Ćuk converter

Comparison of non-isolated switching DC-to-DC converter topologies: Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Ćuk. The input is left side, the output with load is right side. The switch is typically a MOSFET, IGBT, or BJT transistor.

The Ćuk converter (pronounced chook; sometimes incorrectly spelled Cuk, Čuk or Cúk) is a type of DC/DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is essentially a boost converter followed by a buck converter with a capacitor to couple the energy.

Similar to the buck–boost converter with inverting topology, the output voltage of non-isolated Ćuk is typically also inverting, and can be lower or higher than the input. It uses a capacitor as its main energy-storage component, unlike most other types of converters which use an inductor. It is named after Slobodan Ćuk of the California Institute of Technology, who first presented the design.

Non-isolated Ćuk converter

There are variations on the basic Ćuk converter. For example, the coils may share single magnetic core, which drops the output ripple, and adds efficiency. Because the power transfer flows continuously via the capacitor, this type of switcher has minimized EMI radiation. The Ćuk converter allows energy to flow bidirectionally by using a diode and a switch.

Operating principle

Fig 1: Schematic of a non-isolated Ćuk converter.

Fig 2: The two operating states of a non-isolated Ćuk converter.

Fig 3: The two operating states of a non-isolated Ćuk converter. In this figure, the diode and the switch are either replaced by a short circuit when they are on or by an open circuit when they are off. It can be seen that when in the off-state, the capacitor C is being charged by the input source through the inductor L₁. When in the on-state, the capacitor C transfers the energy to the output capacitor through the inductance L₂.

A non-isolated Ćuk converter comprises two inductors, two capacitors, a switch (usually a transistor), and a diode. Its schematic can be seen in figure 1. It is an inverting converter, so the output voltage is negative with respect to the input voltage.

The capacitor C is used to transfer energy and is connected alternately to the input and to the output of the converter via the commutation of the transistor and the diode (see figures 2 and 3).

The two inductors L₁ and L₂ are used to convert respectively the input voltage source (V_i) and the output voltage source (C_o) into current sources. At a short time scale an inductor can be considered as a current source as it maintains a constant current. This conversion is necessary because if the capacitor were connected directly to the voltage source, the current would be limited only by the parasitic resistance, resulting in high energy loss. Charging a capacitor with a current source (the inductor) prevents resistive current limiting and its associated energy loss.

As with other converters (buck converter, boost converter, buck–boost converter) the Ćuk converter can either operate in continuous or discontinuous current mode. However, unlike these converters, it can also operate in discontinuous voltage mode (the voltage across the capacitor drops to zero during the commutation cycle).

Continuous mode

In steady state, the energy stored in the inductors has to remain the same at the beginning and at the end of a commutation cycle. The energy in an inductor is given by:

$E={\frac {1}{2}}LI^{2}$

This implies that the current through the inductors has to be the same at the beginning and the end of the commutation cycle. As the evolution of the current through an inductor is related to the voltage across it:

$V_{L}=L{\frac {dI}{dt}}$

it can be seen that the average value of the inductor voltages over a commutation period have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state requirements.

If we consider that the capacitors C and C_o are large enough for the voltage ripple across them to be negligible, the inductor voltages become:

• in the off-state, inductor L₁ is connected in series with V_i and C (see figure 2). Therefore $V_{L1}=V_{i}-V_{C}$. As the diode D is forward biased (we consider zero voltage drop), L₂ is directly connected to the output capacitor. Therefore $V_{L2}=V_{o}$
• in the on-state, inductor L₁ is directly connected to the input source. Therefore $V_{L1}=V_{i}$. Inductor L₂ is connected in series with C and the output capacitor, so $V_{L2}=V_{o}+V_{C}$

The converter operates in on state from t=0 to t=D·T (D is the duty cycle), and in off state from D·T to T (that is, during a period equal to (1-D)·T). The average values of V_L1 and V_L2 are therefore:

${\bar {V}}_{L1}=D\cdot V_{i}+\left(1-D\right)\cdot \left(V_{i}-V_{C}\right)=\left(V_{i}-(1-D)\cdot V_{C}\right)$

${\bar {V}}_{L2}=D\left(V_{o}+V_{C}\right)+\left(1-D\right)\cdot V_{o}=\left(V_{o}+D\cdot V_{C}\right)$

As both average voltage have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state conditions, using the last equation we can write:

$V_{C}=-{\frac {V_{o}}{D}}$

So the average voltage across L₁ becomes:

${\bar {V}}_{L1}=\left(V_{i}+(1-D)\cdot {\frac {V_{o}}{D}}\right)=0$

Which can be written as:

${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {-D}{1-D}}$

It can be seen that this relation is the same as that obtained for the buck–boost converter.

Discontinuous mode

Like all DC/DC converters Ćuk converters rely on the ability of the inductors in the circuit to provide continuous current, in much the same way a capacitor in a rectifier filter provides continuous voltage. If this inductor is too small or below the "critical inductance", then the inductor current slope will be discontinuous where the current goes to zero. This state of operation is usually not studied in much depth as it is generally not used beyond a demonstrating of why the minimum inductance is crucial, although it may occur when maintaining a standby voltage at a much lower current than the converter was designed for.

The minimum inductance is given by:

$L_{1}min={\frac {(1-D)^{2}R}{2Df_{s}}}$

Where $f_{s}$ is the switching frequency.

Isolated Ćuk converter

Isolated Ćuk converter with gapless AC transformer in the middle

Coupled inductor isolated Ćuk converter

Integrated magnetics Ćuk converter

The Ćuk converter can be made in an isolated kind. An AC transformer and an additional capacitor must be added.

Because the isolated Ćuk converter is isolated, the output-voltage polarity can be chosen freely.

As the non-isolated Ćuk converter, the isolated Ćuk converter can have an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude, even with a 1:1 AC transformer.

Related structures

Inductor coupling

Instead of using two discrete inductor components, many designers implement a coupled inductor Ćuk converter, using a single magnetic component that includes both inductors on the same core. The transformer action between the inductors inside that component gives a coupled inductor Ćuk converter with lower output ripple than a Ćuk converter using two independent discrete inductor components.

Zeta Converter

A zeta converter provides an output voltage that is the opposite of the output voltage of a Ćuk converter.

Single-ended primary-inductance converter (SEPIC)

Main article: SEPIC converter

A SEPIC converter is able to step-up or step-down the voltage.

Patents

• US Patent 4257087, filed in 1979, "DC-to-DC switching converter with zero input and output current ripple and integrated magnetics circuits", inventor Slobodan Ćuk.
• US Patent 4274133, filed in 1979, "DC-to-DC Converter having reduced ripple without need for adjustments", inventor Slobodan Ćuk and R. D. Middlebrook.
• US Patent 4184197, filed in 1977, "DC-to-DC switching converter", inventor Slobodan Ćuk and R. D. Middlebrook.

Further reading

• Power Electronics, Vol. 4: State-Space Averaging and Ćuk Converters; Ćuk Slobodan; 378 pages; 2016; ISBN 978-1519520289.

External links

• Topology Background