Heavenly Stems

The ten Heavenly Stems or Celestial Stems (Chinese: 天干; pinyin: tiāngān) are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, c. 1250 BC, as the names of the ten days of the week. They were also used in Shang-period ritual as names for dead family members, who were offered sacrifices on the corresponding day of the Shang week. The Heavenly Stems were used in combination with the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days, to produce a compound cycle of sixty days. Subsequently, the Heavenly Stems lost their original function as names for days of the week and dead kin, and acquired many other uses, the most prominent and long lasting of which was their use together with the Earthly Branches as a 60-year calendrical cycle. The system is used throughout East Asia.

Table

	Heavenly Stem	Chinese				Japanese (romaji)		Korean (RR)	Manchu (Möllendorff)	Vietnamese	Yin and Yang (陰陽)	Wu Xing (五行)	Wu Xing correlations
		Mandarin Zhuyin	Mandarin Pinyin	Wu Wuupin	Cantonese Jyutping	on'yomi	kun'yomi
1	甲	ㄐㄧㄚˇ	jiǎ	ciaeh43	gaap3	コウ (kō)	きのえ (kinoe)	갑 (gap)	ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (niowanggiyan, "green")	giáp	陽 (yang)	木 (wood)	東 East
2	乙	ㄧˇ	yǐ	ieh43	jyut6	オツ (otsu)	きのと (kinoto)	을 (eul)	ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ (niohon)	ất	陰 (yin)
3	丙	ㄅㄧㄥˇ	bǐng	pin51	bing2	ヘイ (hei)	ひのえ (hinoe)	병 (byeong)	ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (fulgiyan, "red")	bính	陽 (yang)	火 (fire)	南 South
4	丁	ㄉㄧㄥ	dīng	ting44	ding1	テイ (tei)	ひのと (hinoto)	정 (jeong)	ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ (fulahūn)	đinh	陰 (yin)
5	戊	ㄨˋ	wù	vu231	mou6	ボ (bo)	つちのえ (tsuchinoe)	무 (mu)	ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠶᠠᠨ (suwayan, "yellow")	mậu	陽 (yang)	土 (earth)	中 Middle
6	己	ㄐㄧˇ	jǐ	ci51	gei2	キ (ki)	つちのと (tsuchinoto)	기 (gi)	ᠰᠣᡥᠣᠨ (sohon)	kỷ	陰 (yin)
7	庚	ㄍㄥ	gēng	keng44	gang1	コウ (kō)	かのえ (kanoe)	경 (gyeong)	ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ (šanyan, "white")	canh	陽 (yang)	金 (metal)	西 West
8	辛	ㄒㄧㄣ	xīn	sin44	san1	シン (shin)	かのと (kanoto)	신 (sin)	ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ (šahūn)	tân	陰 (yin)
9	壬	ㄖㄣˊ	rén	nyin223	jam4	ジン (jin)	みずのえ (mizunoe)	임 (im)	ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ (sahaliyan, "black")	nhâm	陽 (yang)	水 (water)	北 North
10	癸	ㄍㄨㄟˇ	guǐ	kue51	gwai3	キ (ki)	みずのと (mizunoto)	계 (gye)	ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ (sahahūn)	quý	陰 (yin)

Because the Japanese on-readings kō and ki are ambiguous, kun-readings are generally used. The Japanese names of the Heavenly Stems are based on their corresponding Wu Xing elements. The Manchu names are based on their respective elements' colors.

Origin

The Shang people believed that there were ten suns, each of which appeared in order in a ten-day cycle (旬; xún). The Heavenly Stems (tiāngān 天干) were the names of the ten suns, which may have designated world ages as did the Five Suns and the Six Ages of the World of Saint Augustine. They were found in the given names of the kings of the Shang in their Temple Names. These consisted of a relational term (Father, Mother, Grandfather, Grandmother) to which was added one of the ten gān names (e.g. Grandfather Jia). These names are often found on Shang bronzes designating whom the bronze was honoring (and on which day of the week their rites would have been performed, that day matching the day designated by their name). David Keightley, a leading scholar of ancient China and its bronzes, believes that the gān names were chosen posthumously through divination. Some historians think the ruling class of the Shang had ten clans, but it is not clear whether their society reflected the myth or vice versa. The associations with Yin-Yang and the Five Elements developed later, after the collapse of the Shang Dynasty.

