karratha,[7] where two shelters were set up.[8] In Point Samson, 500 people evacuated to shelters in Wickham, Western Australia.[9] TCWC Perth began issuing hourly warnings for potentially affected areas beginning at 1400 UTC on 14 December.[4] As the storm made landfall, some residents of Whim Creek took refuge in a shipping container.[9]

Strong winds from the cyclone caused widespread power outages to areas in Pilbara.[7] At Cape Lambert, winds averaged 150 km/h (95 mph) for five hours, with a peak wind gust of 210 km/h (130 mph).[6] Karratha suffered minor damage from John, primarily in the form of wind damage. Various trees were uprooted by strong winds, and some homes suffered minor roof damage.[4] Palm fronds in Karratha were blown off palm trees due to strong winds.[8] In Whim Creek, where the cyclone had made landfall, the top floor of a 113-year-old pub and hotel was destroyed.[4] A temporary roof made up of tarpaulins later collapsed in a flood event the following month.[10] 140 windmills between Whim Creek and Newman were destroyed by the cyclone.[11]

Offshore, 220 cattle aboard a ship died after the ship was battered by rough seas associated with Cyclone John.[12] Production from an oil field off the coast of northwest Australia were down 38%, partly due to being shut down in preparation for Cyclone John.[13] Rough seas from John also caused a maximum storm surge height of 2 m (6.6 ft), recorded in Port Hedland by the Port Hedland Authority on 15 December.[6] Further inland, Cyclone John brought widespread rainfall and flooding. In Newman, Western Australia, 240 mm (9.4 in) of rain was recorded early on 16 December. As a result, some roads and 25 houses were flooded by the rains. By the evening of that day, the rainfall total had increased to 500 mm (20 in).[4] Todd River was flooded after 80 mm (3.1 in) of rain fell as a result of the cyclone.[14][15] Overall John was responsible for no deaths and a limited amount of damage.[1] After the season had ended the name John was retired from the Australian tropical cyclone naming list.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Paterson, Linda A.; Bate, Peter W. (2001). "The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1999-2000" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 50. Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 127. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  2. ^ "Western Australia Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 1999-2000". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ "SH02 Best Track". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Carl; Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary December 1999". Australiansevereweather.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  5. ^ "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks December 1999". Australiansevereweather.com. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone John" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Cyclone John lashes Australia". BBC News. 15 December 1999. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Record cyclone batters northwestern Australia". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Perth, Australia. Associated Press. 16 December 1999. p. A6. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  9. ^ a b "Australia mops up after super-cyclone". Perth, Australia. Independent Online. 15 December 1999. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  10. ^ "Historic hotel flooded". Nationwide News Pty Limited. 25 January 2000. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)
  11. ^ "$300,000 for windmill loss". The Advertiser. Nationwide News Pty Limited. 23 December 1999. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)
  12. ^ "Inquiry into cattle ship". Northern Territory News. Nationwide News Pty Limited. 11 January 2000. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)
  13. ^ "Second Quarter Activities Report". Australian Associated Press. 31 January 2000. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)
  14. ^ "Stop dreaming of a wet Xmas". Northern Territory News. Nationwide News Pty Limited. 20 December 1999. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)
  15. ^ "Cyclone rains hit inland NT". Sunday Territorian. Nationwide News Pty Limited. 19 December 1999. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on 1 January 2013)
  16. ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (12 December 2012). "List of Tropical Cyclone Names withdrawn from use due to a Cyclone's Negative Impact on one or more countries". Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 2B-1 - 2B-4 (23 - 26). Retrieved 13 February 2013.
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