The literal meanings of the characters were, and are now, roughly as follows. Among the modern meanings, those deriving from the characters' position in the sequence of Heavenly Stems are in italics.

Heavenly Stem	Meaning
	Original	Modern
甲	shell	first (book I, person A etc.), methyl group, helmet, armor, words related to beetles, crustaceans, fingernails, toenails
乙	fishguts	second (book II, person B etc.), ethyl group, twist
丙	fishtail	third, bright, fire, fishtail (rare)
丁	nail	fourth, male adult, robust, T-shaped, to strike, a surname
戊	lance	(not used)
己	threads on a loom	self
庚	evening star	age (of person)
辛	to offend superiors	bitter, piquant, toilsome
壬	burden	to shoulder, to trust with office
癸	disposed grass	(not used)

Current usage

The Stems are still commonly used nowadays in East Asian counting systems similar to the way the alphabet is used in English. For example:

• Korea and Japan also use heavenly stems on legal documents in this way. In Korea, letters gap (甲) and eul (乙) are consistently used to denote the larger and the smaller contractor (respectively) in a legal contract, and are sometimes used as synonyms for such; this usage is also common in the Korean IT industry. The 11th to 22nd letters (k to v) are represented by the terrestrial branches, and the final four letters (w to z) are represented by '物', '天', '地', and '人', respectively. In case of upper-case letters, the radical of '口' (the 'mouth' radical) may be added to the corresponding celestial stem, terrestrial branch, or any of '物', '天', '地', and '人' to denote an upper-case letter.
• Choices on multiple choice exams, surveys, etc.
• Organic chemicals (e.g. methanol: 甲醇 jiǎchún; ethanol: 乙醇 yǐchún). See Organic nomenclature in Chinese.
• Diseases (Hepatitis A: 甲型肝炎 jiǎxíng gānyán; Hepatitis B: 乙型肝炎 yǐxíng gānyán)
• Sports leagues (Serie A: 意甲 yìjiǎ)
• Vitamins (although currently, in this case, the ABC system is more popular)
• Characters conversing in a short text (甲 speaks first, 乙 answers)
• Students' grades in Taiwan: with an additional Yōu (優 "Excellence") before the first Heavenly Stem Jiǎ. Hence, American grades A, B, C, D and F correspond to 優, 甲, 乙, 丙 and 丁 (yōu, jiǎ, yǐ, bǐng, dīng).
• In astrology and Feng Shui. The Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches form the four pillars of Chinese metaphysics in Qi Men Dun Jia and Da Liu Ren.

See also

• Earthly Branches (地支)
• Sexagesimal cycle (干支)
• Chinese numerals
• Organic nomenclature in Chinese

Bibliography

Allan, Sarah (1991). The shape of the turtle: myth, art, and cosmos in early China. Albany NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0459-1.

Barnard, Noel (1986). "A new approach to the study of clan-sign inscriptions of Shang". Studies of Shang archaeology : selected papers from the International Conference on Shang Civilization. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 141–206. ISBN 978-0-300-03578-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin; Kwang-chih Chang (1978). "T'ien kan: a key to the history of the Shang". Ancient China : studies in early civilization. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 13–42. ISBN 978-962-201-144-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

Chang Tai-Ping (1978). "The role of the t'ien-kan ti-chih terms in the naming system of the Yin". Early China. 4: 45–48.

Keightley, David (2000). The ancestral landscape: time, space, and community in late Shang China, ca. 1200-1045 B.C. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Center for Chinese Studies. ISBN 978-1-55729-070-0.

Norman, Jerry (1985). "A note on the origins of the Chinese duodenary cycle". Linguistics of the Sino-Tibetan area : the state of the art : papers presented to Paul K. Benedict for his 7lst birthday. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 85–89. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

Pulleyblank, E. G. (1995). "The ganzhi as phonograms". Early China News. 8: 29–30.

Smith, Adam (2011). "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar". Calendars and years II : astronomy and time in the ancient and medieval world (PDF). Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–37. ISBN 978-1-84217-987-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2011-06-10. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

External links

• "Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2018-11-04.